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<article role="main">
<section id="understanding-reticulum">
<span id="understanding-main"></span><h1>Understanding Reticulum<a class="headerlink" href="#understanding-reticulum" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h1>
<p>This chapter will briefly describe the overall purpose and operating principles of Reticulum.
It should give you an overview of how the stack works, and an understanding of how to
develop networked applications using Reticulum.</p>
@@ -60,7 +237,7 @@ development, this is also the place to start, since it will provide a pretty cle
sentiments and the philosophy behind Reticulum, what problems it seeks to solve, and how it
approaches those solutions.</p>
<section id="motivation">
<span id="understanding-motivation"></span><h2>Motivation<a class="headerlink" href="#motivation" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<span id="understanding-motivation"></span><h2>Motivation<a class="headerlink" href="#motivation" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The primary motivation for designing and implementing Reticulum has been the current lack of
reliable, functional and secure minimal-infrastructure modes of digital communication. It is my
belief that it is highly desirable to create a reliable and efficient way to set up long-range digital
@@ -88,7 +265,7 @@ kill-switches, surveillance, censorship and control. Networks that can freely in
with each other, and require no central oversight. Networks for human beings. <em>Networks for the people</em>.</p>
</section>
<section id="goals">
<span id="understanding-goals"></span><h2>Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<span id="understanding-goals"></span><h2>Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>To be as widely usable and efficient to deploy as possible, the following goals have been used to
guide the design of Reticulum:</p>
<ul class="simple">
@@ -159,7 +336,7 @@ needs to be purchased.</p>
</ul>
</section>
<section id="introduction-basic-functionality">
<span id="understanding-basicfunctionality"></span><h2>Introduction &amp; Basic Functionality<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction-basic-functionality" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<span id="understanding-basicfunctionality"></span><h2>Introduction &amp; Basic Functionality<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction-basic-functionality" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>Reticulum is a networking stack suited for high-latency, low-bandwidth links. Reticulum is at it’s
core a <em>message oriented</em> system. It is suited for both local point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
scenarios where all nodes are within range of each other, as well as scenarios where packets need
@@ -193,7 +370,7 @@ unencrypted packets for local broadcast purposes.</p>
and offers the possibility to easily tunnel Reticulum traffic over IP links such as the Internet or
private IP networks.</p>
<section id="destinations">
<span id="understanding-destinations"></span><h3>Destinations<a class="headerlink" href="#destinations" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-destinations"></span><h3>Destinations<a class="headerlink" href="#destinations" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>To receive and send data with the Reticulum stack, an application needs to create one or more
destinations. Reticulum uses three different basic destination types, and one special:</p>
<ul class="simple">
@@ -236,7 +413,7 @@ out requests and responses, large data transfers and more.</p>
</li>
</ul>
<section id="destination-naming">
<span id="understanding-destinationnaming"></span><h4>Destination Naming<a class="headerlink" href="#destination-naming" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<span id="understanding-destinationnaming"></span><h4>Destination Naming<a class="headerlink" href="#destination-naming" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h4>
<p>Destinations are created and named in an easy to understand dotted notation of <em>aspects</em>, and
represented on the network as a hash of this value. The hash is a SHA-256 truncated to 128 bits. The
top level aspect should always be a unique identifier for the application using the destination.
@@ -303,7 +480,7 @@ if there is not a very good reason for doing it differently.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="public-key-announcements">
<span id="understanding-keyannouncements"></span><h3>Public Key Announcements<a class="headerlink" href="#public-key-announcements" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-keyannouncements"></span><h3>Public Key Announcements<a class="headerlink" href="#public-key-announcements" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>An <em>announce</em> will send a special packet over any relevant interfaces, containing all needed
information about the destination hash and public key, and can also contain some additional,
application specific data. The entire packet is signed by the sender to ensure authenticity. It is not
@@ -337,7 +514,7 @@ networks it is part of. After a short while, it will be globally reachable in th
<p>Seeing how <em>single</em> destinations are always tied to a private/public key pair leads us to the next topic.</p>
</section>
<section id="understanding-identities">
<span id="identities"></span><h3>Identities<a class="headerlink" href="#understanding-identities" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="identities"></span><h3>Identities<a class="headerlink" href="#understanding-identities" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>In Reticulum, an <em>identity</em> does not necessarily represent a personal identity, but is an abstraction that
can represent any kind of <em>verifiable entity</em>. This could very well be a person, but it could also be the
control interface of a machine, a program, robot, computer, sensor or something else entirely. In
@@ -355,7 +532,7 @@ Reticulum Identity securely and privately, since obtaining access to the identit
obtaining access and controlling reachability to any destinations created by that identity.</p>
</section>
<section id="getting-further">
<span id="understanding-gettingfurther"></span><h3>Getting Further<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-further" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-gettingfurther"></span><h3>Getting Further<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-further" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>The above functions and principles form the core of Reticulum, and would suffice to create
functional networked applications in local clusters, for example over radio links where all interested
nodes can directly hear each other. But to be truly useful, we need a way to direct traffic over multiple
@@ -364,7 +541,7 @@ hops in the network.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="reticulum-transport">
<span id="understanding-transport"></span><h2>Reticulum Transport<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-transport" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<span id="understanding-transport"></span><h2>Reticulum Transport<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-transport" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>The methods of routing used in traditional networks are fundamentally incompatible with the physical medium
types and circumstances that Reticulum was designed to handle. These mechanisms mostly assume trust at the physical layer,
and often needs a lot more bandwidth than Reticulum can assume is available. Since Reticulum is designed to
@@ -375,7 +552,7 @@ destination. It is important to note that no single node in a Reticulum network
path to a destination. Every Transport node participating in a Reticulum network will only
know the most direct way to get a packet one hop closer to it’s destination.</p>
<section id="node-types">
<span id="understanding-nodetypes"></span><h3>Node Types<a class="headerlink" href="#node-types" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-nodetypes"></span><h3>Node Types<a class="headerlink" href="#node-types" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Currently, Reticulum distinguishes between two types of network nodes. All nodes on a Reticulum network
are <em>Reticulum Instances</em>, and some are also <em>Transport Nodes</em>. If a system running Reticulum is fixed in
one place, and is intended to be kept available most of the time, it is a good contender to be a <em>Transport Node</em>.</p>
@@ -387,7 +564,7 @@ is the default setting.</p>
<p>If it is a <em>Transport Node</em>, it should be given the configuration directive <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_transport</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">Yes</span></code>.</p>
</section>
<section id="the-announce-mechanism-in-detail">
<span id="understanding-announce"></span><h3>The Announce Mechanism in Detail<a class="headerlink" href="#the-announce-mechanism-in-detail" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-announce"></span><h3>The Announce Mechanism in Detail<a class="headerlink" href="#the-announce-mechanism-in-detail" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>When an <em>announce</em> for a destination is transmitted by from a Reticulum instance, it will be forwarded by
any transport node receiving it, but according to some specific rules:</p>
<ul>
@@ -452,7 +629,7 @@ end-to-end connectivity in about one minute, given there is enough bandwidth ava
the required amount of announces.</p>
</section>
<section id="reaching-the-destination">
<span id="understanding-paths"></span><h3>Reaching the Destination<a class="headerlink" href="#reaching-the-destination" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-paths"></span><h3>Reaching the Destination<a class="headerlink" href="#reaching-the-destination" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>In networks with changing topology and trustless connectivity, nodes need a way to establish
<em>verified connectivity</em> with each other. Since the network is assumed to be trustless, Reticulum
must provide a way to guarantee that the peer you are communicating with is actually who you
@@ -559,7 +736,7 @@ by referring to this <em>link id</em>.</p>
a link open is practically negligible, at 0.45 bits per second. Even on a slow 1200 bits per second packet
radio channel, 100 concurrent links will still leave 96% channel capacity for actual data.</p>
<section id="link-establishment-in-detail">
<h4>Link Establishment in Detail<a class="headerlink" href="#link-establishment-in-detail" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h4>
<h4>Link Establishment in Detail<a class="headerlink" href="#link-establishment-in-detail" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h4>
<p>After exploring the basics of the announce mechanism, finding a path through the network, and an overview
of the link establishment procedure, this section will go into greater detail about the Reticulum link
establishment process.</p>
@@ -634,7 +811,7 @@ automate retransmissions if <em>Resources</em> are used.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="resources">
<span id="understanding-resources"></span><h3>Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#resources" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-resources"></span><h3>Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#resources" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>For exchanging small amounts of data over a Reticulum network, the <a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-packet"><span class="std std-ref">Packet</span></a> interface
is sufficient, but for exchanging data that would require many packets, an efficient way to coordinate
the transfer is needed.</p>
@@ -648,7 +825,7 @@ or stream data directly from files.</p>
</section>
</section>
<section id="reference-setup">
<span id="understanding-referencesystem"></span><h2>Reference Setup<a class="headerlink" href="#reference-setup" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<span id="understanding-referencesystem"></span><h2>Reference Setup<a class="headerlink" href="#reference-setup" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>This section will detail a recommended <em>Reference Setup</em> for Reticulum. It is important to
note that Reticulum is designed to be usable on more or less any computing device, and over more
or less any medium that allows you to send and receive data, which satisfies some very low
@@ -716,18 +893,18 @@ even if you have none of the hardware already, and need to purchase everything.<
tailor it to your own specific needs, or whatever hardware you have available.</p>
</section>
<section id="protocol-specifics">
<span id="understanding-protocolspecifics"></span><h2>Protocol Specifics<a class="headerlink" href="#protocol-specifics" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h2>
<span id="understanding-protocolspecifics"></span><h2>Protocol Specifics<a class="headerlink" href="#protocol-specifics" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h2>
<p>This chapter will detail protocol specific information that is essential to the implementation of
Reticulum, but non critical in understanding how the protocol works on a general level. It should be
treated more as a reference than as essential reading.</p>
<section id="packet-prioritisation">
<h3>Packet Prioritisation<a class="headerlink" href="#packet-prioritisation" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<h3>Packet Prioritisation<a class="headerlink" href="#packet-prioritisation" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Currently, Reticulum is completely priority-agnostic regarding general traffic. All traffic is handled
on a first-come, first-serve basis. Announce re-transmission are handled according to the re-transmission
times and priorities described earlier in this chapter.</p>
</section>
<section id="interface-access-codes">
<h3>Interface Access Codes<a class="headerlink" href="#interface-access-codes" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<h3>Interface Access Codes<a class="headerlink" href="#interface-access-codes" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Reticulum can create named virtual networks, and networks that are only accessible by knowing a preshared
passphrase. The configuration of this is detailed in the <a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#interfaces-options"><span class="std std-ref">Common Interface Options</span></a>
section. To implement these feature, Reticulum uses the concept of Interface Access Codes, that are calculated
@@ -742,7 +919,7 @@ does not. This ensures that only packets sent with the correct naming and/or pas
pass onto the network.</p>
</section>
<section id="wire-format">
<span id="understanding-packetformat"></span><h3>Wire Format<a class="headerlink" href="#wire-format" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-packetformat"></span><h3>Wire Format<a class="headerlink" href="#wire-format" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>== Reticulum Wire Format ======
A Reticulum packet is composed of the following fields:
@@ -869,7 +1046,7 @@ but excluding any interface access codes.
</div>
</section>
<section id="announce-propagation-rules">
<span id="understanding-announcepropagation"></span><h3>Announce Propagation Rules<a class="headerlink" href="#announce-propagation-rules" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-announcepropagation"></span><h3>Announce Propagation Rules<a class="headerlink" href="#announce-propagation-rules" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>The following table illustrates the rules for automatically propagating announces
from one interface type to another, for all possible combinations. For the purpose
of announce propagation, the <em>Full</em> and <em>Gateway</em> modes are identical.</p>
@@ -878,7 +1055,7 @@ of announce propagation, the <em>Full</em> and <em>Gateway</em> modes are identi
of the different interface modes, and how they are configured.</p>
</section>
<section id="cryptographic-primitives">
<span id="understanding-primitives"></span><h3>Cryptographic Primitives<a class="headerlink" href="#cryptographic-primitives" title="Permalink to this heading"></a></h3>
<span id="understanding-primitives"></span><h3>Cryptographic Primitives<a class="headerlink" href="#cryptographic-primitives" title="Permalink to this heading">#</a></h3>
<p>Reticulum has been designed to use a simple suite of efficient, strong and modern
cryptographic primitives, with widely available implementations that can be used
both on general-purpose CPUs and on microcontrollers. The necessary primitives are:</p>
@@ -920,16 +1097,62 @@ those risks are acceptable to you.</p>
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