diff --git a/utils/bluetooth/dbus_scanner.py b/utils/bluetooth/dbus_scanner.py
index 95793af..309ce98 100644
--- a/utils/bluetooth/dbus_scanner.py
+++ b/utils/bluetooth/dbus_scanner.py
@@ -305,8 +305,18 @@ class DBusScanner:
                 if mfr_data:
                     for mid, mdata in mfr_data.items():
                         manufacturer_id = int(mid)
-                        if isinstance(mdata, dbus.Array):
-                            manufacturer_data = bytes(mdata)
+                        # Handle various DBus data types safely
+                        try:
+                            if isinstance(mdata, (bytes, bytearray)):
+                                manufacturer_data = bytes(mdata)
+                            elif isinstance(mdata, dbus.Array):
+                                manufacturer_data = bytes(mdata)
+                            elif isinstance(mdata, (list, tuple)):
+                                manufacturer_data = bytes(mdata)
+                            elif isinstance(mdata, str):
+                                manufacturer_data = bytes.fromhex(mdata)
+                        except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
+                            logger.debug(f"Could not convert manufacturer data: {e}")
                         break
 
             # Extract service UUIDs
@@ -319,8 +329,17 @@ class DBusScanner:
             service_data = {}
             if 'ServiceData' in props:
                 for uuid, data in props['ServiceData'].items():
-                    if isinstance(data, dbus.Array):
-                        service_data[str(uuid)] = bytes(data)
+                    try:
+                        if isinstance(data, (bytes, bytearray)):
+                            service_data[str(uuid)] = bytes(data)
+                        elif isinstance(data, dbus.Array):
+                            service_data[str(uuid)] = bytes(data)
+                        elif isinstance(data, (list, tuple)):
+                            service_data[str(uuid)] = bytes(data)
+                        elif isinstance(data, str):
+                            service_data[str(uuid)] = bytes.fromhex(data)
+                    except (TypeError, ValueError) as e:
+                        logger.debug(f"Could not convert service data for {uuid}: {e}")
 
             # Extract Class of Device (Classic BT)
             class_of_device = None
diff --git a/utils/tscm/device_identity.py b/utils/tscm/device_identity.py
index 9b0fe66..97b64ee 100644
--- a/utils/tscm/device_identity.py
+++ b/utils/tscm/device_identity.py
@@ -1157,6 +1157,30 @@ def reset_identity_engine() -> None:
     _identity_engine = DeviceIdentityEngine()
 
 
+def _convert_to_bytes(value) -> Optional[bytes]:
+    """Convert various data types to bytes safely."""
+    if value is None:
+        return None
+    if isinstance(value, bytes):
+        return value
+    if isinstance(value, bytearray):
+        return bytes(value)
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        # Assume hex string
+        try:
+            return bytes.fromhex(value)
+        except ValueError:
+            # Not a valid hex string, encode as UTF-8
+            return value.encode('utf-8')
+    if isinstance(value, (list, tuple)):
+        # Array of integers (like dbus.Array)
+        try:
+            return bytes(value)
+        except (TypeError, ValueError):
+            return None
+    return None
+
+
 def ingest_ble_dict(data: dict) -> DeviceSession:
     """
     Ingest BLE observation from dictionary.
@@ -1173,9 +1197,9 @@ def ingest_ble_dict(data: dict) -> DeviceSession:
         adv_type=data.get('adv_type', 'unknown'),
         adv_flags=data.get('adv_flags'),
         manufacturer_id=data.get('manufacturer_id'),
-        manufacturer_data=bytes.fromhex(data['manufacturer_data']) if data.get('manufacturer_data') else None,
+        manufacturer_data=_convert_to_bytes(data.get('manufacturer_data')),
         service_uuids=data.get('service_uuids', []),
-        service_data=bytes.fromhex(data['service_data']) if data.get('service_data') else None,
+        service_data=_convert_to_bytes(data.get('service_data')),
         local_name=data.get('local_name', data.get('name')),
         appearance=data.get('appearance'),
         packet_length=data.get('packet_length'),
diff --git a/utils/wifi/scanner.py b/utils/wifi/scanner.py
index dc5de47..a84339f 100644
--- a/utils/wifi/scanner.py
+++ b/utils/wifi/scanner.py
@@ -265,6 +265,36 @@ class UnifiedWiFiScanner:
             pass
         return False
 
+    def _is_monitor_mode_interface(self, interface: str) -> bool:
+        """
+        Check if interface is currently in monitor mode.
+
+        Returns True if:
+        - Interface name ends with 'mon' (common convention)
+        - iw reports type as 'monitor'
+        """
+        # Quick check by name convention
+        if interface.endswith('mon'):
+            return True
+
+        # Check actual mode via iw
+        if shutil.which('iw'):
+            try:
+                result = subprocess.run(
+                    ['iw', interface, 'info'],
+                    capture_output=True,
+                    text=True,
+                    timeout=TOOL_TIMEOUT_DETECT,
+                )
+                if result.returncode == 0:
+                    # Look for "type monitor" in output
+                    if re.search(r'type\s+monitor', result.stdout, re.IGNORECASE):
+                        return True
+            except Exception:
+                pass
+
+        return False
+
     # =========================================================================
     # Quick Scan
     # =========================================================================
@@ -299,6 +329,17 @@ class UnifiedWiFiScanner:
 
         result.interface = iface
 
+        # Check if interface is in monitor mode (can't use quick scan tools on monitor interfaces)
+        if self._is_monitor_mode_interface(iface):
+            result.error = (
+                f"Interface '{iface}' appears to be in monitor mode. "
+                "Quick scan requires a managed mode interface. "
+                "Either use a different interface, disable monitor mode, or use deep_scan() with airodump-ng."
+            )
+            result.is_complete = True
+            result.warnings.append("Monitor mode interfaces don't support standard WiFi scanning")
+            return result
+
         # Select and run parser based on platform/tools
         # Try multiple tools with fallback on Linux
         observations = []