Mirror/intercept
1
0
Fork 0
mirror of https://github.com/smittix/intercept.git synced 2026-07-05 08:08:14 -07:00
Code Issues Packages Projects Releases Wiki Activity
Files
526f21b244e6d43d18bb89a1843894fb854b8334
intercept/data/signals.json
T
James Smith 1ded1e259d feat: expand signal database to 594 signals from Artemis-DB 
Imports 574 signals from AresValley/Artemis-DB (v73) into data/signals.json,
growing the bundled offline database from 20 to 594 signals. Adds
bin/import_artemis.py to refresh the database when Artemis-DB releases updates.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Sonnet 4.6 <noreply@anthropic.com>
2026-07-05 12:45:58 +01:00

16994 lines
775 KiB
JSON
Raw Blame History

[
{
"id": "fm-broadcast",
"name": "FM Broadcast Radio",
"description": "Commercial FM radio stations transmitting wideband stereo audio. Used worldwide for public broadcasting.",
"categories": [
"broadcast",
"commercial",
"audio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 87500000,
"max_hz": 108000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 150000,
"max_hz": 250000
},
"modulations": [
"WFM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FM_Broadcast"
},
{
"id": "airband-civil",
"name": "Airband (Civil Aviation Voice)",
"description": "Civil aviation voice communications between pilots and air traffic control. AM modulated.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"voice",
"aeronautical"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 118000000,
"max_hz": 137000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6000,
"max_hz": 10000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AM_Aviation"
},
{
"id": "ism-433-eu",
"name": "ISM Device (433 MHz EU)",
"description": "Industrial, Scientific, and Medical band short-range devices \u2014 weather stations, remote controls, car key fobs, doorbells.",
"categories": [
"ism",
"telemetry",
"consumer",
"short-range"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 433050000,
"max_hz": 434790000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 50000
},
"modulations": [
"OOK",
"ASK",
"FSK",
"NFM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"EU",
"UK",
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "ism-315-us",
"name": "ISM Device (315 MHz US)",
"description": "US ISM band short-range devices \u2014 garage openers, remote controls, tire pressure monitors.",
"categories": [
"ism",
"telemetry",
"consumer",
"short-range"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 314000000,
"max_hz": 316000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 50000
},
"modulations": [
"OOK",
"ASK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "ism-868-eu",
"name": "ISM Device (868 MHz EU)",
"description": "EU sub-GHz ISM band used for LoRa, Z-Wave, smart metering, and IoT sensors.",
"categories": [
"ism",
"iot",
"lora",
"telemetry"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 863000000,
"max_hz": 870000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 200,
"max_hz": 500000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"GFSK",
"LORA",
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"EU",
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "ism-915-us",
"name": "ISM Device (915 MHz US)",
"description": "US 915 MHz ISM band used for LoRa, Zigbee, smart meters, and IoT devices.",
"categories": [
"ism",
"iot",
"lora",
"telemetry"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 902000000,
"max_hz": 928000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 200,
"max_hz": 500000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"GFSK",
"LORA",
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "pmr446",
"name": "PMR446 (Licence-Free UHF)",
"description": "European licence-free walkie-talkie band. Used by hikers, event staff, and light commercial users.",
"categories": [
"voice",
"pmr",
"consumer"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 446006250,
"max_hz": 446193750
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 15000
},
"modulations": [
"NFM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"EU",
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PMR446"
},
{
"id": "frs-gmrs",
"name": "FRS/GMRS (US Licence-Free UHF)",
"description": "US Family Radio Service and General Mobile Radio Service. Common consumer walkie-talkie channels.",
"categories": [
"voice",
"consumer"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 462550000,
"max_hz": 467725000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 20000
},
"modulations": [
"NFM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "maritime-vhf",
"name": "Maritime VHF",
"description": "Marine VHF radio communications. Channel 16 (156.8 MHz) is the international distress and calling channel.",
"categories": [
"maritime",
"voice",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 156000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12000,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"NFM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Marine_VHF_Radio"
},
{
"id": "ais",
"name": "AIS (Automatic Identification System)",
"description": "Vessel tracking system transmitting position, speed, and identity data. Operates on VHF channels 87B (161.975 MHz) and 88B (162.025 MHz).",
"categories": [
"maritime",
"data",
"tracking",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 161974500,
"max_hz": 161975500
},
{
"min_hz": 162024500,
"max_hz": 162025500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK",
"NFM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System_(AIS)"
},
{
"id": "noaa-weather-radio",
"name": "NOAA Weather Radio",
"description": "US National Weather Service continuous weather broadcast on 7 designated VHF channels between 162.400 and 162.550 MHz.",
"categories": [
"broadcast",
"weather",
"government"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 162400000,
"max_hz": 162550000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 20000
},
"modulations": [
"NFM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NOAA_Weather_Radio"
},
{
"id": "dab-digital-radio",
"name": "DAB Digital Radio",
"description": "Digital Audio Broadcasting. European digital radio standard replacing FM in many countries. Broad multiplex blocks.",
"categories": [
"broadcast",
"digital",
"audio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 174928000,
"max_hz": 239200000
},
{
"min_hz": 1452960000,
"max_hz": 1490624000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1500000,
"max_hz": 1600000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"EU",
"UK",
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DAB"
},
{
"id": "amateur-2m",
"name": "Amateur Radio (2m Band)",
"description": "2 metre amateur radio band. Used for local voice repeaters, packet radio, satellite communications, and weak signal work.",
"categories": [
"amateur",
"ham",
"voice"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 144000000,
"max_hz": 146000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 200000
},
"modulations": [
"NFM",
"FM",
"USB",
"LSB",
"AM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "amateur-70cm",
"name": "Amateur Radio (70cm Band)",
"description": "70 centimetre amateur radio band. Common for repeaters, ATV, packet radio, and digital modes.",
"categories": [
"amateur",
"ham",
"voice"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 430000000,
"max_hz": 440000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 200000
},
"modulations": [
"NFM",
"FM",
"USB",
"LSB",
"DSTAR",
"DMR",
"C4FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "acars",
"name": "ACARS (Aircraft Communications)",
"description": "Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System. Data link for operational airline messages between aircraft and ground stations.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"data",
"aeronautical"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 129124500,
"max_hz": 129125500
},
{
"min_hz": 136899500,
"max_hz": 136900500
},
{
"min_hz": 131724500,
"max_hz": 131725500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2400,
"max_hz": 6000
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"NFM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ACARS"
},
{
"id": "ads-b",
"name": "ADS-B (Aircraft Tracking)",
"description": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast. Aircraft transmit GPS position, altitude, and identity at 1090 MHz for air traffic control.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"data",
"tracking",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1089500000,
"max_hz": 1090500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1000000,
"max_hz": 2000000
},
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ADS-B"
},
{
"id": "pocsag",
"name": "POCSAG Pager",
"description": "Post Office Code Standardisation Advisory Group pager protocol. One-way numeric or text messaging to pagers. Common in hospitals and emergency services.",
"categories": [
"pager",
"data",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 138000000,
"max_hz": 175000000
},
{
"min_hz": 450000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 8000,
"max_hz": 20000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"NFM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/POCSAG"
},
{
"id": "lte-700",
"name": "LTE / 4G (700 MHz)",
"description": "Long-Term Evolution mobile data network. 700 MHz band used for rural coverage and in-building penetration.",
"categories": [
"cellular",
"data",
"mobile"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 698000000,
"max_hz": 806000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1400000,
"max_hz": 20000000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"LTE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "gsm-900",
"name": "GSM 900 (2G Mobile)",
"description": "Global System for Mobile Communications on 900 MHz band. Voice calls and SMS. Being phased out but still active in many regions.",
"categories": [
"cellular",
"voice",
"mobile"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 880000000,
"max_hz": 960000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 190000,
"max_hz": 210000
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GSM"
},
{
"id": "wifi-24ghz",
"name": "WiFi / Bluetooth (2.4 GHz ISM)",
"description": "IEEE 802.11 b/g/n/ax WiFi and Bluetooth Classic/BLE sharing the 2.4 GHz ISM band. 13 channels (EU) or 11 (US).",
"categories": [
"ism",
"wifi",
"bluetooth",
"data"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2400000000,
"max_hz": 2484000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1000000,
"max_hz": 22000000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"DSSS",
"FHSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": null
},
{
"id": "ghadir-oth-radar",
"name": "'Ghadir' OTH Radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n'Ghadir', is an Iranian over the horizon radar, part of Iran's Sepehr Phased Radar System.\n# DETAILS\n**Ghadir** is an Iranian over the horizon radar. Ghadir is a 360\u00b0, 3D-radar, with a ceiling of 300 km, and a maximum range of 1100 km. You can hear a high and a low tone, corresponding to the sweep rates of 870 and 307 sweeps/sec. sent in two separated bursts. \n\nUnlike many other OTHR's, Ghadir doesn't use FMCW modulation. Instead, it uses a shaped pulsed system which makes the edges of the signal hard to define. Because of this, the bandwidth of this signal can vary greatly, ranging from around 60 kHz to splattering over 1 MHz, depending on the power of the received signal for the user. Typical observed bandwidth is about 60 kHz. Pulses are modulated with upwards FM sweep (FMOP).\n\nAs of 2023 or even earlier, Ghadir has often been seen using lower pulse repetition frequencies of 150 Hz and 313 Hz. The higher frequencies (307 Hz / 870 Hz) are still used. In 2024 a new combination, 333 Hz / 695 Hz was reported. [LINK](https://www.iaru-r1.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/IARUMS-R1-Newsletter-2024-08.pdf) Similar radars with constant pulse repetition frequencies can be found on the lower VHF band, some of them may be related to Ghadir, but this has not been confirmed.\n\n [Similar radar signal](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_OTH_%27Ghadir%27_type) has been reported in Russia, but it has not been confirmed if it actually originated from there. The names \"Ghadir\" and \"Sepehr\" are somewhat unclear as not much public information is available. According to GlobalSecurity.org [LINK](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/radar-qadir.htm) [LINK](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/iran/radar-sepehr.htm), Sepehr is a larger system with longer range, and both systems are based on the Russian Rezonans-N/NE radar. The same system has been exported to Algeria [LINK](https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/algeria/rezonans-ne.htm) and Egypt which increases the number of possible sources of this kind of signal.\n\nThere are two variants:\n- Ghadir/Qadir (Rezonans-NE) - VHF 35-70 MHz (1200 km range)\n- Sepehr (Rezonans-N) - HF 3-24 MHz (600 km range)",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 28000000,
"max_hz": 29700000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 60000,
"max_hz": 1000000
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/%27Ghadir%27_OTH_Radar"
},
{
"id": "oth-sw-oth-radar",
"name": "'OTH-SW' OTH Radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOTH-SW is a Chinese over-the-horizon radar. It is known to operate with pulse repetition frequencies of 43 Hz and 86 Hz.\n# DETAILS\n**OTH-SW** is a Chinese over the horizon radar. It is known to operate with pulse repition frequencies of 43&nbsp;Hz and 86&nbsp;Hz",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000,
"max_hz": 6030000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 40000,
"max_hz": 80000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/%27OTH-SW%27_OTH_Radar"
},
{
"id": "vario-airplane-data-controller",
"name": "'Vario' Airplane Data Controller",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis transmitter is found within the UHF FMRS bands, most likely used at airshows to give off barometric pressure, height in altitude represented by a voice, including various tones representing how high/how low the model plane is in the air.\n# DETAILS\nThe SkyAssistant variometer is a small on-board instrument which indicates the RC sailplane model's vertical speed by an audible signal. Lift is indicated by a pulsed tone with rate and frequency of the pulses depending on the climb rate. Sink is indicated by a low, continuous tone depending on the sink rate. Audible signal and voice messages about model state are transmitted by built-in radio transmitter and can be received on standard LPD or PMR receiver (European version), FRS (American version) or UHF CB (Australian version).",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"aviation",
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 462610000,
"max_hz": 462725000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/%27Vario%27_Airplane_Data_Controller"
},
{
"id": "17067bps-fsk",
"name": "17067bps FSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUnknown military-use signal reminiscent of [[Motorola SECURENET|SECURENET]] CVSD voice.\n# DETAILS\nThe general characteristics of this signal are an occupied bandwidth of 25 kHz, a data rate of 17066.7 bits per second (a symbol duration of 58.59375 us) in 2FSK, a deviation of +/- 4.8 kHz, and a short 6 kHz tone heard in FM demodulation at unkey. The ACF of the preamble is 192 bits, or 11.25 ms. This may be an example of the Russian ZAS (\u0417\u0410\u0421) telephony system. The signal was observed in Sharja, UAE, and suspected to be used by Iran Navy; this signal has also been heard in Poland and Russia. As of the present moment it is unclear whether this signal is 2FSK or 2-GFSK, but 2-GFSK is suspected.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 87560000,
"max_hz": 88440000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/17067bps_FSK"
},
{
"id": "1g-nmt-nordic-mobile-telephone",
"name": "1G (NMT) Nordic Mobile Telephone",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNordic Mobile Telephone (NMT, NMT-450, and NMT-900) is a first generation analog cell phone system. Originally designed for and by Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark) it was widely deployed around the world. Nowadays (as of 2015) NMT is defunct.\n# DETAILS\n**Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT, NMT-450, and NMT-900)** is a first generation analog cell phone system. Originally designed for and by Nordic countries (Finland, Sweden, Norway, Denmark) it was widely deployed around the world, for example in Saudi Arabia, Russia and Switzerland. It was completely automatic and allowed for users to roam freely in participating countries. Nowadays (as of 2015) NMT is defunct.\n\nVoice is transmitted as NFM, data as FSK. Data rate is 1200 baud, with mark/space frequencies of 1200/1800 Hz.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 450735000,
"max_hz": 455265000
},
{
"min_hz": 955200000,
"max_hz": 964800000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/1G_%28NMT%29_Nordic_Mobile_Telephone"
},
{
"id": "1g-advanced-mobile-phone-system-amps",
"name": "1G Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe first generation of cellular mobile telecommunications, which used analogue NFM voice.\n# DETAILS\nThe Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) was developed in 1978, and released to the public in 1983 by Bell Laboratories to cater for increased demand of mobile voice services.\n\nFSK signalling was used to connect mobile customers to the base station to place voice calls, this data was transmitted at 10 kbit/s. Voice data was transmitted over NFM analog modulation. \n\nAs the number of subscribers increased, some 30 kHz analog voice channels were converted to D-AMPS channels which could service more users using TDMA, at the cost of reduced voice quality.\n\nThe technology saw use in many other countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Pakistan and Spain. However many other countries had created their own systems ( [Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Nordic_Mobile_Telephone_%28NMT%29) for example).\n\nIn the 1990s, telecommunications companies worldwide started phasing out AMPS services in favour of the improved [GSM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GSM) standard, which provided encryption and data services.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 824000000,
"max_hz": 894000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 30000
},
"modulations": [
"FM",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/1G_Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System_%28AMPS%29"
},
{
"id": "2006-kia-grand-carnival-keyfob",
"name": "2006 Kia Grand Carnival Keyfob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOriginal remote of KIA Carnival (2006).\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431750400,
"max_hz": 436089600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/2006_Kia_Grand_Carnival_Keyfob"
},
{
"id": "29b6-kontayner-oth-radar",
"name": "29B6 'Kontayner' OTH Radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n29B6, nicknamed '\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440' (Kontayner), is a Russian over the horizon radar. It is currently very active in Europe. The radar uses 150 antenna masts with data transmission systems, transmitters and receivers, a power station, and control buildings. It can detect high-altitude and low-altitude aircraft and missiles at very long ranges.\n# DETAILS\n**29B6**, nicknamed '\u041a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440' (Kontayner), is a Russian over the horizon radar. It is currently very active in Europe. The radar uses 150 antenna masts with data transmission systems, transmitters and receivers, a power station and control buildings. It is able to detect both high altitude and low altitude aircraft and missiles at very long ranges. \n\n \nThe first 29B6 radar installation is based at Kolkino radar station. [The receiving antennas](https://www.google.com/maps/@53.9838759,43.8422573,1009m/data=!3m1!1e3) are located 8 km south-west from Kovylkino, Mordovia, Russia 53.9841\u00b0N 43.8427\u00b0E. [The transmitting antennas](https://www.google.com/maps/@56.6928186,43.4866501,1177m/data=!3m1!1e3) are located 300 km from receiver, 5 km north from Gorodets town, Nizhegorodskaya oblast', Russia 56.69328\u00b0N 43.48625\u00b0E.\n\nAs of 2018 or 2019, the Gorodets transmitter station has been dismantled and a new transmitter built near the Kovylkino receiver. [LINK](https://planesandstuff.wordpress.com/2020/02/25/russian-othr-29b6-konteyner-analysis/) Another 29B6 facility has been planned to be built in Kaliningrad. [LINK](https://planesandstuff.wordpress.com/2020/03/23/more-konteyner/)\n\n29B6 uses pulsed modulation with Frequency Modulation On Pulse (FMOP), unlike many other OTH radars which tend to use Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW). Like some other OTH radars, the 29B6 can transmit multiple beams simultaneously on multiple frequencies.\n\nAs of about 2019, the 29B6 almost always transmits 40 pulses/sec which gives an unambiguous range of 3750 km. Bandwidth of the signal is usually about 14 kHz but it's often hard to determine accurately due to splattering that is caused by its pulsed operation. Other modes may still be used but they are rarely seen.\n\nPreviously, it commonly used 50 pulses/sec (max range 3000 km), but it was also seen with 25 sweeps/sec (max range 6000 km) and 100 sweeps/sec (max range 1500 km). \n\n29B6 can be confused with the [PLUTO II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PLUTO_II_OTH_Radar) radar but can be usually differentiated by its different sweep rate (40 Hz vs 50/25/12.5 Hz), slightly narrower bandwidth and sharper or rougher sound. Signal analysis will reveal pulsed operation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 6069500,
"max_hz": 6130500
},
{
"min_hz": 31840000,
"max_hz": 32160000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3500,
"max_hz": 28000
},
"modulations": [
"FMOP",
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/29B6_%27Kontayner%27_OTH_Radar"
},
{
"id": "2g-gsm-global-system-for-mobile-communications",
"name": "2G (GSM) Global System for Mobile Communications",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) is a standard developed by ETSI to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones. As of 2014, it has become the default global standard for mobile communications.\n# DETAILS\n**GSM** (**Global System for Mobile Communications**, originally *Groupe Sp\u00e9cial Mobile*), is a standard developed by ETSI to describe the protocols for second-generation (2G) digital cellular networks used by mobile phones, first deployed in Finland in July 1991. As of 2014 it has become the default global standard for mobile communications - with over 90% market share, operating in over 219 countries and territories. As the need for more low-band 5G and 4G networks grow, operators around the world began phasing out GSM to re-farm spectrum. In the U.S, AT&T shut down GSM in 2017 while T-Mobile GSM continues to operate at reduced capacity in 2026. T-Mobile has begun shutting down its GSM network, however it is taking place slowly over the course of multiple years. In Australia, Optus GSM was decommissioned in 2017.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 850000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1800000000,
"max_hz": 1900000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/2G_%28GSM%29_Global_System_for_Mobile_Communications"
},
{
"id": "2g-cdma-is-95",
"name": "2G CDMA (IS-95)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCDMA-One also known as IS-95, was the first ever cellular standard technology based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). It is a predecessor of the 1xRTT (CDMA2000/IS-2000) standard, which is backwards compatible.\n# DETAILS\nIS-95, commonly known by the brand name cdmaOne, is a 2G [Review on Generations in Mobile Cellular Technology](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=56333e725d31a4ae30541aa565d5f3f5bc003d98). C. S. Patil, R. R. Karhe, M. A. Aher; Shri Gulabrao Deokar College of Engineering Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering. October 2012. Accessed 10 October 2023. digital cellular technology. Published in 1995 by a collaboration between Qualcomm, Motorola, and AT&T (later Lucent), IS-95 was the first major cellular technology to use spread-spectrum techniques to increase spectrum efficiency, user density, and signal robustness. IS-95 uses direct-sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) to expand a 1.2-9.6 kbps or 14.4 kbps signal to a large bandwidth, and uses correlation to identify a station's signal via its assigned code and recover traffic, thus creating code-division multiple access (CDMA). CDMA allows cells to share frequencies, allowing for denser system construction than what was possible with AMPS [IS-95, cdmaOne](https://www.electronics-notes.com/articles/connectivity/cdmaone-cdma2000/is95-cdmaone-technology-basics.php). Electronics Notes. Accessed 10 October 2023.. cdmaOne competed against GSM with GPRS, an equivalent 2G technology.\n\nIS-95 exists as two largely compatible versions: the initially published IS-95A, and the later IS-95B that the name cdmaOne refers to. IS-95A provided a data rate of 14.4 kbps, while IS-95B allowed aggregation of eight CDMA channels to provide a 115.2 kbps data rate. As the physical layer of IS-95A and IS-95B are identical, infrastructure was not changed to upgrade IS-95A base stations to IS-95B [Evolution of Wireless Data Services: IS-95 to cdma2000](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=defa6861796ccd03a3a294d88f2cbe92db90f17a). Douglas N. Knisely, Sarath Kumar, Subhasis Laha, Sanjiv Nanda; Lucent Technologies. October 1998. Accessed 10 October 2023.. IS-95B additionally supports the 1900 MHz PCS band, while IS-95A was specified only for the 800 MHz cellular band [A Walk Through To IS-95A, IS-95B, CDMA2000, And Call Processing](https://www.geocities.ws/rahulschauhan/CDMAPrimer.htm), version 2. Rahul Chauhan. 20 June 2003. Accessed 10 October 2023.. \n\nSeparate channels, modulated with separate codes, on cdmaOne downlinks are synthesized in software and added together, creating a single 1.228 MHz wide signal with multiple codes within. The code structure of cdmaOne permits 64 channels per base station. Some channels serve special purposes, such as receiver synchronization and base station identification. Power control is necessary for cdmaOne systems both on the downlink and uplink sides in order to keep individual channels from occupying excessive amounts of channel resources. On the base station downlink, the process of adding channels together also performs the task of allocating a certain amount of transmitter power to each channel. On uplinks transmitted by subscribers, a power control mechanism adjusts the subscriber's transmitter power to keep it within a desirable range when received by the base station. This power control process solves the near-far problem that CDMA systems are susceptible to.\nIS-2000, branded by Qualcomm as CDMA2000 and standardized by the ITU as IMT-MC, is backwards compatible with IS-95 handsets, although it depends on the radio configuration (RC) of the network. RC1 and RC2 support IS-95, but RC3 towards RC7 do not[https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/OVFKWC-KX9/609589].\nMost cdmaOne networks have been upgraded to CDMA2000 or shut down entirely. LTE (4G) and 5G NR are displacing 2G and especially 3G technologies in North America [T-Mobile, Verizon, AT&T, and Sprint 2G/3G/4G LTE network shutdown dates: the sunset!](https://www.phonearena.com/news/t-mobile-verizon-att-sprint-2g-3g-4g-lte-network-shut-down-date_id134159). Daniel Petrov; PhoneArena. 22 February 2022. Accessed 10 October 2023. and Europe [2G / 3G Network Shutdown Status and Challenges](https://www.smartviser.com/post/2g-3gnetworkshutdown). Susie Siouti; SmartViser. 9 June 2022; updated 28 April 2023. Accessed 10 October 2023.. CDMA networks are particularly affected by a decrease in available cell towers. As cdmaOne signals from the cell site not used by a receiver appear as noise, cdmaOne loses capacity as more subscribers try to use a single cell, and thus a minimum amount of infrastructure is needed in order to prevent congestion [On the Optimal Base-Station Density for CDMA Cellular Networks](https://ti.rwth-aachen.de/publications/output.php?id=56&table=article&type=pdf). Stephen Hanly, Rudolf Mathar. 8 August 2002. Accessed 10 October 2023..",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 815000000,
"max_hz": 960000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1710000000,
"max_hz": 1995000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1105200,
"max_hz": 1350800
},
"modulations": [
"DSSS",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/2G_CDMA_%28IS-95%29"
},
{
"id": "3g-wcdma",
"name": "3G WCDMA",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWCDMA, known primarily as 3G mobile, is a family of 3G data protocols used to send voice, text and signaling data to smart phones and other wireless devices.\n# DETAILS\nUMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) is a 3rd generation mobile phone technology developed by the 3GPP partnership. Unlike 2G GSM, UMTS uses CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) technology. Despite UMTS using CDMA technology, it is a different standard than cdmaOne and CDMA2000, competing 2G and 3G standards developed by 3GPP2. UMTS is further improved and extended to support higher data rates by the HSPA (High Speed Packet Access) standard.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 819880000,
"max_hz": 828120000
},
{
"min_hz": 2089500000,
"max_hz": 2110500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3780000,
"max_hz": 4620000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/3G_WCDMA"
},
{
"id": "49mhz-rc-car-controller",
"name": "49MHz RC Car Controller",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe sound of an RC controller signal from an old amphibious toy car\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 48954000,
"max_hz": 49446000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/49MHz_RC_Car_Controller"
},
{
"id": "4g-lte-long-term-evolution-uplink",
"name": "4G (LTE) Long Term Evolution Uplink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAcquired via telecommunications carrier hardware during interference investigation of an Australian cellular network.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 700000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1700000000,
"max_hz": 3500000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1400000,
"max_hz": 20000000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/4G_%28LTE%29_Long_Term_Evolution_Uplink"
},
{
"id": "4g-lte-network",
"name": "4G LTE Network",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLong Term Evolution Network. Also known as 4G LTE Data and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). Data service for wireless consumer devices.\n# DETAILS\n**Long Term Evolution Network**. Also known as 4G LTE Data and Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA). Data service for wireless consumer devices.\n \nLTE uses OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) modulation.\nIn a LTE channel, it is divided into resource blocks. Each resource block is 180kHz in bandwidth. In each of the resource blocks, there are many subcarrier channels which are spaced 15kHz away from each other. The DC subcarrier (blank) is present in the middle to mitigate the effect of LO leakage.\n\nFor a 20MHz channel, there could be up to 1024 subcarriers. The high number of subcarriers will allow for more users to use the network simultaneously. Carrier Aggregation (used in LTE-Advanced) increases the bandwidth further. LTE can be either FDD (Frequency Division Duplex) and TDD (Time Division Duplex) depending on the network configuration.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 450000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1800000000,
"max_hz": 3500000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1400000,
"max_hz": 20000000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/4G_LTE_Network"
},
{
"id": "4g-lte450",
"name": "4G LTE450",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLTE 450 refers to the deployment of Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology in the 380-512 MHz frequency band. LTE 450 networks allow various 4G LTE options to deliver efficient and reliable telecommunications services: LTE, LTE-M, and NB-IoT.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 450000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1400000,
"max_hz": 4740000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"SC-FDMA"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/4G_LTE450"
},
{
"id": "5g-new-radio-cellular-radio-downlink",
"name": "5G 'New Radio' Cellular Radio - Downlink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n5G cellular, also known by 3GPP '5G' NR (new radio), etc. is a newly released cellular standard that allows for backwards compatibility with 4G LTE, and will allow for several gigabits of connection speeds, (up to 10-100Gb) per second. This is the 600 MHz downlink band for the new standard.\n# DETAILS\n**New Radio** refers to the 5th generation of cellular technology (5G).\n\n5G is currently in commercial use across more than 90 countries. In the U.S, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile are the major 5G carriers.\n\nT-Mobile launched commercial 5G service in 2019 with 600 MHz (n71) and mmWave (n261, n260 and n258) bands. Merger with Sprint brought additional bands (n25, 1.9 GHz and n41, 2.5 GHz) for capacity. \n\n5G can be either SA (Standalone) or non-Standalone (NSA) depending on the hardware and software implementations.\n\n5G NR supports 2 distinct duplex modes, FDD and TDD. FDD, or Frequency Division Duplexing, utilizes paired spectrum with separate uplink and downlink channels. TDD, or Time Division Duplexing, allows both uplink and downlink to share the same spectrum by utilizing time slots. TDD bands such as n41, n77, and n78 are commonly used for high capacity deployments, while FDD is commonly used for coverage and stability.\n\nNR Dual Connectivity (NR-DC) is a 5G connectivity option that allows simultaneous Sub6 and mmWave connections in NR SA deployments. \n\nThe actual sound of 5G is derived from 4G, its more of a \"pulse sound\", because of the UFMC modulation component.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 600000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 2500000000,
"max_hz": 3700000000
},
{
"min_hz": 28000000000,
"max_hz": 50000000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5000000,
"max_hz": 400000000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/5G_%27New_Radio%27_Cellular_Radio_-_Downlink"
},
{
"id": "5g-nr-new-radio-uplink",
"name": "5G (NR) New Radio Uplink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n5G cellular, also known by 3GPP '5G' NR (new radio), etc. is a newly released cellular standard that allows for backwards compatibility with 4G LTE, and will allow for several gigabits of connection speeds, (up to 10-100Gb) per second. This is the 600 MHz downlink band for the new standard.\n# DETAILS\n**New Radio** refers to the 5th generation of cellular technology (5G).\n\n5G is currently in commercial use across more than 90 countries. In the U.S, AT&T, Verizon and T-Mobile are the major 5G carriers.\n\nT-Mobile launched commercial 5G service in 2019 with 600 MHz (n71) and mmWave (n261, n260 and n258) bands. Merger with Sprint brought additional bands (n25, 1.9 GHz and n41, 2.5 GHz) for capacity. \n\n5G can be either SA (Standalone) or non-Standalone (NSA) depending on the hardware and software implementations.\n\n5G NR supports 2 distinct duplex modes, FDD and TDD. FDD, or Frequency Division Duplexing, utilizes paired spectrum with separate uplink and downlink channels. TDD, or Time Division Duplexing, allows both uplink and downlink to share the same spectrum by utilizing time slots. TDD bands such as n41, n77, and n78 are commonly used for high capacity deployments, while FDD is commonly used for coverage and stability.\n\nNR Dual Connectivity (NR-DC) is a 5G connectivity option that allows simultaneous Sub6 and mmWave connections in NR SA deployments.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 600000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 2500000000,
"max_hz": 3700000000
},
{
"min_hz": 28000000000,
"max_hz": 50000000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5000000,
"max_hz": 400000000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/5G_%28NR%29_New_Radio_Uplink"
},
{
"id": "5g-broadcast-mbms-multimedia-broadcast-multicast-service",
"name": "5G Broadcast (MBMS) Multimedia Broadcast / Multicast Service",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA technology originally introduced in LTE (eMBMS) that enables efficient transmission of the same content to a large number of users at once \u2014 that is, broadcast or multicast instead of individual unicast. In 5G, its evolution is used for the so\u2011called LTE\u2011based 5G Terrestrial Broadcast.\n# DETAILS\n**It is a technology originally introduced in LTE (eMBMS) that enables efficient transmission of the same content to a large number of users at once** \u2014 that is, broadcast or multicast instead of individual unicast. In 5G, its evolution is used for the so\u2011called LTE\u2011based 5G Terrestrial Broadcast.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 470000000,
"max_hz": 694000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5000000,
"max_hz": 10000000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/5G_Broadcast_%28MBMS%29_Multimedia_Broadcast_/_Multicast_Service"
},
{
"id": "77ya6-voronezh-radar",
"name": "77Ya6 'Voronezh' radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVoronezh (\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436) is a Russian radar family capable of aircraft and ballistic missile monitoring.\n# DETAILS\nVoronezh (\u0412\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0436) is a Russian radar family capable of aircraft and ballistic missile monitoring.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 150000000,
"max_hz": 200000000
},
{
"min_hz": 430000000,
"max_hz": 440000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/77Ya6_%27Voronezh%27_radar"
},
{
"id": "802-11ah",
"name": "802.11ah",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHaLow (802.11ah) is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data between devices over medium distances. Released by the Wi-Fi Alliance in 2016, it was initially developed as a competitive Internet of Things standard.\n# DETAILS\n**Wi-Fi HaLow** (IEEE **802.11ah**) is a sub-1 GHz Wi-Fi standard optimized for long-range, low-power IoT connectivity, supporting up to several kilometers of coverage with efficient penetration through walls. It uses narrower channel widths (1\u201316 MHz) and advanced modulation schemes to balance range, throughput, and power efficiency.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 750000000,
"max_hz": 928000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900000,
"max_hz": 1100000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK",
"QPSK",
"QAM",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/802.11ah"
},
{
"id": "802-11ax",
"name": "802.11ax",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIEEE 802.11ax-2021, also known as Wi-Fi 6, is a WLAN standard improves upon previous Wi-Fi standards by utilizing 1024QAM modulation, larger channel bandwidths, and improved efficiency.\n# DETAILS\nIEEE 802.11ax-2021, also known as 802.11ax, or Wi-Fi 6, is a standard of wireless networking that utilizes 1024QAM, OFDMA, MU-MIMO, and up to 160 MHz channel bandwidth to allow for more throughput and lower latency compared to previous standards. 802.11ax offers a peak theoretical speeds of 9.6Gbps, with real-world speeds reaching upwards of 1500Mbps.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2399940000,
"max_hz": 2424060000
},
{
"min_hz": 7089375000,
"max_hz": 7160625000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 20000000,
"max_hz": 160000000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"BPSK",
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/802.11ax"
},
{
"id": "802-11n",
"name": "802.11n",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIEEE 802.11n-2009, commonly shortened to 802.11n, is a wireless-networking standard that uses multiple antennas to increase data rates. The Wi-Fi Alliance has also retroactively labeled the technology for the standard as Wi-Fi 4.\n# DETAILS\nIEEE 802.11n-2009, commonly shortened to 802.11n, is a wireless-networking standard that uses multiple antennas to increase data rates. \nThe Wi-Fi Alliance has also retroactively labelled the technology for the standard as Wi-Fi 4. It standardized support for multiple-input multiple-output, frame aggregation, and security improvements, among other features, and can be used in the 2.4 GHz or 5 GHz frequency bands.\n\n- The signal file corresponds to a Wi-Fi signal captured directly above the router, the signaling beacon can be heard. 0:00 to 0:14: Daily use, low transfer. 0:15 to end: Full bandwidth usage @ 113mbps.*",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2399940000,
"max_hz": 2424060000
},
{
"min_hz": 5835675000,
"max_hz": 5894325000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 20000000,
"max_hz": 40000000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK",
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/802.11n"
},
{
"id": "8psk",
"name": "8PSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n8PSK modulation is a way to encode data using eight phase angles. Each symbol can encode three bits of data. It can achieve higher data rates than other phase modulation schemes, but it also requires a higher signal-to-noise ratio and is more prone to errors.\n# DETAILS\n8PSK, developed by John Phelps (KL4YFD) in 2014, is a digital mode in Fldigi designed for medium-speed data transmission via standard FM and SSB radios. It offers six modes optimized for weak signals on various bands (VHF/UHF and others) and employs heavy forward error correction (FEC) using different Viterbi polynomials. Unlike BPSK or QPSK, 8PSK uses eight phase states and requires RSID-enabled modes (Reed-Solomon Identification, instead of standard AFC) to accurately determine the mode and center frequency. An optional pilot carrier\u2014ideally set at -40 dB or higher\u2014provides a crucial frequency/phase reference.\n\nA pilot carrier in 8PSK extends its use especially over HF SSB, even with older radios prone to frequency drift. It improves decoding by compensating for drift (with a precision of \u00b1\u00bd\u202fHz), offering a stable reference and real-time RF channel quality information. The pilot tone is detected using a sliding FFT (SFFT) with roughly 1\u202fHz resolution. For initial signal acquisition, RSID or manual tuning is necessary. The system locks the pilot tone when its signal-to-noise (s/n) ratio is 2:1 or better, adjusting the tracking point in discrete 1\u202fHz steps once per second. The tone is transmitted during both the 8PSK preamble and data transmission.\n\nFor 8FSK, transmitter linearity is critical since overdrive (often due to excessive audio levels) can cause bandwidth expansion, poor reception, and tuning challenges. Generally, these sensitive modes require minimal power, with PSK modes sometimes outperforming CW in decoding.\n\nThere are many ways to construct a PSK constellation, but 8-PSK is the most common. There are more than eight phases, so the error rate is too high. There are better, though more complex, modulation options, such as quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM).\n\nEffective PSK reception needs a phase-locked demodulator. Fldigi features a fast-acquire, slow-tracking AFC system: align the red bandwidth bar over the signal, click, and the system will quickly lock and commence decoding. Although it\u2019s hard to visually distinguish BPSK from QPSK (except under high signal-to-noise conditions), switching modes and reacquiring the signal can aid in proper decoding.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 298500000,
"max_hz": 301500000
},
{
"min_hz": 2985000000,
"max_hz": 3015000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 125,
"max_hz": 1200
},
"modulations": [
"D8PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/8PSK"
},
{
"id": "afsk-paging-link",
"name": "AFSK Paging Link",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA variant of POCSAG/FLEX with audio FSK modulation based off of the bell 202 tones. Typically found as uplinks/downlinks to pager network transmitters.\n# DETAILS\nPOCSAG can be modulated with audio FSK tones to ensure that audio modems can encode these properly. These variants use Bell 202 esque mark and spaces to modulate the signal.\nThe bandwidth of the original POCSAG signal determines how intense the modulation deviation is...\n\nin the new england states: They use 1000 and 2300 hz.\nIn the midwest, the bell 202 and a variant known as \"1300-2100\" also exist. 1300-2100 is for extremely low bandwidth pocsag...\nPhase inversion can also take place in some modulations which give off a slight difference in sound...",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 72000000,
"max_hz": 76000000
},
{
"min_hz": 450000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
},
{
"min_hz": 850000000,
"max_hz": 928000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 8100,
"max_hz": 9900
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AFSK_Paging_Link"
},
{
"id": "aist-2d",
"name": "AIST 2D",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAist 2D is a Russian microsatellite developed and designed by a group of Samara Aerospace University students, postgraduates, and scientists in cooperation with TsSKB-Progress.\n# DETAILS\n[LINK](https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/aist-2.htm)\n [LINK](https://www.russianspaceweb.com/aist2d.html)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 433138425,
"max_hz": 437491575
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"PM",
"PCM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AIST_2D"
},
{
"id": "akkord-ss-pd",
"name": "AKKORD-SS-PD",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAkkord-SS-PD (\u0410\u041a\u041a\u041e\u0420\u0414-\u0421\u0421-\u041f\u0414), also known as \u201cAkkord-165\u201d is a Russian datalink used during the invasion of Ukraine. Akkord is a rather old family of datalink protocols, Akkord-165 being the most recent version.\n# DETAILS\n**Akkord-SS-PD** (\u0410\u041a\u041a\u041e\u0420\u0414-\u0421\u0421-\u041f\u0414), also known as \u201cAkkord-165\u201d is a Russian datalink used during the invasion of Ukraine. Akkord is a fairly old family of datalink protocols, Akkord-165 being the most recent version.\n\nIt's speed varies between 1200, 2400, 4800 and 9600 bps, and the block length varies between (165, 144), (117, 96), (69, 48). Most of the intercepted radio links have been characterized by a telegraph speed of 1200 bps FSK with a shift of 800 Hz in the frequency range 5-7 MHz which suggests short to medium range distances.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7015745,
"max_hz": 7086255
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1080,
"max_hz": 1320
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AKKORD-SS-PD"
},
{
"id": "ale-400",
"name": "ALE-400",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nALE-400 is an amateur version of the 2G ALE standard. It is adapted to the demands of amateur radio emergency traffic handling.\n# DETAILS\n**ALE-400** is an amateur version of the 2G ALE standard. It is adapted to the demands of amateur radio emergency traffic handling. ALE-400 was developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE. This mode was designed to be utilized in 500 Hz channels. It is an 8-MFSK system with 50Bd. For tuning, the center frequency is 1625 Hz.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1796970,
"max_hz": 1815030
},
{
"min_hz": 143441688,
"max_hz": 144883312
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 360,
"max_hz": 440
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ALE-400"
},
{
"id": "amsat-p3d",
"name": "AMSAT-P3D",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAMSAT-P3D (Known as Phase 3D, OSCAR-40, and AO-40) is a amateur radio satellite built by AMSAT. As of 2004, the satellite's systems have failed.\n# DETAILS\n**AMSAT-P3D** (Known as Phase 3D, OSCAR-40, and AO-40) is a amateur radio satellite built by AMSAT. As of 2004, the satellite's systems have failed.\n \nThe satellite was OSCAR-40, and was built and launched by the German chapter AMSAT-DL of [AMSAT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMSAT). It was launched on November 16, 2000, and boasted 5 receivers (in the HF, VHF/UHF, L, S, and C bands) and seven transmitters (in the HF, K, VHF/UHF, S, and X-bands), as well as a number of experimental instruments and equipment for scientific measurement.\n\nThe satellite suffered technical faults on December 13th, 2000, due to a protective cap having accidentally remained before launch. This caused an explosion that affected the satellite. \n\nOn January 25, 2004, due to effects caused by the explosion, the satellite suffered a critical failure when the main battery failed, short circuiting the auxiliary battery. Since then, only one official suspected contact was heard from the satellite.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 145075975,
"max_hz": 146534025
},
{
"min_hz": 23928043575,
"max_hz": 24168526425
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1440,
"max_hz": 1760
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AMSAT-P3D"
},
{
"id": "argos-a-dcs",
"name": "ARGOS A-DCS",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSome polar weather satellites from the METOP and POES series carry ARGOS A-DCS (Advanced Data Collection System), which is a system to collect data from sondes and other remote land or air-based instrumentation.\n# DETAILS\nSome weather satellites from the METOP and POES series carry **ARGOS A-DCS** ( Advanced Data Collection System) which is a system to collect data from sondes and other remote land or air based instrumentation.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 463660050,
"max_hz": 468319950
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 48600,
"max_hz": 59400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARGOS_A-DCS"
},
{
"id": "arq-e-e3",
"name": "ARQ-E(E3)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ-E, also known as ARQ-1000 Duplex or ARQ-1000D, is a synchronous full-duplex ARQ system. ARQ-E3 is a variant that uses a different alphabet encoding. Mainly used by French Military Forces. Stations commonly idled for hours on end.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ-E**, also known as ARQ-1000 duplex or ARQ-1000D, is a synchronous full-duplex ARQ system. ARQ-E3 is a variant that uses a different alphabet encoding. Once used by Italian and French Military Forces. Stations commonly idled for hours on end. \n \nARQ-E was developed by Siemens in Germany. ARQ-E uses 7-bit ITA 2-P alphabet. ARQ-E3 is a variant that uses the 7-bit error correcting ITA 3 alphabet. When decoding ARQ-E, if many 'F' characters are being decoded, it's very likely it's a ARQ-E3 protocol. The same is true vice-versa, decoding with ARQ-E3 on an ARQ-E signal. \n\nARQ-E(E3) can operate on a wide range of bauds, from 30 Bd to 650 Bd. They're most commonly found with bauds between 96 and 233. The bandwidth is also pretty varied, with the smallest at 85 Hz, and the largest at 850 Hz.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 85,
"max_hz": 850
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-E%28E3%29"
},
{
"id": "arq-m2-242",
"name": "ARQ-M2-242",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ-M2-242 (Also known as TDM 242, TDM-2, 96-TDM, and ARQ-28) is a two-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 242 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Marine, and Point-to-Point services.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ-M2-242** (Also known as TDM 242, TDM-2, 96-TDM, and ARQ-28) is a two-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 242 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services. This mode was commonly used by the French Military Forces.\n \nARQ-M stands for Automatic Repeat reQuest, Multiplex, and as such, has a time-division based multiplex of two channels using ITA-3 7-bit encoding. FSK shift of 430 Hz.\n\nTypically uses 87 Bd, 96 Bd, or 200 Bd. An uncommon baud rate of 128.5 was seen on circuits between Papeete, Tahitti, and Mururoa.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"aviation",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-M2-242"
},
{
"id": "arq-m2-342",
"name": "ARQ-M2-342",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ-M2-342 (Also known as TDM 342, TDM-2, 96-TDM, and ARQ-28) is a two-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 342 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ-M2-342** (Also known as TDM 342, TDM-2, 96-TDM, and ARQ-28) is a two-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 342 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services. This mode was commonly used by the French Military Forces.\n \nARQ-M stands for Automatic Repeat reQuest, Multiplex, and as such, has a time-division based multiplex of two channels using ITA-3 7-bit encoding. FSK shift of 400 Hz.\n\nTypically uses 87 Bd, 96 Bd, or 200 Bd. An uncommon baud rate of 128.5 Bd was seen on circuits between Papeete, Tahiti, and Mururoa.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"aviation",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-M2-342"
},
{
"id": "arq-m4-242",
"name": "ARQ-M4-242",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ-M4-242 (Also known as TDM 242, TDM-4, 192-TDM, and ARQ-56) is a four-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 242 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ-M4-242** (Also known as TDM 242, TDM-2, 96-TDM, and ARQ-28) is a four-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 242 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services. This mode has been used by Chinese, Vietnamese and Spanish embassies, along with some French Military Forces stations.\n \nARQ-M stands for Automatic Repeat reQuest, Multiplex, and as such, has a time-division based multiplex of two channels using ITA-3 7-bit encoding. FSK shift of 170 Hz.\n\nUses 87 Bd, 96 Bd, 172 Bd, 192 Bd, or 200 Bd.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"aviation",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225,
"max_hz": 275
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-M4-242"
},
{
"id": "arq-m4-342",
"name": "ARQ-M4-342",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ-M4-342 (Also known as TDM 342, TDM-4, 192-TDM, and ARQ-56) is a four-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 342 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ-M4-342** (Also known as TDM 342, TDM-4, 192-TDM, and ARQ-56) is a four-channel time division multiplexed telex system. This is the CCIR 342 standard version. Used in Aeronautical, Maritime, and Point-to-Point services. This mode has been used by Chinese, Vietnamese and Spanish embassies, along with some French Military Forces stations.\n\nARQ-M stands for Automatic Repeat reQuest, Multiplex, and as such, has a time-division based multiplex of two channels using ITA-3 7-bit encoding. FSK shift of 400 Hz.\n \nUses 87 Bd, 96 Bd, 172 Bd, 192 Bd, or 200 Bd.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"aviation",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-M4-342"
},
{
"id": "arq-n",
"name": "ARQ-N",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ-N is a synchronous dual channel ARQ mode identical to ARQ-E, with the only difference being that ARQ-N has no symbol inversions. Formerly used by Italian Diplomatic services.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ-N** is a synchronous dual channel ARQ mode identical to ARQ-E, with the only difference being that ARQ-N has no symbol inversions. Formerly used by Italian Diplomatic services. Also grouped under ARQ1000 Duplex. Uses 7-bit ITA 2-P Alphabet.\n\nLike ARQ-E and E3, this mode was invented by Siemens of Germany, and has all the features of ARQ-E, with the exception of a lack of symbol inversion.The lack of inversion makes it impossible to automatically determine the length of the RQ cycle. However, known systems operate exclusively with a single RQ character and three repeated characters. This mode is most commonly heard at 96 Bd, but baud rates of 48, 50, 64, 72, 96, 144, 184.6, 192, and 288 baud are possible.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 85,
"max_hz": 850
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-N"
},
{
"id": "arq6-90",
"name": "ARQ6-90",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ6-90, also known as ARQ-6-90 and ARQ-6/90, is a 6-character block simplex ARQ system formerly used by French and Italian diplomatic services exchange of teletype-data. It is no longer used or seen today.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ6-90** is a 6-character block simplex ARQ system formerly used by French and Italian diplomatic services. It is no longer used or seen today. This mode is very similar to SITOR, and uses the CCIR-476 charset. \n\n [ARQ6-90](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ6-90) and [ARQ6-98](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ6-98) differ in both bandwidth and their inter datablock timing. A complete cycle for ARQ6-90 has duration of 450 ms of which the data block is 210 ms an interval is 230 ms.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
},
{
"min_hz": 22885000,
"max_hz": 23115000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 630,
"max_hz": 770
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ6-90"
},
{
"id": "arq6-98",
"name": "ARQ6-98",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nARQ6-98, also known as ARQ-6-98 and ARQ-6/98, is a 6-character block simplex ARQ system formerly used by French and Italian diplomatic services for the exchange of teletype-data. It is no longer used or seen today.\n# DETAILS\n**ARQ6-98** is a 6-character block simplex ARQ system formerly used by French and Italian diplomatic services. It is no longer used or seen today. This mode uses the CCIR-476 charset. \n\n [ARQ6-90](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ6-90) and [ARQ6-98](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ6-98) differ in both bandwidth and their inter datablock timing. A complete cycle for ARQ6-98 has duration of 490 ms of which the data block is 210 ms an interval is 280 ms.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
},
{
"min_hz": 22885000,
"max_hz": 23115000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 360,
"max_hz": 440
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ6-98"
},
{
"id": "ascii",
"name": "ASCII",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nASCII (also known as ITA5 or IRA) is an amateur radio telegraphy signal using the ITA-5 alphabet.\n# DETAILS\n**ASCII** (also known as ITA5 or IRA) is an amateur radio telegraphy signal using the ITA-5 alphabet. Can come in either 7-bit or 8-bit format. The 7-Bit ASCII mode has 170 Hz FSK shift, and about 300 Hz of bandwidth, where the 8-Bit ASCII mode uses a 492 Hz shift and about 600 Hz of bandwidth. The ASCII mode typically runs at 110 or 300 Bd, but can be seen with 50, 75, 100, 150, 180, 200, and 600 Bd, or any non-standard baud rate between 50 and 1200.\n\nFM station remote transmitter link (450.01MHz), 170 Hz shift, 300 Bd, 8-bit, framing 8O1.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ASCII"
},
{
"id": "atsc-broadcast",
"name": "ATSC Broadcast",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAdvanced Television Systems Committee Television. 8VSB Modulation\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 53730000,
"max_hz": 54270000
},
{
"min_hz": 696500000,
"max_hz": 703500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400000,
"max_hz": 6600000
},
"modulations": [
"VSB"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ATSC_Broadcast"
},
{
"id": "audi-keyfob",
"name": "AUDI keyfob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAudi keyfobs transmit encrypted, short radio bursts that carry authentication data to the vehicle. These bursts trigger actions such as unlocking doors, opening the trunk, or enabling engine start. Modern Audi systems also integrate with keyless entry, where the car polls for the key\u2019s presence when the driver approaches.\n# DETAILS\nAudi keyfobs transmit encrypted, short radio bursts that carry authentication data to the vehicle. These bursts trigger actions such as unlocking doors, opening the trunk, or enabling engine start. Modern Audi systems also integrate with keyless entry, where the car polls for the key\u2019s presence when the driver approaches.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 863958500,
"max_hz": 872641500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225000,
"max_hz": 275000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AUDI_keyfob"
},
{
"id": "autospec",
"name": "AUTOSPEC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAUTOSPEC is a synchronous FEC teletype system used by British coastal stations to communicate with North Sea oil rigs. Also known as Autospec-bauer, Bauer, and Autospec Mk1. This signal is most likely phased out.\n# DETAILS\n**AUTOSPEC** was a synchronous FEC teletype system used by British coastal stations to communicate with North Sea oil rigs. Also known as Autospec-bauer, Bauer, and Autospec Mk1. This signal is most likely phased out. This signal typically used 62.3, 68.5, or 102.7 Bd, along with 137 Bd. It uses the ITA-2 alphabet encoding with Bauer Forward Error Correction (FEC). Uses a 270 Hz FSK shift. \n\nAUTOSPEC may also have been used by the South African Navy, Brazilian Navy, and Romania's Diplomatic Stations.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AUTOSPEC"
},
{
"id": "accurate-positioning-by-low-frequencies-alf",
"name": "Accurate positioning by Low Frequencies (ALF)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAccurate positioning by Low Frequencies, a former German DGPS navigation system. No longer in use as of 2013.\n# DETAILS\n**Accurate positioning by Low Frequencies**, a former German DGPS navigation system. **No longer in use as of 2013**\n\nThe system serviced all of Germany, with a 600 km - 800 km range from the transmitting antenna near Frankfurt. \n\nThis signal operated at 1187.6 Baud and used BPSK modulation. This signal also used the [RDS](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Data_System_%28RDS%29) format used in commercial FM sidebands for the low bitrate dissemination of information. This version of RDS was transmitted in SSB with a decreased pilot level to reduce the bandwidth.",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 122700,
"max_hz": 124700
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1890,
"max_hz": 2310
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Accurate_positioning_by_Low_Frequencies_%28ALF%29"
},
{
"id": "acer-x222w-monitor-sleep-pulse",
"name": "Acer X222W monitor, sleep pulse",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUsed for some PC monitors to keep the monitor's power on (or sleeping) across the spectra. Monitors may transmit whatever frequency peaks needed to keep it \"on\" or on sleep mode.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 420000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270000,
"max_hz": 330000
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Acer_X222W_monitor%2C_sleep_pulse"
},
{
"id": "aircraft-communications-addressing-and-reporting-system-acar",
"name": "Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System (ACARS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nACARS is a digital datalink system for the transmission of short messages between aircraft and ground stations via airband radio or satellite.\n# DETAILS\nIn aviation, ACARS (/\u02c8e\u026ak\u0251\u02d0rz/; an acronym for Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) is a digital datalink system for transmission of short messages between aircraft and ground stations via airband radio or satellite. The protocol was designed by ARINC and deployed in 1978, using the Telex format. More ACARS radio stations were added subsequently by SITA.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 129000000,
"max_hz": 137000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Aircraft_Communications_Addressing_and_Reporting_System_%28ACARS%29"
},
{
"id": "alps-electric-co-twb1u840-key-fob",
"name": "Alps Electric Co. TWB1U840 Key Fob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAlps Electric Co. TWB1U840 Key Fob for Nissan Sentra, Nissan Versa, and Nissan Leaf model years 2013-2017+.\n# DETAILS\n**Alps Electric Co. TWB1U840 Key Fob** for Nissan Sentra, Nissan Versa, and Nissan Leaf model years 2013-2017+.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 313400125,
"max_hz": 316549875
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Alps_Electric_Co._TWB1U840_Key_Fob"
},
{
"id": "altai-radiotelephone",
"name": "Altai Radiotelephone",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe initial generation of cellular mobile radiotelecommunications, similar to trunked radio.\n# DETAILS\n**Altai Mobile Radiotelephone** was developed in 1968, and was deployed for use in Russia. Legacy systems are still in active use today.\n\nIn band signaling is used to connect the mobile unit to the central station in order to place voice calls Voice is transmitted over NFM analog modulation. The network is connected to the public telephone network via a PBX.\n\nThe technology was deployed for governmental use with separate networks isolated from the commercial side.\n\nIn the 1970s, the upgrade from VHF to UHF occurred. \n\nIn 1975, telecommunications companies elsewhere in the USSR including Hungary adopted the technology.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 300000000,
"max_hz": 342000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"FM",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Altai_Radiotelephone"
},
{
"id": "amplitude-modulation-am",
"name": "Amplitude Modulation (AM)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLong range commercial broadcast and international radio. Also used for aviation communications.\n# DETAILS\nLong range commercial broadcast and international radio. Also used for aviation communications (military and civilian) and CB radio\nin some countries. High powered international stations can be received from all around the world with a sufficient antenna system.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"commercial",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 152000,
"max_hz": 154000
},
{
"min_hz": 136315000,
"max_hz": 137685000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation_%28AM%29"
},
{
"id": "amplitude-modulation-signalling-system-amss",
"name": "Amplitude Modulation Signalling System (AMSS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAmplitude Modulation Signalling System (AMSS) is a DRM-based radiotext and data technology for AM broadcasting, like RDS that is used for FM. It transmits as a subcarrier, phase-modulating the carrier frequency.\n# DETAILS\n**Amplitude Modulation Signalling System (AMSS)** is a [DRM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale_%28DRM%29)-based radiotext and data technology for AM broadcasting, like [RDS](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Data_System_%28RDS%29) that is used for [FM Radio](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FM_Broadcast_Radio). It transmits as a subcarrier, phase-modulating the carrier frequency. This system was standardized by ETSI under ETSI TS 102 386 (based on ITU BS.706)\n\nAMSS is designed to ease the transition from analogue to digital radio. It allows limited additional service information features to be provided to analogue listeners (for example, assisted re-tuning) in order to give them a taste of the full enhancements provided by digital broadcasting (for example, greatly improved audio quality). Further, it assists [DRM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale_%28DRM%29) receivers equipped with AM decoders with AMSS to find [DRM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale_%28DRM%29) transmissions of the same service in the same area or when the receiver is moved to a new area.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 99000,
"max_hz": 101000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 220
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation_Signalling_System_%28AMSS%29"
},
{
"id": "aprizesat",
"name": "Aprizesat",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nData downlink from Aprizesat microsatellites. Aprizesat constellation consists of 12 Active satellites, These provide a worldwide M2M asset tracking service and relay AIS packets.\n# DETAILS\nData downlink from Aprizesat microsatellites. Aprizesat constellation consists of 12 Active satellites, These provide a worldwide M2M asset tracking service and relay AIS packets.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400500000,
"max_hz": 400650000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Aprizesat"
},
{
"id": "aqua-direct-broadcast-db",
"name": "Aqua Direct Broadcast (DB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA direct broadcast sent in the X band by the NASA Aqua satellite for reception by end users.\n# DETAILS\nThe following instruments are broadcast in Direct Broadcast:\n- MODIS\n- AIRS\n- AIRS-HD\n- AMSU\n- CERES",
"categories": [
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 8119200000,
"max_hz": 8200800000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500000,
"max_hz": 16500000
},
"modulations": [
"OQPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Aqua_Direct_Broadcast_%28DB%29"
},
{
"id": "autocab",
"name": "Autocab",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is an example of the Autocab Media Data Terminals used by cab companies all over the world.\n# DETAILS\nThis is an example of the Autocab Media Data Terminals used by cab companies all over the world. Autocab is an example of Digital Dispatch System (DDS) for taxis. These use QPSK modulation.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 162558125,
"max_hz": 164191875
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Autocab"
},
{
"id": "automated-train-control-system-atcs",
"name": "Automated Train Control System (ATCS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAutomated Train Control System (ATCS), specifically ATCS Spec. 200, is a standardized communication system for railroads designed to ensure safety by monitoring locations of trains and locomotives, providing analysis and reporting, and automation of track warrants and similar orders.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 896887500,
"max_hz": 936987500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automated_Train_Control_System_%28ATCS%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-dependent-surveillance-broadcast-ads-b",
"name": "Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nADS-B is used by aircraft as an alternative to secondary radar. It broadcasts GPS position (latitude, longitude), pressure altitude, callsign, as well as track and ground speed.\n# DETAILS\n**Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B)** is used by aircraft as an alternative to secondary radar. It broadcasts GPS position (latitude, longitude), pressure altitude, callsign, as well as track and ground speed separated into messages carrying 10 bytes of data each. ADS-B uses PPM to transmit data.\n\nThere are two types of ADS-B: \n- one that transmits at 1090 MHz using the mode-S extended squitter (downlink format 17) of the SSR transponder, with about 2 MHz of bandwidth; (Worldwide)\n- one that transmits at 978 MHz (UAT, Universal Access Transceiver), using a larger bandwidth of about 1.3 MHz and also transmitting weather data. (US Only)",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 978000000,
"max_hz": 1090000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Dependent_Surveillance-Broadcast_%28ADS-B%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-identification-system-ais",
"name": "Automatic Identification System (AIS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAutomatic Identification System (AIS) is used by ships to broadcast position and vessel information.\n# DETAILS\n**Automatic Identification System (AIS)** is used by ships to broadcast position and vessel information. Uses 9.6 kbps [GMSK](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian_minimum-shift_keying#Gaussian_minimum-shift_keying) modulation.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 161975000,
"max_hz": 162025000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Identification_System_%28AIS%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-link-establishment-2g-ale",
"name": "Automatic Link Establishment (2G ALE)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAutomatic Link Establishment, 2G ALE (Official designation MIL-STD-188-141A and/or MIL-STD-188-141B (Appendix A)) is the current standardized method of establishing connections between radio operators. Also known as FED-STD 1045, FED-STD 1049, and STANAG 5066.\n# DETAILS\n**Automatic Link Establishment**, **2G ALE** (Official designation MIL-STD-188-141A and/or MIL-STD-188-141B (Appendix A)) is the current standardized method of establishing connections between radio operators. Also known as FED-STD 1045, FED-STD 1049, and STANAG 5066. Although an improved protocol exists ( [3G ALE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%283G_ALE%29)), the vast majority of ALE systems in use in the world at the present time are 2G ALE.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3052660,
"max_hz": 3083340
},
{
"min_hz": 28170938,
"max_hz": 28454062
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%282G_ALE%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-link-establishment-3g-ale-arcs",
"name": "Automatic Link Establishment (3G ALE ARCS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n3G ALE (ARCS) is the next generation of ALE (Designated by MIL-STD-188-141B (Appendix C)). Also known as STANAG 4538, although MIL 188-141 does not provide Fast LSU.\n# DETAILS\n[2G ALE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%282G_ALE%29) - [3G ALE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%283G_ALE_ARCS%29) - [ALE-400](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ALE-400)\n\n**3G ALE (ARCS)** is defined by STANAG 4538 and MIL-STD-188-141B Appendix C, is only found in tactical ALE systems. The two standards are almost identical protocols, except that MIL 188-141B excludes FLSU (Fast Link Set Up) mode and represent the application of serial tone modem 8 PSK burst waveforms where backward compatibility with 2G ALE 8-ary FSK is also supported.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%283G_ALE_ARCS%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-link-set-up-alis",
"name": "Automatic Link Set-up (ALIS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAutomatic Link Set-up (ALIS) is an automatic link system used by Rohde & Schwarz modems.\n# DETAILS\n**Automatic Link Set-up (ALIS)** is an automatic link system used by [Rohde & Schwarz](https://www.rohde-schwarz.com/en/home_48230.html) modems. Used in the same way as ALE. Primarily uses FSK with 228.66 Bd (variable from 30-650 Bd), and a FSK shift of 170 Hz. ALIS also uses ARQ / PRP for error correction. An improved version of ALIS was made, called [ALIS-2](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Improved_Automatic_Link_Set-up_%28ALIS-2%29)\n\nALIS is described in report 551-2 of the ITU \"Reports of the CCIR 1990 - Fixed Services at Frequencies below about 30 MHz\".",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 243,
"max_hz": 297
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Set-up_%28ALIS%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-packet-reporting-system-aprs",
"name": "Automatic Packet Reporting System (APRS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPacket system for real time data communications. Used by hams for location reporting, weather stations etc.\n# DETAILS\nPacket system for real time data communications. Used by hams for location reporting, weather stations etc. APRS is transported over the AX.25 protocol using 1200 bit/s Bell 202 AFSK on frequencies located within the 2 meter amateur band.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 144390000,
"max_hz": 145825000
},
{
"min_hz": 430337500,
"max_hz": 434662500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Packet_Reporting_System_%28APRS%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-picture-transmission-apt",
"name": "Automatic Picture Transmission (APT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAutomatic Picture Transmission (APT), also known as NOAA-GEOSAT, was an analog image transmission mode used by the NOAA weather satellites and some Russian weather satellites to transmit satellite weather photos. As of august 2025, most of the NOAA sats that transmitted this mode have been decommissioned, and have discontinued transmission.\n# DETAILS\nWeather Satellite Modes: [APT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Picture_Transmission_%28APT%29) - [LRPT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Low_Rate_Picture_Transmission_%28LRPT%29) - [Meteosat WEFAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Meteosat_WEFAX)\n\n**Automatic Picture Transmission (APT)**, also known as **NOAA-GEOSAT**, is an analog image transmission mode used to by the NOAA weather satellites and formerly some Russian weather satellites to transmit satellite weather photos. On August 19th 2025, the final satellite transmitting this mode (NOAA-15) was decommissioned at 15:26 UTC. This mode is no longer in use.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137100000,
"max_hz": 137912500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 30600,
"max_hz": 37400
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Picture_Transmission_%28APT%29"
},
{
"id": "automatic-transmitter-identification-system-atis",
"name": "Automatic Transmitter Identification System (ATIS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nATIS systems are identification tags used by inland commercial waterway traffic on rivers in Europe. The FSK burst is appended at the end of every voice transmission by the vessel operator.\n# DETAILS\n**ATIS** systems are identification tags used by inland commercial waterway traffic on rivers in Europe. The FSK burst is appended at the end of every voice transmission by the vessel operator. It lasts for 285 milliseconds after the PTT button has been released. \n\nATIS is in use among European countries that are part of the Regional Arrangement Concerning the Radiotelephone Service on Inland Waterways or RAINWAT. The system is in particular use along the River Rhine, as well as the Danube and Rhone rivers. \n \nThe ATIS transmission contains a unique identifying number based on a ship's [MMSI](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_Mobile_Service_Identity) number. The primary difference between MMSI and ATIS numbers are that ATIS numbers add a 9 at the front, so that ATIS identification numbers are 10 digits long. e.g. MMSI: 207072225 ; ATIS: 9207072225.\n\nThe ATIS transmission burst has a baud rate of 1200 Bd, and an 800 Hz shift. In addition, FEC is used in the transmission.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10800,
"max_hz": 13200
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Transmitter_Identification_System_%28ATIS%29"
},
{
"id": "b-netz",
"name": "B-Netz",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nB-Netz, was an analog, commercial mobile radio telephone network that was operated by the Deutsche Bundespost in Germany (at first only West Germany) from 1972 until 1994. The system was also implemented in neighboring countries Austria, The Netherlands and Luxembourg.\n# DETAILS\nThe B refers to the fact that it was the country's second public mobile telephone network, following the A-Netz.\n\nAs opposed to its predecessor, it featured direct-dialing (so that human operators were not required to connect calls). The frequency plan originally included only 38 channels (with one call possible per frequency channel), but it was upgraded to incorporate the A-Netz frequencies when that network was retired in 1980. The upgraded network had 78 channels and is sometimes referred to as the B2-Netz.\n\nA major limitation of system was that, in order to reach a subscriber, one had to know his location since the handset would assume the local area code of the base station serving it. Handoff was not possible and calls were dropped when cells were switched. Roaming was possible between the implementing countries.\n\nAt its height in 1986, the network had 158 base stations and about 27,000 subscribers in Germany and 1,770 in Austria. At the end of 1988, there were 1,078 participants in West Berlin alone. The network was vastly oversubscribed and finding an available channel could prove difficult.\n\nThe connection between base station and handset unencrypted, so eavesdropping was easy and common. In rare cases, additional devices were added by both participants to encrypt conversations (such as discussions of important politicians).\n\nThe B-Netz would eventually be superseded by the technically superior C-Netz, which was put into operation on May 1, 1985.",
"categories": [
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 148000000,
"max_hz": 153000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/B-Netz"
},
{
"id": "baldr-weather-sensor-telemetry",
"name": "BALDR Weather Sensor Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBalDR weather sensor SCADA telemetry, A signal standard that belongs to the BalDR brand of weather sensors, and might also belong to other brands of weather sensors that use their technologies. Uses a set of randomly-generated delimiters which vary the overall pitch of the signal by slight Hz rates and modulation properties, to send its data and keep the display updated.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 432502023,
"max_hz": 436848777
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"PFM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BALDR_Weather_Sensor_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "bmw-key-code-signal",
"name": "BMW Key-Code signal",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis coded signal was sent by BMW Car-Key. It is used to open and lock bimmer doors.\n# DETAILS\nThis coded signal was sent by BMW Car-Key. It is used to open and lock bimmer doors.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 430835000,
"max_hz": 435165000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BMW_Key-Code_signal"
},
{
"id": "bpc",
"name": "BPC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBPC is the callsign of the Chinese low-frequency time broadcasting station, located near Shangqiu, Henan in China.\n# DETAILS\n**BPC** is the callsign of a time signal broadcasting from the BPC Shangqiu Low-Frequency Time-Code Radio Station, cooperatively constructed by the National Time Service Center of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (\u4e2d\u56fd\u79d1\u5b66\u9662\u56fd\u5bb6\u6388\u65f6\u4e2d\u5fc3) and Xi\u2019an Gaohua Technology Company. It was constructed on April 25, 2002.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 67500,
"max_hz": 69500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BPC"
},
{
"id": "bpm",
"name": "BPM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBPM is a time signal transmitted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, broadcasting from CAS's National Time Service Center in Pucheng County, China.\n# DETAILS\n**BPM** is a time signal transmitted by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, broadcasting from CAS's National Time Service Center in Pucheng County, China.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2487500,
"max_hz": 2512500
},
{
"min_hz": 4975000,
"max_hz": 5025000
},
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
},
{
"min_hz": 14925000,
"max_hz": 15075000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3150,
"max_hz": 3850
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BPM"
},
{
"id": "br-6028",
"name": "BR-6028",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBR-6028 is a VFT (Voice Frequency Telegraph) frequency and time diversity modem using 7 data channels. It is sometimes also known as BARRIE, USA-7, or 6028.\n# DETAILS\n**BR-6028** is a VFT (Voice Frequency Telegraph) frequency and time diversity modem using 7 data channels. The BR Communications 6029C Modem and MD-1142/UGC Modem supported this signal.\n\nConsists of multiple channels over one audio bandwidth with a pilot tone at ~560 Hz. Used by the US Military and Canadian Military, as well as many forces worldwide, in a special BR-6028 specification where each channel signal carries the same information but delayed by one second from the previous one (which can be seen in the ASCII mode image). This helps with error correction. In addition, certain channels which are severely affected by propagation conditions can be entirely turned off, so signals with less than 7 channels can be seen.\n\nIn addition, reports have confirmed that a variation of BR-6028 was used by some countries that had Channel 2 entirely turned off, while leaving the rest on.\n\nThere are several modulation modes used by BR-6028. The most common one seen is [RTTY](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Teletype_%28RTTY%29). BR-6028 has also been seen with [ASCII](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ASCII), [ARQ-E](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-E%28E3%29), and Link-14. \n\nThe RTTY mode uses between 45 and 100 Bd, with 170 Hz shift in each channel. The ASCII mode uses between 30 and 110 Bd, with 150 Hz shift in each channel. The ARQ-E was reported to run at 46.15 Bd with a 4-character repetition cycle, and the Link-14 one at 75 Bd.\n\n**No logs of BR-6028 have been seen since 2012.**",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5750000,
"max_hz": 15937000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BR-6028"
},
{
"id": "bras-3-rs-10",
"name": "BRAS-3 (RS-10)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBRAS-3 and the closely related RS-10 are Russian medium frequency hyperbolic navigation systems used for marine navigation\n# DETAILS\n**BRAS-3** and the closely related **RS-10** are Russian medium frequency hyperbolic navigation systems designed mainly for marine navigation. Information about these systems, especially RS-10, is scarce. It is known that the systems are deployed as \"chains\" of three stations, each with one master and two slave stations which transmit pulsed signals in a rather complex sequence. As of 2026, most chains have been decommissioned. At least one chain is still operational somewhere in the Baltic Sea area, likely in Kaliningrad. [LINK](https://groups.io/g/UDXF/topic/32694719)\n\nThe system is said to have range of 200 km or more, and accuracy of 12 to 60 meters. Transmitter output power is said to be only 15 watts. [LINK](https://web.archive.org/web/20210418015255/http://alancordwell.co.uk:80/Legacy/radionavigation/russian/bras.html)",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1685000,
"max_hz": 2107000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12600,
"max_hz": 15400
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BRAS-3_%28RS-10%29"
},
{
"id": "baofeng-gmsk",
"name": "Baofeng GMSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nProprietary GMSK mode used for voice by Fujian Baofeng walkie talkies\n# DETAILS\nProprietary GMSK mode used for digital voice by Fujian Baofeng walkie talkies. At least supported by the following models:\n\n- Alervites AT-W31D (FCC ID: [2BBGD-AT31D](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2BBGD-AT31D))\n- Baofeng 1901D (FCC ID: [2AJGM-1901D](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2AJGM-1901D))\n- Baofeng 888SD (FCC ID: [2AJGM-888SD](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2AJGM-888SD))\n- Baofeng T20D (FCC ID: [2AJGM-T20D](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2AJGM-T20D))\n- Baofeng V1D (FCC ID: [2AJGM-V1D](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2AJGM-V1D))\n- Baofeng V12D/GT68PRO (FCC ID: [2AJGM-V12D](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2AJGM-V12D))\n- Baofeng W31D (FCC ID: [2AJGM-W31D](https://fcc.report/FCC-ID/2AJGM-W31D))\n \nAccording to FCC filings, it uses TDMA on a 12.5KHz channel, with GMSK at data rate of 10248 bps. However, the SDR waterfall suggests there is no such TDMA applied.\n\nThe protocol has some sort of 5-bit encryption or selective call mechanism, specified as a number from 0 to 31 on the CPS.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 480000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Baofeng_GMSK"
},
{
"id": "beta",
"name": "Beta",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBeta is the designation of a time signal service which is transmitted from multiple Russian VLF stations.\n# DETAILS\n**Beta** is the designation of a Russian VLF time signal service, controlled by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology, and operated by Russian Navy. It is transmitted several times per day from 6 transmitter stations which take turns transmitting the signal and only one station transmits at a time.\n\nThe six Beta transmitters are: [LINK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_(time_signal)) [LINK](http://www.vlf.it/russianvlf/russianvlf.htm) \n\n- **RJH63**, Krasnodar, Russia \n\n- **RJH69**, Vilyeyka, near Molodechno, Belarus \n\n- **RJH77**, Archangelsk, Russia \n\n- **RJH86**, Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan \n\n- **RJH90**, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia \n\n- **RAB99**, Khabarovsk, Russia \n\nTransmitter output power has been estimated to be 1000 kW but due to the low efficiency of electrically short antennas, transmitted power may be around 30 to 50 kW EIRP.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 20500,
"max_hz": 25500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 220
},
"modulations": [
"CW",
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Beta"
},
{
"id": "binary-interchange-of-information-and-signaling-biis",
"name": "Binary Interchange of Information and Signaling (BIIS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBIIS (also known as BIIS 1200) is an ETSI protocol for a digital selective calling method with the added benefit of extended capability of transmitting data that exceeds what could be done with old 5-tone analog calling methods like CCIR and ZVEI.\n# DETAILS\n**BIIS** (also known as BIIS 1200) is an ETSI protocol for a digital selective calling method with the added benefit of extended capability of transmitting data that exceeds what could be done with old 5-tone analog calling methods like [CCIR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CCIR_Selcall) and [ZVEI](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ZVEI_Selcall).\n\nBIIS is defined as ETSI 300-230 and it's official description is \"A Selective Calling and Data Transmission on Single Frequencies System\". BIIS operates at 1200 bps, which gives its name BIIS 1200. This is used by many public and private users, such as the Italian Red Cross. Receivers like Icom IC-F1710 also support this digital calling mode. \n \nBIIS has a center frequency of 1500 Hz with a FSK shift of 600 Hz. Channel spacing is set at 12.5, 20, and 25 kHz.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 34825000,
"max_hz": 35175000
},
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 443770000,
"max_hz": 448230000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Binary_Interchange_of_Information_and_Signaling_%28BIIS%29"
},
{
"id": "bluewalker-3-wideband-telemetry",
"name": "BlueWalker-3 Wideband Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWideband telemetry signal from BlueWalker-3 experimental satellite.\n# DETAILS\n- [Baseband](https://cdn.rgbcraft.com/altro/basebands/BlueWalker-3-WB.wav)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2233775000,
"max_hz": 2256225000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900000,
"max_hz": 1100000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/BlueWalker-3_Wideband_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "bluetooth",
"name": "Bluetooth",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances from fixed and mobile devices and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was initially conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming synchronization problems.\n# DETAILS\nBluetooth is a wireless technology standard for exchanging data over short distances (using short-wavelength UHF radio waves in the ISM band from 2.4 to 2.485 GHz) from fixed and mobile devices, and building personal area networks (PANs). Invented by telecom vendor Ericsson in 1994, it was originally conceived as a wireless alternative to RS-232 data cables. It can connect several devices, overcoming problems of synchronization.\n\nBluetooth can, and often does, interfere with 2.4GHz Wi-Fi channels, however the adaptive frequency hopping feature can minimize disruptions to Wi-Fi.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2400000000,
"max_hz": 2485000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900000,
"max_hz": 1100000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK",
"DPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Bluetooth"
},
{
"id": "bluetooth-low-energy",
"name": "Bluetooth Low Energy",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\n# DETAILS\n**Bluetooth Low Energy**\n\n- uses the same 2.400\u20132.4835 GHz ISM band as classic [Bluetooth](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Bluetooth)\n- is NOT backward-compatible with classic Bluetooth (Basic Rate/Enhanced Rate).\n- devices can have either classic Bluetooth, Bluetooth LE or both.\n- BLE uses a simpler, GFSK for modulation / DSSS\n- BLE uses Frequency Hopping\n\n\"Bluetooth Smart Ready\" means the device can be used with Classic or Low Energy\n\n\"Bluetooth Smart\" requires a Bluetooth Smart Ready or Bluetooth Smart device to connect.\n\nmax transmit power (Bluetooth 4.0): 10 mW\nmax transmit power (Bluetooth 5): 100 mW",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2402000000,
"max_hz": 2480000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Bluetooth_Low_Energy"
},
{
"id": "broadband-global-area-network-bgan",
"name": "Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nProprietary satellite network owned and operated by Inmarsat that provides cellular 3G equivalent data and voice services to subscribers.\n# DETAILS\n**Inmarsat BGAN** is a satellite based data and voice network that provides services to subscribers in remote areas. It is designed to be an equivalent to 3G cellular with similar speed and throughput, provided the user has line of sight to a geostationary satellite.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1525000000,
"max_hz": 1559000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network_%28BGAN%29"
},
{
"id": "cas-4a-b-satellite-telemetry",
"name": "CAS-4A/B Satellite Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCAS-4A/B Satellite 4.8 kbps GMSK Telemetry Downlink.\n# DETAILS\nTwo CAMSAT\u2019s armature radio payloads piggybacked on the optical remote sensing micro-satellites OVS-1A and OVS-1Bhave beenlaunched at 11:00BJT on June 15, 2017 at The Jiuquan Satellite Launch Center of China, using CZ-4B launch vehicle.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 145835000,
"max_hz": 145890000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CAS-4A/B_Satellite_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "cbet",
"name": "CBET",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCBET \"Critical Band Encoded Tones\" are tones added into radio broadcast's audio output for identification purposes.\n# DETAILS\nCBET/eCBET tones are a set of 10 frequency modulated tones between 1-3kHz. These signals are inserted into broadcast audio in over 50 major markets for identification by \"Portable People Meters\" used in Nielsen's rating scheme. Nielsen controversially purports that these signals are encoded in such a way that they are 'masked' by the program audio. \n\nThere are 10 bands, each of which can carry 1 of 18 tones. There are 16 tones to a signal, so the stream is 4 bits wide, and the other two tones are used as \"STOP\" and \"SYNC\" markers. This allows for an data rate of 8 bits per second to be encoded onto the audio.\nAll bands carry identical information, but each bit within a band is encoded with a different tone from any of the other bands. This appears random or uncorrelated at first glance, but the pattern emerges pretty quickly if you do a long enough analysis. The same message gets identically repeated 12 to 13 times per minute and the message only changes once per minute.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 1520
},
{
"min_hz": 1691500,
"max_hz": 1708500
},
{
"min_hz": 88000000,
"max_hz": 108000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"FM",
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CBET"
},
{
"id": "ccir-493-4-selcall",
"name": "CCIR 493-4 Selcall",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCCIR 493-4 Selcall, also known as HF Selcall, Australian Selcall, and Codan 8580 Selcall, is a Selcall standard developed in Australia for the HF band. Used by Amateur radio and Codan Modems.\n# DETAILS\n**CCIR 493-4 Selcall**, also known as HF Selcall, Australian Selcall, and Codan 8580 Selcall, is a Selcall standard developed in Australia for the HF band. Used by Amateur radio and many HF modems. \n\nHas a 170 Hz shift and transmits at 100 Bd. Has the characteristic long CW tone as the preamble. The earlier version of this selcall mode only supports 4-digit selcall addresses, but support for 6-digit ID's has been implemented in newer systems. Codan, Barrett, QMAC, Micom, Icom, Vertex, and Jenal modems support have implemented the 6-digit version. The 6-digit version is backwards compatible with the original 4-digit version, but the 4-digit version cannot decode a 6-digit selcall.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CCIR_493-4_Selcall"
},
{
"id": "ccir-selcall",
"name": "CCIR Selcall",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCCIR selcall consists of CCIR-1, CCIR-2, and PCCIR, which are 5-tone selcall modes for VHF/UHF radios. CCIR-1 and CCIR-2 only differ in the tone duration, and PCCIR only differs in the group, reset, and repeat tone frequencies.\n# DETAILS\n**CCIR Selcall** consists of CCIR-1, CCIR-2, and PCCIR, which are 5-tone selcall modes for VHF/UHF radios. CCIR-1 and CCIR-2 only differ in the tone duration, and PCCIR only differs in the group, reset, and repeat tone frequencies. CCIR-2 is also known as CCIR-7, because CCIR-2 is based on CCIR-7 recommendations; CCIR-1 is based on CCIR-1 recommendations. CCIR stands for Comit\u00e9 Consultatif International des Radiocommunications, which has now become the ITU-R.\n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CCIR_Selcall"
},
{
"id": "ccitt",
"name": "CCITT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCCITT is a 5-tone selcall system for VHF/UHF radios.\n# DETAILS\n**CCITT** is a 15 tone selcall system for VHF/UHF radios. CCITT stands for Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy, which has now become the ITU-T. \n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n \nCCITT has 100 ms tone duration per tone. Each tone corresponds with either a number or letter, as denoted by the table below. CCITT has 15 tones to choose from, but only sends a burst of up to 5 tones. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CCITT"
},
{
"id": "cdma2000-3g-physical-layer",
"name": "CDMA2000 (3G physical layer)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCDMA2000, or IS-2000, is a cellular network standard utilizing the CDMA technology for calls and data.\n# DETAILS\nCDMA2000 also known as TIA/EIA IS-2000 is a 3rd generation cellular standard developed by 3GPP2. CDMA2000 uses CDMA technology, similar to and backwards compatible with its predecessor cdmaOne. This standard is not compatible with and competed with UMTS (WCDMA), developed by 3GPP. \n \nCDMA2000 has largely been phased out worldwide, in favor of the new 5G NR and 4G LTE networks. In the US, CDMA2000 has been entirely phased out by the major operators such as Verizon and Sprint in 2022, and US Cellular shut down its 1xRTT network in 2024. Small, regional carriers have also been shutting down their CDMA2000 networks in the United States. In December 2024, Cellcom decommissioned its 1xRTT network, and in September 2025, Inland Cellular has shut down its CDMA2000 network.\n\nWhile rare, as of January 2026, CDMA2000 is still used in some parts of the world, including Ecuador, Mongolia, Myanmar, Uzbekistan and Yemen. CDMA2000 may also be available in United States with limited, regional coverage through GCI Mobile (Alaska) and Sagebrush Cellular (Montana).",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
},
{
"min_hz": 850000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1800000000,
"max_hz": 1900000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1107000,
"max_hz": 1353000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CDMA2000_%283G_physical_layer%29"
},
{
"id": "cdma420",
"name": "CDMA420",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 410000000,
"max_hz": 425000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250000,
"max_hz": 2750000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CDMA420"
},
{
"id": "chip",
"name": "CHIP",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCHIP is a spread-spectrum PSK mode developed by Antonino Porcino IZ8BLY. CHIP-64 runs at 37.5 bps, whereas CHIP-128 runs at 21.09 bps.\n# DETAILS\n**CHIP** is a spread-spectrum PSK mode developed by Antonino Porcino IZ8BLY. There are two modes, CHIP64 and CHIP128. Both modes use 300 Bd and look and sound identical, but CHIP128 uses twice the spreading code length. CHIP64 runs at 37.5 bps, where CHIP 128 runs at 21.09 bps. As the names suggest, CHIP64 uses 64 chips and CHIP-128 uses 128 chips. Both use D-BPSK at 300 chips/s.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7054550,
"max_hz": 7125450
},
{
"min_hz": 14077000,
"max_hz": 14110000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 522,
"max_hz": 638
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CHIP"
},
{
"id": "chu",
"name": "CHU",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCHU is a time signal radio station operated by the Institute for National Measurement Standards of the National Research Council of Canada.\n# DETAILS\n**CHU** is a time signal radio station operated by the Institute for National Measurement Standards of the [National Research Council of Canada](http://www.nrc-cnrc.gc.ca/eng/index.html).\n \nThis signal is broadcast on three frequencies: 3 kW (3330, 14670 kHz) and 5 kW (7850 kHz). The transmitter is located just south of Ottawa, Canada. The signal follows a strict pattern of CW beeps, along with 9 seconds where a digital time code is transmitted in a 300 Bd FSK mode using the Bell 103 standard, a 2225 Hz tone to represent a mark (1 bit) and 2025 Hz tone for a space (0 bit).",
"categories": [
"time",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3313350,
"max_hz": 3346650
},
{
"min_hz": 7810750,
"max_hz": 7889250
},
{
"min_hz": 14596650,
"max_hz": 14743350
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2025,
"max_hz": 2475
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CHU"
},
{
"id": "cis-3x100-vft",
"name": "CIS 3x100 VFT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThree CIS-14 signals overlaid on top of each other in a 3100 Hz VFT bandwidth, operating at 100 bd\n# DETAILS\nThree CIS-14 signals overlaid on top of each other in a 3100 Hz VFT (Voice-Frequency Telegraphy) bandwidth, operating at 100 bd. The CIS-14 signals are transmitted with encryption. \n\nVFT (Voice-Frequency Telegraphy), i.e. a technique that uses the entire voice-frequency range 300-3400 Hz for sending multiple transmissions simultaneously over one voice-bandwidth radio channel so that the entire frequency bandwidth of the channel is used.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_3x100_VFT"
},
{
"id": "cis-3x144-vft",
"name": "CIS 3x144 VFT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThree 144 Bd FSK signals in a 3100 Hz VFT bandwidth. Reportedly phased out.\n# DETAILS\nThree 144 Bd FSK signals in a 3100 Hz VFT (Voice-Frequency Telegraphy) bandwidth. Reportedly phased out.\n\nVFT (Voice-Frequency Telegraphy), i.e. a technique that uses the entire voice-frequency range 300-3400 Hz for sending multiple transmissions simultaneously over one voice-bandwidth radio channel so that the entire frequency bandwidth of the channel is used.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_3x144_VFT"
},
{
"id": "cis-3xbaudot-50-vft",
"name": "CIS 3xBaudot-50 VFT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThree 50 bd Baudot signals in a 3100 Hz VFT bandwidth.\n# DETAILS\nThree 50 bd Baudot signals in a 3100 Hz VFT bandwidth. \n\nVFT (Voice-Frequency Telegraphy), i.e. a technique that uses the entire voice-frequency range 300-3400 Hz for sending multiple transmissions simultaneously over one voice-bandwidth radio channel so that the entire frequency bandwidth of the channel is used.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_3xBaudot-50_VFT"
},
{
"id": "cis-ftm-4",
"name": "CIS FTM-4",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS FTM-4 is the unofficial designation of a four-tone MFSK data mode which is apparently used by Russian military.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS FTM-4** is the unofficial designation of a 4-MFSK data mode which is apparently used by Russian military. It's also known with other names such as **CIS 4FSK 150bd** but the official name and equipment used to transmit it are unknown. \n\nThe signal consists of four tones spaced 4 kHz apart, making the total bandwidth slightly over 12 kHz. Symbol rate is 150bd. Something can be seen between the four tones as well.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3980000,
"max_hz": 4020000
},
{
"min_hz": 19900000,
"max_hz": 20100000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11700,
"max_hz": 14300
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_FTM-4"
},
{
"id": "cis-mfsk-11",
"name": "CIS MFSK-11",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis MSFK-11 signal is widely believed to originate from Russia, used by Russian intelligence, military or diplomatic agencies.\n# DETAILS\nThis is an MFSK-11 mode which is believed to be used by Russian intelligence, military or diplomatic agencies. It has been observed on frequencies used by such Russian agencies but purpose of the signal is unknown. Identification is based on UDXF group logs and i56578-SWL analysis. The signal is similar to [CIS MFSK-16 XPB](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-16_XPB) and [CIS MFSK-21-13](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-21-13) but is less common. Also similar is [Automatic Link Establishment (2G_ALE)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%282G_ALE%29) but it is not related.\n\nTone spacing is 250 Hz and the first tone is 650 Hz away from the assumed transmission frequency. Bandwidth is about 3300 Hz.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7761000,
"max_hz": 7839000
},
{
"min_hz": 23681000,
"max_hz": 23919000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2970,
"max_hz": 3630
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-11"
},
{
"id": "cis-mfsk-16-xpa2",
"name": "CIS MFSK-16 XPA2",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEnigma Designation XPA2, also known as MFSK-16, CIS MFSK-14, and CIS MFSK-16, is a 14-tone MFSK signal said to have origin from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations.\n# DETAILS\n**Enigma Designation XPA2**, also known as MFSK-16, CIS MFSK-14, and CIS MFSK-16, is a 14-tone MFSK signal said to have origin from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations. \n\nXPA2 has a very unique preamble sequence, and a lower \"sync\" tone every 5 tones (numbers) that other MFSK systems don't have. The preamble sequence can go on for a very long time before the actual message starts. XPA2 transmits 5 number groups of unknown meaning. XPA2 uses 7.5 Bd and uses 15 Hz shifts between tones occupying 250 Hz of bandwidth. XPA2 was first seen on May 2006 and has been active ever since.\n\nAlthough XPA2 uses 14 tones, its spacing suggests 16 possible tones, but two tones are always unused.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225,
"max_hz": 275
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-16_XPA2"
},
{
"id": "cis-mfsk-16-xpb",
"name": "CIS MFSK-16 XPB",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEnigma designation XPB is a custom 16-tone MFSK mode said to have origin from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations.\n# DETAILS\n**Enigma designation XPB** is a custom 16-tone MFSK mode which is believed to be used by Russian intelligence.\n\nThe signal occupies about 2.8 kHz of bandwidth, but the first tone is about 500 Hz away from the designated transmission frequency, making the total bandwidth about 3.3 kHz.\n\nA 13-tone variant [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhfSVnewopU) and slower transfer rate modes [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gscw4sWSmQY) [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eEd5DuR9u8Q) exist but it's not known if they use the same signal format or are used for the same purpose.",
"categories": [
"numbers stations",
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4378000,
"max_hz": 4422000
},
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
},
{
"min_hz": 19900000,
"max_hz": 20100000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2520,
"max_hz": 3080
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-16_XPB"
},
{
"id": "cis-mfsk-20-xpa",
"name": "CIS MFSK-20 XPA",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEnigma Designation XPA, also known as MFSK-20, CIS MFSK-17, and CIS MFSK-20, is a 17-tone MFSK signal said to have origin from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations.\n# DETAILS\n**Enigma Designation XPA**, also known as MFSK-20, CIS MFSK-17, and CIS MFSK-20, is a 17-tone MFSK signal said to have origin from Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry stations. \n\nXPA has a very unique preamble sequence, and a lower \"sync\" tone that other MFSK systems don't have. XPA transmits 5 number groups of unknown meaning. XPA has used 10 baud USB mode and 20 baud DSB (AM) mode, but since 2011 XPA has stopped using the 20 baud mode and is only using the 10 baud USB mode.",
"categories": [
"numbers stations",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 720,
"max_hz": 880
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-20_XPA"
},
{
"id": "cis-mfsk-21-13",
"name": "CIS MFSK-21-13",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAn MFSK data mode that is believed to originate from Russian sources. Changes between MFSK-21, MFSK-13 and different speeds.\n# DETAILS\nThis is an MFSK signal that is believed to originate from Russian sources. Transmission changes between 21-tone MFSK with 125 Hz tone spacing and 13-tone MFSK with 250 Hz tone spacing, and different speeds. Sometimes only some of these modes may be used. The purpose of and the equipment used to transmit this signal are unknown.\n\nThe MFSK-21 mode occupies about 2600 Hz and the MFSK-13 mode about 3000 Hz of bandwidth. Total bandwidth is slightly more, about 3300 Hz, if the designated transmission frequencies are assumed to hit integer kHz.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4809830,
"max_hz": 4858170
},
{
"min_hz": 16210540,
"max_hz": 16373460
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2970,
"max_hz": 3630
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-21-13"
},
{
"id": "cis-mfsk-68",
"name": "CIS MFSK-68",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNew Russian MFSK Modem that uses 68 MFSK (5 tones at a time) as well as a 9000 Bd 8-PSK insert every second which spans 10 kHz wide. This signal is often found attributed with CIS-3000, where CIS-3000 acts as the ALE for this signal as well as CIS-128. It is used by Russian diplomatic services and known with the unofficial name \"Perelivt\".\n# DETAILS\nAlso known as **Perelivt**, this is a relatively new Russian MFSK Modem that uses 68 MFSK (5 tones per symbol) as well as a 9000 Bd 8-PSK insert every second which spans 10 kHz wide. This signal is used by Russian diplomatic services and it is often found attributed with CIS-3000, where [CIS-3000](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-3000) acts as the ALE for this signal as well as [CIS-128](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-128). It has also been seen precluding a [Mazielka (X06)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Mazielka_%28X06%29) selcall. They may be sent from the same modem.\n\nThe MFSK uses 68 tones at 100 Bd or 50 Bd. The MFSK portion lasts 960 ms, and the PSK insert lasts 40 ms, so a single frame is exactly 1 second long. The 8-PSK insert transmits at 9000 Bd, so roughly 1440 bits are transmitted each time the PSK insert happens.\n\nThe number of tones has also been said to be 64 or 66 depending on the source. It is not known if there are different variants or operating modes of this signal.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7620705,
"max_hz": 7697295
},
{
"min_hz": 18188600,
"max_hz": 18371400
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-68"
},
{
"id": "cis-ofdm-hdr-modem",
"name": "CIS OFDM HDR Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRussian OFDM HDR (High Data Rate) Modem. Has three main modes: CIS-45, CIS-60, and CIS-93, corresponding to the number of OFDM tones in the signal.\n# DETAILS\n**Russian OFDM HDR (High Data Rate) Modem**. Has three main modes: **CIS-45**, **CIS-60**, and **CIS-93**, corresponding to the number of OFDM tones in the signal. For all three modes, there is a carrier located 3300 Hz from the suppressed carrier. In addition, all three modes utilize PSK OFDM Modulation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2800,
"max_hz": 3000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_OFDM_HDR_Modem"
},
{
"id": "cis-ofdm-121",
"name": "CIS OFDM-121",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS OFDM-121 is an OFDM mode that uses OFDM bursts with 121 channels, spaced by two QPSK-like bursts.\nNot all of the 121 available channels of OFDM bursts are used and it's possible to note a different arrangement of the channels in different days.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS OFDM-121** is an OFDM mode that uses OFDM bursts with 121 channels, spaced by two QPSK-like bursts.\nNot all of the 121 available channels of OFDM bursts are used and it's possible to note a different arrangement of the channels in different days.\n\nSometimes CIS OFDM-121 transmission has only QPSK-like bursts without OFDM bursts, in such cases the QPSK-like bursts are being transmitted in pairs (two QPSK-like bursts, transmitted one after another), similar to regular transmission, the timing between transmission of each pair might be the same as during normal transmission with OFDM bursts (long-spaced idle) or shorter (short-spaced idle). The transmissions without OFDM bursts could mean that no traffic is being sent and CIS OFDM-121 is in an idle state.\n\nIt was noticed that regular transmission (with OFDM bursts) sometimes can have gaps - no OFDM burst is being transmitted, despite OFDM bursts were transmitted before and after the gap. There might be several gaps during the transmission, but in that case there should be at least one OFDM burst before and after each gap (there might be two gaps in a row, but that's very rare). Sometimes QPSK-like bursts might be transmitted one after another not in pairs up to 15 bursts in a row.\n\nThe origin of the signal is assumed to be Moscow, Russia.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4431730,
"max_hz": 4476270
},
{
"min_hz": 20761670,
"max_hz": 20970330
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3100
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_OFDM-121"
},
{
"id": "cis-w-mfsk-17",
"name": "CIS W-MFSK-17",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPresumably Russian MFSK signal with wide bandwidth and 17 tones\n# DETAILS\nCIS W-MFSK-17 or CIS Wide-MFSK-17, was first spotted on November 20, 2018. Second observation was made on September 30, 2024. Third observation was made on February 04, 2026. \n\nThe signal has 17 tones with 2.3 kHz spacing in between them and width about 37.5 kHz. The source of the signal supposedly located in Moscow (or at least nearby) based on good reception on RTL-SDR V4 located in Moscow and absence of the signal on WebSDR University of Twente (http://websdr.ewi.utwente.nl:8901/) on the same frequencies during transmission (except for 13.373 MHz, which was faint), the purpose of the signal is unknown. CIS W-MFSK-17 looks similar to Russian MFSK signals such as [XPB](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-16_XPB) or [XPA](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-20_XPA), but has a much higher bandwidth. Like other Russian MFSK signals, CIS W-MFSK-17 was observed to transmit on several frequencies, one after another. Unlike [XPA](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-20_XPA) that also has 17 tones, CIS W-MFSK-17 seems to not have any preamble.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5071000,
"max_hz": 8158000
},
{
"min_hz": 13361000,
"max_hz": 13373000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 33750,
"max_hz": 41250
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_W-MFSK-17"
},
{
"id": "cis-11",
"name": "CIS-11",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-11 (Also known as TORG-11) is a radio duplex teleprinter system used by Russian meteorological stations\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-11** is a radio duplex teleprinter system used by Russian meteorological stations. CIS-11 is also known as TORG-11. Has a 400 Hz shift between the two 2-FSK tones. \n\nCIS-11 transmissions are mainly in the Russian M2 (3-SHIFT-CYR) adaptation of the ITA-2 alphabet.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 585,
"max_hz": 715
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-11"
},
{
"id": "cis-112",
"name": "CIS-112",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-112 OFDM signal. Has a preamble of 7 Tones (not including carrier), then 56 tones before entering into the 112 tone data transmission.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-112** OFDM signal. Has a preamble of 8 Tones (including carrier), then a 56 tone OFDM preamble before entering into the 112 tone data transmission. Each channel uses DQPSK at 22.22 baud. As with all MPSK CIS signals, there is a pilot tone 3300 Hz from the suppressed carrier.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-112"
},
{
"id": "cis-12",
"name": "CIS-12",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-12 (Also known as MS5, FIRE, AT-3004D, AT-3104D, T-230) is a 12-tone PSK Russian military multi-channel modem.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-12** (Also known as MS5, FIRE, AT-3004D, or AT-3104D) is a 12-tone PSK Russian military multi-channel modem. It features scrambled voice/ data-communication at a maximum data rate of 4800 bps. Each subcarrier transmits at 120 Bd. There is 200 Hz of spacing between each subcarrier.\n\nThis waveform is transmitted by the AT-3004D and the newer AT-3104D military modems in use by the Russian Military. These modems were designed to have many different devices plugged into them to form the modem\u2019s input \u2013 most often teleprinters unique to the different military services and civilian agencies that use them, and also, vocoders and speech encipherment systems, but all are transmitted in the same fashion.\n\nA characteristic trait of this signal is the unmodulated pilot tone at 3300 Hz.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 298500,
"max_hz": 301500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-12"
},
{
"id": "cis-1200-t-230-1a-mahovik",
"name": "CIS-1200 (T-230-1A 'Mahovik')",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-1200, Mahovik, \"Flywheel\" in Russian, is a PSK based mode that can transmit both voice and data. It is transmitted from a Russian T-230-1A.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-1200 (T-230-1A \u041c\u0430\u0445\u043e\u0432\u0438\u043a)**, or \"**Flywheel**\" in Russian, is a PSK based mode that can transmit both voice and data. It is transmitted from a Russian T-230-1A. Has been seen with both BPSK and SDPSK manipulation at 1200Bd.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"SDPSK",
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-1200_%28T-230-1A_%27Mahovik%27%29"
},
{
"id": "cis-128",
"name": "CIS-128",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-128 is an OFDM mode that uses 128 channels, with one \u201coff\u201d channel in the center, so the signal is divided into two 64 channel parts.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-128** is an OFDM mode that uses 128 channels, with one \u201coff\u201d channel in the center, so the signal is divided into two 64 channel parts. This mode has been seen using QAM and PSK of various modes. QAM-16, QAM-4, and QPSK have been seen so far. Has a baud rate of about 21 Bd in each subchannel. Has been seen with [CIS-3000](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-3000) preluding the transmission.\n\nAlso seen in a 6 kHz wideband mode, with double the baud rate but still maintaining 128 channels and the center off channel.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3100,
"max_hz": 6100
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-128"
},
{
"id": "cis-1280",
"name": "CIS-1280",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-1280 is a OQPSK (Offset Quadrature Phase Shift-Keying) modulation data modem signal. Also known as Soviet Mil(MOD)/FAPSI/PTT system. These stations are recognizable in that they are all placed on .081 offsets from a kilohertz or half kilohertz point.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-1280** is an OQPSK (Offset Quadrature Phase Shift-Keying) modulation data modem signal. Also known as Soviet Mil(MOD)/FAPSI/PTT system. These stations are recognizable in that they are all placed on .081 offsets from a kilohertz or half kilohertz point.\n\nOQPSK means the width of the signal is exactly equal to the speed of the signal, which in this case is 1280 bps.\n\nData on this signal is found in Roland Proesch's *Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF*.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 5752000,
"max_hz": 13369000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1152,
"max_hz": 1408
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-1280"
},
{
"id": "cis-14",
"name": "CIS-14",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAlso known as AMOR and AMOR96. Synchronous FSK duplex teleprinter system with ARQ.\n# DETAILS\nAlso known as **AMOR** and **AMOR96**. Synchronous 2-FSK duplex teleprinter system with ARQ. Has a 400 Hz Shift between the two tones. \n\nMost commonly found running at 96 Baud.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 585,
"max_hz": 715
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-14"
},
{
"id": "cis-16",
"name": "CIS-16",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-16 is a BPSK 16-tone mode, possibly transmitted from a modified AT-3004D or AT-3104 type Russian military transceiver. Also known as CIS 16x75 Bd for the 75 bd speed in each of the 16 sub channels.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-16** is a BPSK 16-tone mode, possibly transmitted from a modified AT-3004D or AT-3104 type Russian military transceiver. Also known as CIS 16x75 Bd for the 75 bd speed in each of the 16 sub channels. This mode is distinctive by its gap separating the lower 7 channels from the upper 9 channels",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2430,
"max_hz": 2970
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-16"
},
{
"id": "cis-20",
"name": "CIS-20",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRussian AT-3104 Modem signal, 20-tone OFDM DQPSK signal. Has characteristic pilot tone located 3300 Hz from suppressed carrier. All 20 channels operate at 75 Bd.\n# DETAILS\nRussian AT-3104 Modem signal, 20-tone OFDM DQPSK signal. Has characteristic pilot tone located 3300 Hz from suppressed carrier. All 20 channels operate at 75 Bd.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2475,
"max_hz": 3025
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-20"
},
{
"id": "cis-300",
"name": "CIS-300",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nKnown as CIS-300 Burst, FSK mode used with 300 Bd rate with a starting and ending tone on the upper part of the signal.\n# DETAILS\nKnown as **CIS-300** Burst, FSK mode used with 300 Bd rate with a starting and ending tone on the upper part of the signal.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 333,
"max_hz": 407
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-300"
},
{
"id": "cis-3000",
"name": "CIS-3000",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-3000 is an 8-PSK Data Modem protocol. Its source is traced to Russia. 3000 is for its 3000 Baud speed (maximum speed is technically 9000 bps).\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-3000** is an 8-PSK Data Modem protocol. Its source is traced to Russia. 3000 is for its 3000 Baud speed (maximum speed is technically 9000 bps). \n\nCIS-3000 has been seen acting like [2G ALE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%282G_ALE%29), where it has been seen to prelude [CIS-128](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-128) transmissions and [CIS MFSK-68](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_MFSK-68) transmissions like a calling mode. \n\nData on this signal is found in Roland Proesch's *Technical Handbook for Radio Monitoring HF*.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3060,
"max_hz": 3740
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-3000"
},
{
"id": "cis-36-50",
"name": "CIS-36-50",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-36-50, also known as BEE-36, is an FSK modem used by the Russian Navy.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-36-50**, also known as BEE-36, is an FSK modem used by the Russian Navy. Can be seen with 36, 50, 75, 100 and 150 Bd rates, as well as shifts of 85, 125, 250 and 500 Hz, variable 50-3500 Bd.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 300,
"max_hz": 550
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-36-50"
},
{
"id": "cis-40-5",
"name": "CIS-40.5",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-40.5 (Also known as T-206) is an FSK signal used in Russian Military Communications Equipment. Used as a telegraph channel, encrypted.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-40.5** (Also known as T-206) is an FSK signal used in Russian Military Communications Equipment. Used as a telegraph channel, encrypted. \n\nCIS-40.5 is identified by its 500 Hz shift between FSK carriers and it's 40.5 Hz baud rate (depending on sample quality, ~40 Hz).",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-40.5"
},
{
"id": "cis-48",
"name": "CIS-48",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-48 is an interesting data mode with a unique format. It uses a 4 DBPSK Preamble with a constant tone and changing OFDM modes as it transmits data. Origin is suspected to be in Russia.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-48** is an interesting data mode with a unique format. It uses a 4 DBPSK preamble with a constant tone and changing OFDM modes as it transmits data. Origin is suspected to be in Russia.\n\nThe first part of the transmission, the \"Channel marker/beacon\", is comprised of 4 DBPSK carriers, each pair spaced 500 Hz apart, with 700 Hz spacing within the pair. Each DBPSK carrier runs at 50 Bd, and usually has the tone interrupt up to two times during the transmission, possibly indicating a different type of data being transmitted or codeword. Sometimes this beacon repeats during the transmission, or it may solely repeat without any data. \n\nIf there is data, after the beacon it will start transmitting a series of OFDM waveforms, each ~3440 ms long, and often changing the OFDM waveform. The bandwidth of these waveforms range from ~2 kHz to ~3 kHz, and between these waveforms is a constant sinusoid tone.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4991915,
"max_hz": 5042085
},
{
"min_hz": 16459000,
"max_hz": 17289000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2000000,
"max_hz": 3000000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-48"
},
{
"id": "cis-50-50",
"name": "CIS-50-50",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-50-50 is very similar to CIS-36-50. The main difference is in the available baud rates and frequency shifts used.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-50-50** is very similar to CIS-36-50. The main difference is in the available baud rates and frequency shifts used. Can be seen with either 50 or 100 Bd, as well as shifts of 85, 125, 200, 250 and 500 Hz, variable 50-3500 Bd. Often uses shift of 200 and 250 Hz and 50 Baud. In addition, Idle dot reversals are transmitted at 50 Bd, followed by traffic in 50 baud (more rarely in 100 Baud). Can be found on frequencies of Russian Navy.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 150,
"max_hz": 630
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-50-50"
},
{
"id": "cis-8181",
"name": "CIS-8181",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCIS-8181 is an FSK modem used by the Russian navy.\n# DETAILS\n**CIS-8181** is a FSK modem used by the Russian navy.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-8181"
},
{
"id": "cloudsat-downlink",
"name": "CLOUDSAT Downlink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDump to European ground station from the CLOUDSAT cloud profiling satellite. CLOUDSAT has a CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar) that operates at 94 GHz to create a vertical sounding (cross-section) of the atmosphere.\n# DETAILS\nCLOUDSAT is a NASA satellite with a single instrument, a CPR (Cloud Profiling Radar) that operates at 94 GHz to create a **vertical** sounding (cross section) of the atmosphere (as opposed to most satellites that provide horizontal profiles)\n\nIt dumps in S-band to a European ground station 12 orbits worth of data.\n\n [Baseband recording](https://cdn.rgbcraft.com/altro/basebands/CLOUDSAT.wav)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2206412500,
"max_hz": 2228587500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOUDSAT_Downlink"
},
{
"id": "clover-2000",
"name": "CLOVER 2000",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCLOVER 2000 is an upgrade to CLOVER-II, a digital data protocol developed by Ray Petit and HAL Communications. Sometimes referred to as XCLOVER or 8 Tone CLOVER.\n# DETAILS\n**CLOVER 2000** is an upgrade to [CLOVER-II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-II), a digital data protocol developed by Ray Petit and HAL Communications. Sometimes referred to as XCLOVER or 8 Tone CLOVER. CLOVER-2000 was introduced in 1999 by [HAL Communications](http://www.halcomm.com/). CLOVER 2000 is 4 times as fast as CLOVER-II, and carries over all of the error correction algorithms from the original [CLOVER-II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-II).\n\nCLOVER-2000 uses 8 250 Hz wide tone-pulse subcarriers that are each offset from the base tone by 2ms, so that every 16ms all eight tone pulses transmit their cycle. CLOVER-2000 uses Phase (PSK) or Phase-Amplitude (Circular QAM) shift keying modulation. CLOVER-2000 occupies 2 kHz of bandwidth in contrast to CLOVER-II's 500 Hz of bandwidth. The symbol rate for CLOVER-2000 is always 62.5 bd for all modes, double the symbol rate of CLOVER-II.\n\n| Mode | Description | Data Rate | ARQ/FEC Support |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 16P4A | 16-Phase 4-Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) | 3000 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 8P2A | 8-Phase 2-Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) | 2000 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 8PSM | 8 Phase Shift-Keying Modulation (8-PSK) | 1500 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| QPSM | Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) | 1000 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| BPSM | BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) | 500 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 4DPSM | BPSK with 4-Channel Redundancy | 250 bps Max | FEC |",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER_2000"
},
{
"id": "clover-2500",
"name": "CLOVER 2500",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCLOVER 2500 is a new upgrade to CLOVER-2000, adding 25% more speed to the CLOVER system.\n# DETAILS\n**CLOVER 2500** is a new upgrade to [CLOVER 2000](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER_2000), adding 25% more speed to the CLOVER system. CLOVER-2500 was released in 2011 by [HAL Communications](http://www.halcomm.com/). \n\nCLOVER-2500 uses 8 312.5 Hz wide tone-pulse subcarriers that are each offset from the base tone by 1.6ms, so that every 12.8ms all eight tone pulses transmit their cycle. CLOVER-2500 uses Phase (PSK) or Phase-Amplitude (Circular QAM) shift keying modulation. CLOVER-2500 occupies 2.5 kHz of bandwidth in contrast to CLOVER-2000's 2000 Hz of bandwidth. The symbol rate for CLOVER-2500 is increased to 78.125 Bd for all modes, 25% faster than CLOVER-2000's 62.5 Bd.\n\n| Mode | Description | Data Rate | ARQ/FEC Support |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 16P4A | 16-Phase 4-Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) | 3750 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 8P2A | 8-Phase 2-Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) | 2500 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 8PSM | 8 Phase Shift-Keying Modulation (8-PSK) | 1875 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| QPSM | Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) | 1250 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| BPSM | BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) | 625 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 2DPSM | BPSK with 2-Channel Redundancy | 312.5 bps Max | FEC |",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER_2500"
},
{
"id": "clover-i",
"name": "CLOVER-I",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCLOVER-I was the first iteration of the Clover series of digital modes. Was never released for commercial use, replaced by CLOVER-II. Also known as Cloverleaf.\n# DETAILS\n**CLOVER-I** was the first iteration of the Clover series of digital modes. Was never released for commercial use, replaced by [CLOVER-II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-II). Also known as Cloverleaf. Developed by Ray Petit, W7GHM in 1987, taking inspiration from Coherent CW.\n\n**Note: The audio and visual sample provided is an estimation based on a CLOVER-II sample. It is NOT a raw CLOVER-I recording. No known recorded samples of the original CLOVER-I exist to my knowledge.**\n\nThe CLOVER-I system uses a single tone Phase (PSK) or Phase-Amplitude (QAM) shift keyed signal to deliver up to 100 bps. Channel spacing was 100 Hz, no guard bands were required with this mode.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90,
"max_hz": 110
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-I"
},
{
"id": "clover-ii",
"name": "CLOVER-II",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCLOVER-II is the advancement of CLOVER-I, with 4 tone pulses and a max data rate of 750 bps. Also known as Q-CLOVER and QUAD-CLOVER.\n# DETAILS\n**CLOVER-II** is the advancement of [CLOVER-I](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-I), with 4 tone pulses and a max data rate of 750 bps. Also known as Q-CLOVER and QUAD-CLOVER. The symbol rate is always 31.25 Bd. CLOVER-II was the result of the work by Ray Petit W7GHM, and [HAL Communications](http://www.halcomm.com/), including the PCI-4000, the P38, and the DSP-4100. The mode was released in late 1992 on HAL transceivers. The last HAL unit to carry Clover II was the DSP4100. Bosnia and Ireland were major users of Clover II.\n\nCLOVER-II uses 4 125 Hz wide tone-pulse subcarriers that are each offset from the base tone by 8ms, so that every 32ms all four tone pulses transmit their cycle. CLOVER-II uses Phase (PSK) or Phase-Amplitude (Circular QAM) shift keying modulation.\n\nThere are 4 500 Hz channels defined for CLOVER-II.\n\n- Channel 1: 750 Hz Center Frequency\n- Channel 2: 1250 Hz Center Frequency\n- Channel 3: 1750 Hz Center Frequency\n- Channel 4: 2250 Hz Center Frequency\n\nChannel 4 is the factory default channel used. \n\nThere are 6 main modulation modes. \n\n| Mode | Description | Data Rate | ARQ/FEC Support |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 16P4A | 16-Phase 4-Amplitude Modulation (64-QAM) | 750 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 8P2A | 8-Phase 2-Amplitude Modulation (16-QAM) | 500 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 8PSM | 8 Phase Shift-Keying Modulation (8-PSK) | 375 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| QPSM | Quadrature Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) | 250 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| BPSM | BPSK Binary Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK) | 125 bps Max | ARQ & FEC |\n| 2DPSM | BPSK with 2-Channel Redundancy | 62.5 bps Max | FEC |",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 450,
"max_hz": 550
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-II"
},
{
"id": "codar",
"name": "CODAR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCODAR (Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar) is used for near-surface ocean monitoring, such as waves and water current.\n# DETAILS\n**CODAR (Coastal Ocean Dynamics Applications Radar)** is used for near-surface ocean monitoring, such as waves and water current. Commonly becomes a source of interference for amateur radio operators. Developed between 1973 and 1983 at NOAA's Wave Propagation Laboratory, the founders left NOAA and formed the [CODAR Ocean Sensors](http://www.codar.com/index.htm) company, producing CODAR radar systems for commercial use.\n\nCODAR is based on [Bragg\u2019s Scattering Law](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bragg%27s_law). This allowed for the monitoring of ocean current and wave condition with high precision and range of up to 200 km. CODAR uses ILFM (Interpulse Linear Frequency Modulation), which is essentially a FMCW signal that is broken up into pulses in order to create a 50% duty cycle.",
"categories": [
"radar",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4415810,
"max_hz": 4460190
},
{
"min_hz": 12470000,
"max_hz": 13500000
},
{
"min_hz": 42287500,
"max_hz": 42712500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 45000,
"max_hz": 55000
},
"modulations": [
"LFM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CODAR"
},
{
"id": "coriolis-tactical-direct-broadcast",
"name": "CORIOLIS Tactical Direct Broadcast",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDirect Broadcast digital signal from the CORIOLIS satellite, primarily carries data from the WindSat instrument.\n# DETAILS\nThe CORIOLIS Tactical Direct Broadcast link carries direct broadcast (real time) data from the CORIOLIS satellite (a satellite designed to measure sea waves, and indirectly, wind speed and direction).",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2210392500,
"max_hz": 2232607500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CORIOLIS_Tactical_Direct_Broadcast"
},
{
"id": "cry2001-voice-scrambler",
"name": "CRY2001 Voice Scrambler",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCRY2001 is a voice scrambling mode used on Sailor CRY2001 Scramblers. Fisherman often use these modes to communicate with privacy.\n# DETAILS\n**CRY2001** is a synchronized analog scrambler for commercial use. Fisherman often use these modes to communicate with privacy. The CRY2001 and Sailor radios were developed by S.P. Radio A/S in Aalborg, Denmark. \nAt the beginning and end of the transmission, there is a 100 Bd 2-FSK signal.\n\nAs of 2024, there is still a rare (but extensive) use in the T band for similar uses. The UHF comparison is an NFM version of this signal. \n [LINK](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7vYkbsH1Zk)",
"categories": [
"marine",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 298500000,
"max_hz": 301500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CRY2001_Voice_Scrambler"
},
{
"id": "cv-786",
"name": "CV-786",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCV-786 is a wideband FSK mode built in Rockwell-Collins MDM-2001 modems. Also known as TRC-75, as it was used in TRC-75 transceivers. A military-based Radio TeleTYpe mode.\n# DETAILS\n**CV-786** is a wideband FSK mode built in Rockwell-Collins MDM-2001 modems (MDM = MultimoDe Modem). Also known as TRC-75, as it was used in TRC-75 transceivers. A military-based Radio TeleTYpe mode. Uses 850 Hz Shift and uses between 50-150 bd. \n\n- Center Frequency: 2000 Hz\n- Mark Tone: 2425 Hz\n- Space Tone: 1575 Hz",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 810,
"max_hz": 990
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CV-786"
},
{
"id": "canadian-meteor-orbit-radar-cmor",
"name": "Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar (CMOR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCanadian Meteor Orbit Radar, or CMOR, is a meteor detection radar located near Tavistock, Ontario.\n# DETAILS\n**Canadian Meteor Orbit Radar**, **CMOR**, is a meteor detection radar operated by University of Western Ontario and located near Tavistock, Ontario. It transmits a pulsed signal on three frequencies with a pulse repetition frequency of 532 Hz and pulse length of 75 \u00b5s. Three receiver stations are used to determine incoming meteor orbits based on the reflected signals.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 17362750,
"max_hz": 17537250
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 38150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 25200,
"max_hz": 30800
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Canadian_Meteor_Orbit_Radar_%28CMOR%29"
},
{
"id": "chilean-naval-time-signal",
"name": "Chilean Naval Time Signal",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNaval VHF time signal found in Chilean Coast, in Vina Del Mar\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 147384375,
"max_hz": 148865625
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chilean_Naval_Time_Signal"
},
{
"id": "china-digital-radio-cdr",
"name": "China digital radio (CDR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nConvergent Digital Radio (CDR) or China Digital Radio is an in-band-on-channel (IBOC) digital radio broadcasting format used in China. It can be found in multiple bandwidth configurations with different modulation formats.\n# DETAILS\nConvergent Digital Radio (CDR), also known as China Digital Radio (CDR), is an In-Band On-Channel (IBOC) digital radio broadcasting standard that operates in the FM band (88 MHz to 108 MHz). It is also known as ITU Digital System H.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 105569500,
"max_hz": 106630500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 100000,
"max_hz": 500000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/China_digital_radio_%28CDR%29"
},
{
"id": "chinese-foghorn-oth-radar",
"name": "Chinese 'Foghorn' OTH radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA Chinese over the horizon radar, known as \"foghorn\" among amateur radio operators. Not much is known about it.\n# DETAILS\nVery little information about this over-the-horizon radar is available. The name \"Foghorn\" was apparently coined by amateur radio operators or shortwave listeners based on the sound that resembles a ship foghorn. [LINK](http://www.arrl.org/news/mysterious-foghorn-is-chinese-over-the-horizon-burst-radar) [LINK](http://www.arrl.org/news/over-the-horizon-radars-continue-to-plague-amateur-bands) \n \n\n**Type 2319** has been mentioned in the UDXF community logs, but it has not been confirmed if this is the correct name for this radar.\n \n\nThe radar transmits FMCW signal with about 10 kHz of bandwidth in bursts that typically last a few seconds, but may take longer as well. Sweep rates of 42, 48, 50, 67 and 83 Hz have been observed. 67 Hz is probably the most common, and 83 Hz is rare. Unlike some other OTH radars, this radar does not seem to transmit an intro tone before the burst. Transmission often happens on multiple nearby frequencies in a sequential manner.\n \n\nSome sources claim that this radar uses pulsed modulation. This seems to be a misunderstanding unless there is another radar that uses similar transmission parameters and transmits in pulses. (Fixme)",
"categories": [
"radar",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000,
"max_hz": 6030000
},
{
"min_hz": 28855000,
"max_hz": 29145000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese_%27Foghorn%27_OTH_radar"
},
{
"id": "chinese-160khz-wide-oth-radar",
"name": "Chinese 160kHz-wide OTH radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nChinese OTH radar with wide bandwidth and usually low sweep rate. Little information is available.\n# DETAILS\nThis OTH radar has been located to China but not much else is known about it. Ham radio organizations have reported it on ham bands, causing interference (QRM). It transmits in FMCW mode, typically with a 160 kHz wide signal (although up to 360 kHz is possible), often 10 sweeps/sec but may use other modes. This radar is seldom heard in Europe unlike some other Chinese radars. \n\nDepending on receiver mode this radar can sound like some other radars, but the wide bandwidth should be noticed.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000,
"max_hz": 6030000
},
{
"min_hz": 28855000,
"max_hz": 29145000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 144000,
"max_hz": 176000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese_160kHz-wide_OTH_radar"
},
{
"id": "chinese-30-tone-ofdm-modem",
"name": "Chinese 30-tone OFDM modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA 30-tone OFDM data mode, probably used by Chinese military or other agencies.\n# DETAILS\nThis is a 30-tone OFDM data mode that is believed to be used by Chinese military or other agencies. \n\nThe signal is transmitted in bursts, apparently in LSB mode (occasionally in USB), and there is a pilot tone at approximately 445 Hz. Each burst starts with a preamble of 4 tones, spaced 600 Hz apart, first at about 650 Hz, modulated in QPSK. Actual data transmission happens with 30 OFDM tones, each BPSK modulated. Bandwidth of the signal is approximately 3 kHz. \n\nSometimes more than four tones are seen in the preamble but these may be artifacts from transmitter overdrive or other effect.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3599910,
"max_hz": 3636090
},
{
"min_hz": 18562720,
"max_hz": 18749280
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"BPSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese_30-tone_OFDM_modem"
},
{
"id": "chinese-4-4",
"name": "Chinese 4+4",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nChinese 4+4, also known as 4+4 or PRC 4+4, is a multi-carrier transmission mode. It used by Chinese Diplomatic services with most traffic originating from Beijing, China.\n# DETAILS\n**Chinese 4+4**, also known as **4+4** or **PRC 4+4**, is a multi-carrier transmission mode. It used by Chinese Diplomatic services with most traffic originating from Beijing, China.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese_4%2B4"
},
{
"id": "chinese-firedrake-jammer",
"name": "Chinese Firedrake Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCommercial AM Broadcast jamming signal that plays Chinese folk songs to jam specific radio stations in Asia from being received by listeners.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Chinese Firedrake Jammer** (also known as FireDragon) is a Commercial AM Broadcast jamming signal that aims to jam specific radio stations in Asia from being received by listeners. It plays the characteristic Chinese folk song \"The Firedrake\" which runs for an hour duration, the same duration of radio programmes on shortwave.\n\nThe jamming signal has been traced to be sourced from ChinaSat 6B within the China National Radio (CNR) satellite feed circuits. In 2024, it was replaced by the ChinaSat 6E satellite. Jamming signals were also present on the APStar 6C satellite. The satellite relays the jamming music to ground transmitters across China to then transmit on the same frequencies as radio stations that China sees as unfavorable, including (but not limited to) [Voice of America](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice_of_America), [Radio Free Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia), [BBC World Service](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service) etc. as well as stations based in Taiwan.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000,
"max_hz": 6030000
},
{
"min_hz": 17910000,
"max_hz": 18090000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese_Firedrake_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "chinese-multitonal-jammer",
"name": "Chinese Multitonal Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nChinese radio jamming signals intended to disrupt/censor broadcast communications.\n# DETAILS\nReport Date: 09/09/2016. Active jamming operations were identified on 17580 kHz, targeting a VOA transmission. The interfering signal, formerly cataloged as an 'oddity', has been reclassified as active interference.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 8999775,
"max_hz": 9090225
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese_Multitonal_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "chinese-64-mfsk",
"name": "Chinese-64 MFSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nChinese Modem MFSK-64\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3654635,
"max_hz": 3691365
},
{
"min_hz": 12916000,
"max_hz": 16989000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese-64_MFSK"
},
{
"id": "chinese-asian-radio-mdc1200",
"name": "Chinese/Asian radio \"MDC1200\"",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nChinese radios failing to mimic mdc1200 or produces really old mdc1200 sound.\n# DETAILS\nModern asian and chinese radios will likely have a roger tone setting available with some radtels and baofengs having and option called \"TONE1200\" and this is supposed to make your radio's transmit something that sounds like old analog police radio networks but most radios will fail to do that. Instead the roger tone or packet that is transmitting sounds more like something out of an MPT1327 System or the old motorola astro mdc1200 that sounds more similar. As its different to the modern mdc1200.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 135320000,
"max_hz": 136680000
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 14400,
"max_hz": 17600
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Chinese/Asian_radio_%22MDC1200%22"
},
{
"id": "cobra-dane",
"name": "Cobra Dane",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe AN/FPS-108 COBRA DANE is a PESA phased array radar installation operated by Raytheon for the United States Space Force (originally for the United States Air Force) at Eareckson Air Station on the island of Shemya, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.\n# DETAILS\nThe AN/FPS-108 COBRA DANE is a PESA phased array radar installation operated by Raytheon for the United States Space Force at Eareckson Air Station on the island of Shemya, Aleutian Islands, Alaska.[1] This radar system was built in 1976 and brought on-line in 1977 for the primary mission of gathering intelligence about Russia's ICBM program in support of verification of the SALT II arms limitation treaty. Its single face 29 m (95 ft) diameter phased array radar antenna 52.7373\u00b0N 174.0914\u00b0E faces the Kamchatka Peninsula and Russia's Kura Test Range. COBRA DANE operates in the 1215\u20131400 MHz band.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1215000000,
"max_hz": 1400000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Cobra_Dane"
},
{
"id": "codan-data-modem",
"name": "Codan Data Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCodan Data Modulation for Codan Data Modems. Has 3 distinct signals: Data, ALE, and SELCAL. This modulation is used in Codan's 9001, 9002, 3012 and 3212 modems.\n# DETAILS\nCodan Data Modulation for Codan Data Modems. This modulation is used in Codan's 9001, 9002, 3012 and 3212 modems.\n\nData link comprises of 16 DPSK (Differential Phase-Shift Keying) channels at 112.5 Hz spacing on 1800 Hz of bandwidth.\n\nCodan's CHIRP (an ALE signal) uses PSK modulation across 32 channels with 80Hz of spacing. CHIRP uses 2560Hz of bandwidth.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 400,
"max_hz": 2560
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Codan_Data_Modem"
},
{
"id": "coherent-bpsk",
"name": "Coherent BPSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCoherent BPSK, also known as C-BPSK, was an experimental amateur mode developed by Bill DeCarle VE2IQ.\n# DETAILS\n**Coherent BPSK**, also known as C-BPSK, was an experimental amateur mode developed by Bill de Carle VE2IQ.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137000,
"max_hz": 139000
},
{
"min_hz": 1871595,
"max_hz": 1890405
},
{
"min_hz": 14081000,
"max_hz": 18081000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 220
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Coherent_BPSK"
},
{
"id": "coherent-cw",
"name": "Coherent CW",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCoherent CW (also known as CCW) was a strictly timed morse code mode designed by Ray Petit W7GHM (The same inventor of CLOVER). CCW depended on accurate timing from both receiver and transmitter.\n# DETAILS\n**Coherent CW** (also known as **CCW**) was a strictly timed morse code mode designed by Ray Petit W7GHM (The same inventor of [CLOVER](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CLOVER-II)). CCW depended on accurate timing from both receiver and transmitter.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Coherent_CW"
},
{
"id": "compulert",
"name": "CompuLert",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLow speed FSK telemetry to monitor and control warning sirens that are used to warn the public of threats such as tsunamis, severe weather, chemical spills and civil emergencies.\n# DETAILS\nLow speed FSK telemetry to monitor and control warning sirens that are used to warn the public of threats such as tsunamis, severe weather, chemical spills and civil emergencies.\n\nCompulert was developed by Alerting Communicators of America (ACA), now named [American Signal Corporation (ASC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Signal_Corporation). It is a SCADA-based proprietary FSK protocol used to manage and monitor warning sirens in an area.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 451108125,
"max_hz": 455641875
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CompuLert"
},
{
"id": "contestia",
"name": "Contestia",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nContestia, developed by Nick Fedoseev (UT2UZ) in 2005, is a digital mode derived from Olivia. It aims to deliver a compromise of speed and performance.\n# DETAILS\n**Contestia**, developed by Nick Fedoseev (UT2UZ) in 2005, is a digital mode derived from [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia). It aims to deliver a compromise of speed and performance.\n\nContestia performs very well under weak signal conditions. It decodes below the noise level but Olivia still outperforms it in this area by about 1.5 - 3db depending on configuration. Despite this, Contestia performs twice as fast as Olivia comparatively (e.g. Contestia 8/250 is twice as fast as Olivia 8/250). Contestia uses a block size of 32 where Olivia uses a block size of 64. Contestia also uses a modified alphabet that's 6-bit encoded.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 150,
"max_hz": 2000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Contestia"
},
{
"id": "continuous-tone-coded-squelch-system-ctcss",
"name": "Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System (CTCSS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCTCSS, also known as Private Line and Channel Guard, is a low continuous tone transmitted on NFM voice transmissions that is used to squelch and manage transmissions on a given frequency.\n# DETAILS\n**Continuous Tone-Coded Squelch System (CTCSS)** is a low continuous tone transmitted on NFM voice transmissions that is used to squelch and manage transmissions on a given frequency. This is also known as Private Line\u00ae (PL) by Motorola, Channel Guard\u00ae (CG) by General Electric and generically as tone squelch. The CTCSS system sounds like a low hum to listeners. \n\nCTCSS is used in many analog FM public safety radios. They have a characteristic look on the waterfall, as continuous lines emanating around the center frequency carrier.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5000,
"max_hz": 30000
},
"modulations": [
"CW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Continuous_Tone-Coded_Squelch_System_%28CTCSS%29"
},
{
"id": "contr-le-de-vitesse-par-balises-kvb",
"name": "Contr\u00f4le de vitesse par balises (KVB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\"Speed control by beacons\" railway safety system used in France and the Channel Tunnel line in the UK.\n# DETAILS\n**Contr\u00f4le de vitesse par balises** (Speed control by beacons, abbreviated to **KVB**) is a railway safety system used in Mainland France and in the United Kingdom between London and the Channel Tunnel. The passive beacons are placed trackside and store line information that is transmitted to the train as it passes over. A signal similar to the [Eurobalise downlink](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Eurobalise_downlink) is constantly transmitted from the train which energizes the beacon and clocks the data with a OOK signal. The reply to the train is coded by the beacon by selectively echoing a ring at 1/6th of the carrier frequency.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4477500,
"max_hz": 4522500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL",
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Contr%C3%B4le_de_vitesse_par_balises_%28KVB%29"
},
{
"id": "coquelet",
"name": "Coquelet",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCoquelet is an MFSK system, similar to Piccolo. Also known as COQ-8, COQ-12, and COQUELET 8 V 2. Uses ITA-2 charset. It's two main modes are Coquelet-8 and Coquelet-13. No longer in use.\n# DETAILS\n**Coquelet** is an MFSK system, similar to [Piccolo](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Piccolo). Uses ITA-2 charset. It's two main modes are Coquelet-8 and Coquelet-13. **No longer in use.**\n\nCoquelet was developed by [ACEC](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ateliers_de_Constructions_Electriques_de_Charleroi) in Belgium for police and military use during the early 1960s. It had expanded to French security and customs use, as well as Algerian Ministry of Foreign Affairs\n(MFA) and Customs use (Primarily used Coquelet-8 and Coquelet-80). Algeria was one of the last users of Coquelet, as moved on to newer modes they had been testing such as [Racal MSM1250 \"SkyFax\"](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MSM-1250_Modem) modems and modified [PACTOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_II) systems.\n\n- Coquelet-8: 8-tone 300 Hz wide MFSK. Coquelet-8 has baud speeds of 13.33 Bd, 20 Bd, and 26.67 Bd. \n \n- Coquelet-13: 13-tone 500 Hz wide MFSK. Coquelet-13 has baud speeds of 13.33 Bd and 20 Bd.\n\n- Coquelet-80: Variant of Coquelet-8. Coquelet-80 adds FEC to the Coquelet-8 waveform. Includes sub-variants Coquelet-80S and Coquelet-82S. The main difference is Coquelet-82S can be used in both side bands and uses extended handshaking and synchronizing sequences. Coquelet-80 borrows the same bandwidth and baud speeds of Coquelet-8.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 300,
"max_hz": 500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Coquelet"
},
{
"id": "cuban-jammer",
"name": "Cuban Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCuban jammers jam the frequencies of Radio Mart\u00ed, Radio Republica and occasionally WRMI radio.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5980000,
"max_hz": 13820000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Cuban_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "d-star",
"name": "D-STAR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nD-STAR is a digital voice protocol used by ham radio. Is sometimes routed over the internet for international communications.\n# DETAILS\n**D-STAR** is a digital voice protocol used by ham radio. Is sometimes routed over the internet for international communications.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 144941650,
"max_hz": 146398350
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5625,
"max_hz": 6875
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/D-STAR"
},
{
"id": "db0upb-research-beacon",
"name": "DB0UPB research beacon",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe is a research beacon for training neural networks.\n# DETAILS\nThis is a research beacon for training neuronal networks. The neuronal networks are used for developing a new type of DSP. \nBetween some choppy english sentences are data packets, maybe some sort of MFSK.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3582000,
"max_hz": 3618000
},
{
"min_hz": 7014750,
"max_hz": 7085250
},
{
"min_hz": 14030495,
"max_hz": 14171505
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2430,
"max_hz": 2970
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"LSB",
"USB"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DB0UPB_research_beacon"
},
{
"id": "dcf77",
"name": "DCF77",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDCF77 is a German longwave time signal radio station based at 77.5 kHz. DCF uses an AM modulated carrier and phase modulation sidebands to transmit its time signal.\n# DETAILS\n**DCF77** is a German longwave time signal radio station based at 77.5 kHz. DCF uses an AM modulated carrier and phase modulation sidebands to transmit it's time signal. DCF77 is located near the town of Mainflingen.",
"categories": [
"time",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 76500,
"max_hz": 78500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1170,
"max_hz": 1430
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DCF77"
},
{
"id": "dfm-09",
"name": "DFM-09",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGRAW DFM-09 radiosonde measures temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction, and wind speed.\n# DETAILS\nFrom company website:\n\n- The state-of-the-art DFM-09 is one of the lightest and smallest radiosondes on the market and is also one of the most used radiosondes in the world. It was designed for precise and reliable measurement of temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed. It is easy to use, making it the ideal instrument for daily sounding.*",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400010000,
"max_hz": 405990000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DFM-09"
},
{
"id": "dup-arq",
"name": "DUP-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDUP-ARQ, also known as ARTRAC and 125-ARTRAC, is a semi-duplex ARQ system once used by Thai and Hungarian Diplomatic services.\n# DETAILS\n**DUP-ARQ**, also known as ARTRAC and 125-ARTRAC, is a semi-duplex ARQ system once used by Thai and Hungarian Diplomatic services.\n\nBaud rate is typically 125 bd at 170 Hz shift using ITA-2. If a DUP-ARQ system detects interference it will change frequency in 400 Hz steps (See DUP-ARQ ALE sample below). If a 3kHz channel is full of interference the system will select another frequency.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 293,
"max_hz": 357
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DUP-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "dup-arq-2",
"name": "DUP-ARQ-2",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDUP-ARQ-2 (also known as ARTRAC II) is a further development of the DUP-ARQ system and the system characteristics are very similar. DUP-ARQ-2 allows transmission of ITA-2 (Baudot) or ITA-5 (ASCII) characters depending on the application.\n# DETAILS\n**DUP-ARQ-2** (also known as ARTRAC II) is a further development of the [DUP-ARQ](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DUP-ARQ) system and the system characteristics are very similar. DUP-ARQ-2 allows transmission of ITA-2 (Baudot) or ITA-5 (ASCII) characters depending on the application. DUP-ARQ-2 is twice as fast as DUP-ARQ, running at 250 Bd. Norway was a major user of DUP-ARQ-2",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1170,
"max_hz": 1430
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DUP-ARQ-2"
},
{
"id": "dup-fec-2",
"name": "DUP-FEC-2",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDUP-FEC-2 is a further development of the DUP-ARQ system and the system characteristics are very similar. Uses FEC instead of ARQ and runs at either 125 bd or 250 bd.\n# DETAILS\n**DUP-FEC-2** is a further development of the [DUP-ARQ](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DUP-ARQ) system and the system characteristics are very similar. Uses FEC instead of ARQ and runs at either 125 bd or 250 bd. Like [DUP-ARQ-2](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DUP-ARQ-2), DUP-FEC-2 allows transmission of ITA-2 (Baudot) or ITA-5 (ASCII) characters.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 990,
"max_hz": 1210
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DUP-FEC-2"
},
{
"id": "datawell-buoy-hf-link",
"name": "Datawell Buoy HF Link",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDatawell Buoy HF Links transmitted by Datawell Marine measurement buoys, measuring ocean conditions, temperature, and wave current.\n# DETAILS\n**Datawell Buoy HF Links** transmitted by Datawell Marine measurement buoys, measuring ocean conditions, temperature, and wave current. Developed by [Datawell BV](http://www.datawell.nl/Home.aspx) in the Netherlands. The buoys get 50 km transmission range with the HF link. There are two transmission modes used by the buoys, 2FSK and 4MFSK. HXV firmware uses 2FSK, where HVA firmware uses 4MFSK. \n\n2FSK uses 65 Hz shift at 81.92 baud. 4MFSK uses 4 frequencies at ~85 Hz shift between frequencies at 163.84 baud.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 25500000,
"max_hz": 45000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 200,
"max_hz": 400
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Datawell_Buoy_HF_Link"
},
{
"id": "delfi-c3-telemetry",
"name": "Delfi-C3 Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDelfi-C3 Telemetry was a telemetry signal sent from the Delfi-C3 university-class satellite.\n# DETAILS\n**Delfi-C3 Telemetry** was a telemetry signal sent from the Delfi-C3 university-class satellite. The telemetry was a 1200 Bd BPSK signal. The satellite was launched on April 28, 2008. On 13th November 2023 Delfi-C3 had re-entered Earth's atmosphere and burnt up ending it's 15 year mission.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 145140650,
"max_hz": 146599350
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Delfi-C3_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "deltafix",
"name": "DeltaFix",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDeltaFix was a DGPS system that was used to provide precision positioning used in the survey and oceanographic industry.\n# DETAILS\n**DeltaFix** was a DGPS system that was used to provide precision positioning used in the survey and oceanographic industry.\n\nDeltaFix, owned by Fugro Survey, was a development of [HyperFix](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HyperFix) that enables DGPS (Differential GPS) corrections to be transmitted using the data time slot 'D' in HyperFix transmissions.\n\nThere are currently no DeltaFix stations operating in Europe anymore.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1691500,
"max_hz": 1708500
},
{
"min_hz": 3383000,
"max_hz": 3417000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225,
"max_hz": 275
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DeltaFix"
},
{
"id": "denso-4ea-key-fob",
"name": "Denso 4EA Key Fob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDenso Wireless Key Fob 4EA built by Denso Corporation for General Motors auto brands Chevrolet and Buick. Used on Chevrolet Camaro and Malibu from 2016+. Used on Buick Lacrosse 2017+.\n# DETAILS\n**Denso 4EA Key Fob** is a wireless key fob built for General Motors of North America by Denso Corporation in Japan. Used on Chevrolet Camaro and Malibu from 2016+. Used on Buick Lacrosse 2017+. The wireless key fob utilizes either ASK or FSK modulation. (In this page, only ASK is shown).\n\nPulse width is measured to be 120 us, giving an effective max datarate of 8333 bps. Frame width is 34.3ms.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431750400,
"max_hz": 436089600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Denso_4EA_Key_Fob"
},
{
"id": "differential-global-positioning-system-dgps",
"name": "Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDifferential GPS (DGPS), also known as M823 DGPS and SC-104 DGPS, is a supplementary correction signal used by GPS receivers to increase the accuracy of GPS based positioning.\n# DETAILS\n**Differential GPS (DGPS)**, also known as M823 DGPS and SC-104 DGPS, is a supplementary correction signal used by GPS receivers to increase the accuracy of GPS based positioning.\n\nDGPS came in two formats, MSK and QPSK. QPSK was used in the higher frequency bands (1-3 MHz) but the vast majority of them have stopped broadcasting, while MSK based systems in the 284 kHz-325 kHz region are plentiful and expanding. \n\nMSK DGPS uses Minimum Shift Keying (MSK) and has typical baud rates of 100 Bd or 200 Bd. The 100 Bd DGPS signal has about 150 Hz of bandwidth and 50 Hz shift, and the 200 Bd DGPS signals has about 250Hz of bandwidth with 100 Hz shift. There are some reports that suggest some DGPS stations run with 300 Bd and a shift of 200 Hz.\n\nThe QPSK DGPS used Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) and had ~330 Bd with 450 Hz of bandwidth.\n\nNote that DGPS has been officially discontinued in the US as of 30 June 2020. See the [DGPS Discontinuance](https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=DGPSDiscontinuance) page on the US Coast Guard site for more information.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 282083,
"max_hz": 284917
},
{
"min_hz": 2935250,
"max_hz": 2964750
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 150,
"max_hz": 250
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Differential_Global_Positioning_System_%28DGPS%29"
},
{
"id": "digisonde",
"name": "Digisonde",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigisondes are ionosondes that use pulsed signal that can gather more radar information than a traditional ionosonde sweep.\n# DETAILS\nDigisondes are ionosondes that use pulsed signal that can gather more radar information than a traditional ionosonde sweep. It is sometimes called \"The Grinder\" by amateur operators.\n\nThe specifications of the Digisonde transmitters can be found here on the [manufacture's website](https://www.digisonde.com/digisonde.html#features-section). A map of all the Digisonde locations can be found on their [main page](https://www.digisonde.com/index.html).",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 497500,
"max_hz": 502500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 27000,
"max_hz": 33000
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digisonde"
},
{
"id": "digital-audio-broadcasting-dab",
"name": "Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDAB is an audio broadcasting standard containing a multiplex of digital radio stations in the signal.\n# DETAILS\nA digital radio broadcasting standard, used to broadcast radio programs and podcasts on VHF and UHF bands using digital modulation technologies. It is succeeded by DAB+ (Digital Audio Broadcasting Plus), which is not backwards compatible. DAB offers better audio quality and robustness than most analog methods used in traditional radio broadcasts because of its resistance to multipath fading. The only disadvantage is its quality drops sharply when signal strength reaches below a certain threshold. For a signal-to-noise ratio of 13 dB (which is the minimum required for error-free demodulation), the sensitivity is -86 dBm. In comparison to a FM radio receiver having a sensitivity of -120 dBm (at 12 dB SINAD and 1 kHz tone), DAB has less receiver sensitivity thus coverage. To compensate for this, DAB broadcast transmitters broadcast at a much higher power than FM counterparts. On the other hand, DAB is more energy and bandwidth efficient than AM/FM. As of 2017, over 38 countries have adopted this standard.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 174000000,
"max_hz": 239000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1382400,
"max_hz": 1689600
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting_%28DAB%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-audio-broadcasting-plus-dab",
"name": "Digital Audio Broadcasting Plus (DAB+)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDAB+ is a medium of delivering broadcast radio, containing multiple stations in a single multiplex.\n# DETAILS\n**DAB+** is an improved standard of the original [DAB](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DAB), which uses the more efficient HE-AAC v2 audio codec. As such, most DAB receivers are not compatible with DAB+.\nThe total bitrate of the multiples is 1.136 Mbps. each carrier is roughly 1.3 Kbps in standard protection mode.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 174000000,
"max_hz": 230000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1382400,
"max_hz": 1689600
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting_Plus_%28DAB%2B%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-dispatch-systems-mdt",
"name": "Digital Dispatch Systems MDT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital Dispatch Systems Mobile Data Terminal is a dispatching system used by taxi and private transportation companies.\n# DETAILS\n**Digital Dispatch Systems MDT** is a dispatching system used by taxi and private transportation companies. Data transmitted on this data link include MDT usage, credit card information (encrypted), GPS location, and general dispatching activities. Uses a 4800 bps QPSK signal running at 2400 baud. When idle (no data transmitting), it repeats a ~43Bd idle pattern. Data can be heard in very short bursts.",
"categories": [
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 151240000,
"max_hz": 152760000
},
{
"min_hz": 850513563,
"max_hz": 859061437
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 7200,
"max_hz": 8800
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Dispatch_Systems_MDT"
},
{
"id": "digital-enhanced-cordless-telecommunications-dect",
"name": "Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDECT is a ETSI standard for short range communications, mainly cordless phones. It uses a 10 channel/24 slots in a TDMA FDD structure.\nAudio sample is 100 times slower than real for listening purposes.\n# DETAILS\n**DECT** is a ETSI standard for short range communications, mainly cordless phones. It uses a 10 channel/24 slots in a TDMA FDD structure.\nAudio sample is 100 times slower than real for listening purposes.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1880000000,
"max_hz": 1900000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1440000,
"max_hz": 1760000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications_%28DECT%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-mobile-radio-dmr",
"name": "Digital Mobile Radio (DMR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital Mobile Radio (DMR) is an open digital mobile radio standard defined by ETSI and used in commercial products around the world. Mostly used by private network and local police, can be encrypted. Used in MOTOTRBO products.\n# DETAILS\n**Digital Mobile Radio (DMR)** is an open digital mobile radio standard defined in the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) Standard TS 102 361 parts 1\u20134 and used in commercial products around the world. DMR, along with [P25](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Project_25_%28P25%29) and [NXDN48](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Next_Generation_Digital_Narrowband_%28NXDN%29) are the main competitor technologies in achieving 6.25 kHz equivalent bandwidth using the proprietary AMBE+2 vocoder. \n\nDMR and P25 Phase II both use two-slot TDMA in a 12.5 kHz channel, while NXDN48 uses discrete 6.25 kHz channels using frequency division. DMR was designed with three tiers. DMR tiers I and II (conventional) were first published in 2005, and DMR tier III (trunked) was published in 2012, with manufacturers producing products within a few years of each publication. The primary goal of the standard is to specify a digital system with low complexity, low cost, and interoperability across brands, so radio communications purchasers are not locked into a proprietary solution. In practice, many brands have not adhered to this open standard and have introduced proprietary features that make their product offerings non-interoperable.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"trunked radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 66000000,
"max_hz": 88000000
},
{
"min_hz": 136000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 512000000
},
{
"min_hz": 855700000,
"max_hz": 864300000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Mobile_Radio_%28DMR%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-multimedia-broadcasting-dmb",
"name": "Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) is a digital radio transmission technology developed in South Korea as part of the national IT project for sending multimedia such as TV, radio and datacasting to mobile devices such as mobile phones, laptops and GPS navigation systems.\n# DETAILS\n[Category:Requested](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Category%3ARequested)\n\n [signal description::Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB) is a digital radio transmission technology developed in South Korea as part of the national IT project for sending multimedia such as TV, radio and datacasting to mobile devices such as mobile phones, laptops and GPS navigation systems.](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/signal_description%3A%3ADigital_Multimedia_Broadcasting_%28DMB%29_is_a_digital_radio_transmission_technology_developed_in_South_Korea_as_part_of_the_national_IT_project_for_sending_multimedia_such_as_TV%2C_radio_and_datacasting_to_mobile_devices_such_as_mobile_phones%2C_laptops_and_GPS_navigation_systems.)",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 174000000,
"max_hz": 216000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1382400,
"max_hz": 1689600
},
"modulations": [
"DQPSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Multimedia_Broadcasting_%28DMB%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-nbtv",
"name": "Digital NBTV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMethod for transmitting digital images via radio, similar to [[WinDRM]] or [[KG-STV]]\n# DETAILS\n'''A number of problems experienced with the OFDM NBTV system led to the development of this Digital NBTV mode. First, the OFDM signal is very difficult to tune, especially for beginners, and requires extreme transceiver accuracy and stability. Then in addition, the pictures tend to be noisy and individual frames can be marred by multi-path effects, especially when used on the lower bands.\n\nThe approach taken for the Digital NBTV mode is completely different, in many senses:\n\n It uses separate programs for modem and codec in the transmitter and receiver\n TCP/IP communications is used between program modules\n The modem is high speed single-tone PSK, similar to NATO's STANAG 4285\n An equalizer system is included to compensate for ionospheric path variation\n Wavelet image compression and forward error correction are used\n It provides completely noise-free and error-free image reception, even on 80m \n\nSo nothing could be more different! The transmission consists of a stream of packets, each containing data for a small number of image lines. The amount of data in the packet varies according to the image complexity, the compression level and the level of forward error correction included, but the packet size is constant at 256 symbols plus an 80 symbol header.\n\nModulation\nDigital NBTV uses a modulation technique which is widely used by high speed HF radio modems. A single 1500Hz phase modulated carrier is used to send both packet sync and payload. Using BPSK modulation, a pseudo-random binary (PN) sequence starts each packet, and is used to identify an exact point in the transmission from which the data can be synchronized. A cross-correlator is used in the receiver to locate the one point in the whole message where the sequence matches up with the local copy of the sequence. The cross-correlator works with a known pattern to look for, and is a very powerful and sensitive tool.\n\nThese radio modems use the PN sequence technique to enable complex high speed data to be decoded accurately - the ranging information determined from the cross-correlator is used to correct the received data timing to reduce errors induced by the ionosphere, using a signal processing device called an 'equalizer'. The equalizer also corrects for Doppler errors which affect carrier phase, making the use of 8-PSK practical.\n\nDigital NBTV uses a 31-bit PN sequence borrowed from STANAG 4285, with one chance in two billion of a perfect score being caused by noise. It uses 80 symbols (modulation time slots) to send this sequence about 2.5 times. Each packet is contained in a 336 symbol frame. 256 symbols are used for image data and FEC information. Since 4-PSK is used for the data, each packet could contain 512 bits of image data, or 3047 bps raw data rate. The data symbols are scrambled in an 8-PSK pattern to improve resistance to selective fades.\n\n Like the STANAG 4285 system, single-tone PSK Digital NBTV can also operate at 2400 baud, using a sub-carrier frequency of 1800Hz. The corresponding bandwidth (just under 3kHz)\n is too much for most HF transceivers, but quite suitable for VHF, and gives a worthwhile speed improvement. However, to fit the signal into a normal amateur transceiver IF,\n it is usually operated at 2000 baud using a 1500Hz sub-carrier.\n\nModem\nThe modem section of the transmitter or receiver converts digital data into PSK audio for the transmitter, or received audio into digital data, respectively. The receiver modem also has to manage sync and equalization.\n\nEach transmitted packet commences with a BPSK pseudo-random (PN) sequence (same sequence as STANAG 4285), which is used to synchronize the receiver timing with the start of the packet, and also serves as a measuring point for the receiver equalizer software which measures and compensates for frequency offset and drift, and other code which compensates for timing errors. Detection of the PN sequence is achieved using a cross-correlator. This technique is extremely sensitive, so no matter how weak the signal is, packet synchronization is secure.\n\nThe packet data payload is transmitted as 4-PSK, to ensure a high data rate. There are nearly six packets per second, using a 2000 baud modem.\n\nCodec\nBecause a digital system is inherently much less bandwidth-efficient than an analog one, in order to achieve even reasonable frame rate, considerable effort must be made to reduce the amount of data transmitted to a minimum. Two coding and decoding (codec) strategies are used: a pixel interpolation technique, and a wavelet compression technique.\n\nThe Digital NBTV system offers some flexibility of image size:\n\n 48 x 48 pixels zoomed \n 64 x 64 pixels \n 96 x 96 pixels zoomed \n 128 x 128 pixels \n 256 x 256 pixels \n\nThe 48 x 48 and 96 x 96 images are zoomed-in versions of the next size up.\n\nInterpolation\nAll transmitted pictures are square (1:1) in pixel ratio, but due to interpolation techniques used, are generated from 4:3 ratio images, and result in received images that are again conventional 4:3 landscape format. This gives a built-in compression to 3/4 of the original data. The images are always displayed the same size, but of course vary in resolution. The image at the top of this page shows the receiver image view pane, with a 64 x 64 pixel image displayed. The image was received over a 500km path on 80m at night, and is completely noise-free.\n\nCompression\nStandard image compression algorithms such as JPEG, JP2 and MPEG are designed for significantly higher image resolution than those used here, and do not work well on such small (low resolution) images. A special series of 'Wavelet' compression algorithms was therefore developed, tuned for small images. The wavelet transforms to work at their highest efficiency when operating with images that are 2n (a power of two) wide and high, which is accomodated by the interpolation to 1:1 aspect ratio and the choice of image sizes. Three alternative transforms are offered:\n\n Haar \n Daubechies D4 \n Cohen-Daubechies-Feaveau 9/7 CDF97 (default) \n\nThe last of these is the default and generally gives the best images. Haar is useful for images with high contrast, such as text. Because the transmitter software shows the effect of image size and compression in real time, it is easy to select the most suitable for any image. The CDF97 wavelet is used in the JPEG2000 image compression system, but has been adapted for this particular application. Wavelet compression, as with any image compression system, merely reduces the number of bits per pixel and requires additional 'packing' of the bits to achieve the high compression ratios. Arithmetic coding is used to compress the data.'''",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_NBTV"
},
{
"id": "digital-private-mobile-radio-dpmr",
"name": "Digital Private Mobile Radio (dPMR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\ndPMR is an open, non-proprietary trunked radio standard developed by ETSI, published under ETSI TS 102 658. Supports both data and digital voice transmission.\n# DETAILS\n**dPMR** is an open, non-proprietary trunked radio standard developed by ETSI, published under ETSI TS 102 658. Supports both data and digital voice transmission.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"trunked radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149018750,
"max_hz": 149118750
},
{
"min_hz": 446100000,
"max_hz": 446200000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5625,
"max_hz": 6875
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Private_Mobile_Radio_%28dPMR%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-radio-mondiale-drm",
"name": "Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital Radio Mondiale (DRM) is a digital commercial broadcasting mode used to deliver FM-comparable sound quality to shortwave radio.\n# DETAILS\n**Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)** is a digital commercial broadcasting mode used to deliver FM-comparable sound quality to shortwave radio. DRM is a digital alternative to AM shortwave radio. [WinDRM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WinDRM) is an amateur adoption of this mode.\n\nDRM uses COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) with QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation). \n\nDRM is commonly seen with 10 kHz of bandwidth. Other bandwidths are used rarely.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 528345,
"max_hz": 533655
},
{
"min_hz": 25929700,
"max_hz": 26190300
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 20000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale_%28DRM%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-radio-mondiale-plus-drm",
"name": "Digital Radio Mondiale Plus (DRM+)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDRM+ is a VHF implementation of DRM primarily for the FM broadcast band.\n# DETAILS\n**This Article is currently in stub process. Feel free to add on to it by adding accurate images, sound files, and IF-IQ, by hitting the \"Edit\" button above this page.**\n\n**DRM+** is a digital audio broadcast mode based on the [DRM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DRM) standard, primarily for use in the WFM broadcast spectrum. It uses COFDM (Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) with QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation).\n\nDRM+ differs from medium wave and HF DRM in that a 100 kHz channel is used for transmission of the digital audio and data, as well as using robustness mode 'E' to guard against fading.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 46765000,
"max_hz": 47235000
},
{
"min_hz": 228850000,
"max_hz": 231150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale_Plus_%28DRM%2B%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-video-broadcasting-cable-dvb-c",
"name": "Digital Video Broadcasting \u2014 Cable (DVB-C)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDVB\u2011C is a cable\u2011based digital TV transmission standard that delivers MPEG transport streams over coaxial networks using QAM modulation. It was first published as ETSI EN\u202f300\u202f429 and defines the framing, channel coding, and modulation needed for reliable multi\u2011program distribution via cable. The system uses 16\u2011QAM up to 256\u2011QAM, allowing high spectral efficiency while maintaining very low error rates thanks to forward error correction. It has become the dominant global standard for digital cable TV outside North America.\n# DETAILS\n**DVB\u2011C** is a cable\u2011based digital TV transmission standard that delivers MPEG transport streams over coaxial networks using QAM modulation. It was first published as ETSI EN\u202f300\u202f429 and defines the framing, channel coding, and modulation needed for reliable multi\u2011program distribution via cable. The system uses 16\u2011QAM up to 256\u2011QAM, allowing high spectral efficiency while maintaining very low error rates thanks to forward error correction. It has become the dominant global standard for digital cable TV outside North America.\n\nTransmission medium: coaxial cable networks designed for broadcast distribution\nModulation: QAM (16/32/64/128/256), enabling high data throughput\nCoding: MPEG\u20112 transport stream with FEC to achieve quasi\u2011error\u2011free performance\nUse cases: multi\u2011channel digital TV distribution, including hundreds of millions of households worldwide\n\nDVB\u2011C is often compared with DVB\u2011S and DVB\u2011T as part of the broader DVB family, which provides open standards for satellite, cable, and terrestrial digital broadcasting.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 364170000,
"max_hz": 367830000
},
{
"min_hz": 658690000,
"max_hz": 665310000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6000000,
"max_hz": 8000000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting_%E2%80%94_Cable_%28DVB-C%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-video-broadcasting-satellite-dvb-s",
"name": "Digital Video Broadcasting \u2014 Satellite (DVB-S)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDVB\u2011S and DVB\u2011S2 are both satellite broadcasting standards, but DVB\u2011S2 is a more advanced and efficient evolution of the original system.\n# DETAILS\n**DVB\u2011S** is the first\u2011generation standard for digital satellite TV broadcasting. It was introduced in the mid\u20111990s and defines how MPEG\u20112 transport streams are transmitted over 11/12\u202fGHz satellite channels. It uses QPSK modulation and a combination of convolutional and Reed\u2011Solomon coding to ensure reliable transmission. It became widely adopted by satellite operators for TV and data services. \n\n**DVB\u2011S2** (Digital Video Broadcasting \u2013 Satellite, Second Generation)\nDVB\u2011S2 is the second\u2011generation standard designed to improve efficiency, flexibility, and performance. It introduces more advanced modulation schemes such as QPSK, 8PSK, 16APSK, and 32APSK, along with stronger LDPC/BCH error correction. DVB\u2011S2 supports a wide range of applications including broadcasting, interactive services, and news gathering, offering significantly better spectral efficiency compared to DVB\u2011S.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 10700000000,
"max_hz": 12700000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 100000,
"max_hz": 72000000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"D8PSK",
"APSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU",
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting_%E2%80%94_Satellite_%28DVB-S%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-video-broadcasting-terrestrial-dvb-t",
"name": "Digital Video Broadcasting \u2014 Terrestrial (DVB-T)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital Video Broadcasting \u2014 Terrestrial (DVB-T) is a digital broadcast television format used in Europe and in many other countries in the world.\n# DETAILS\n**Digital Video Broadcasting \u2014 Terrestrial (DVB-T)** is a digital broadcast television format used in Europe and in many other countries in the world. Uses COFDM (Coded OFDM, which is OFDM with Forward Error Correction).\nThe adoption of its DVB-T2 extension started in 2010, with additional modes. New receivers are backwards compatible, but older ones cannot support DVB-T2 due to the use of more recent compression standards.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 470000000,
"max_hz": 694000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5000000,
"max_hz": 8000000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting_%E2%80%94_Terrestrial_%28DVB-T%29"
},
{
"id": "digital-coded-squelch-dcs",
"name": "Digital-Coded Squelch (DCS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital in-band signalling used to squelch and manage transmissions on a given frequency.\n# DETAILS\n**Digital-Coded Squelch (DCS)**, generically known as **Continuous Digital-Coded Squelch System (CDCSS)**, was designed as the digital replacement for [CTCSS](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CTCSS). In the same way that a single CTCSS tone would be used on an entire group of radios, the same DCS code is used in a group of radios. DCS is also referred to as Digital Private Line (or DPL), another trademark of Motorola, and likewise, General Electric's implementation of DCS is referred to as Digital Channel Guard (or DCG). DCS is also called Digital Tone Code Squelch (DTCS) by Icom, and other names by other manufacturers. Radios with DCS options are generally compatible, provided the radio's encoder-decoder will use the same code as radios in the existing system.\n\nDCS adds a 134.4 bps (sub-audible) bitstream to the transmitted audio. The code word is a 23-bit Golay (23,12) code which has the ability to detect and correct errors of 3 or fewer bits. The word consists of 12 data bits followed by 11 check bits. The last 3 data bits are a fixed '001', this leaves 9 code bits (512 possibilities) which are conventionally represented as a 3-digit octal number. Note that the first bit transmitted is the LSB, so the code is \"backwards\" from the transmitted bit order. Only 83 of the 512 possible codes are available, to prevent falsing due to alignment collisions.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 433000000,
"max_hz": 446000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital-Coded_Squelch_%28DCS%29"
},
{
"id": "displayport-interference",
"name": "DisplayPort Interference",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDisplayPort is a digital standard used to carry video and audio data to computer monitors. It emits RF interference in the 300-400 MHz range when in use.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 158759713,
"max_hz": 160355287
},
{
"min_hz": 379592500,
"max_hz": 383407500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225000,
"max_hz": 275000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DisplayPort_Interference"
},
{
"id": "distress-radiobeacon-analog",
"name": "Distress Radiobeacon (Analog)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAnalog Distress Radiobeacons are simple siren-based transmitters that were installed in older EPIRB's, PLB's and ELT's. Currently used as a supplementary homing signal in modern digital radiobeacons.\n# DETAILS\n[Digital Beacon](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Digital%29) | [Analog Beacon](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Analog%29) \n\n**Analog Distress Radiobeacons** are simple siren-based transmitters that were installed in older EPIRB's, PLB's and ELT's. No longer being used as the main signal but instead as a supplementary homing signal in modern digital radiobeacons. Distress Radiobeacons include PLB (Personal Locator Beacon), ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter) and EPIRB (Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon). \n\nOld distress beacons equipped solely with the analog distress radiobeacon emit a siren signal when activated and was used in combination with radio direction-finding equipment for Search and Rescue teams to find the vessel, plane, or person in distress. The siren audio is Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave modulated (FMCW).\n\nWhen Analog distress beacons were used, many false alerts were made, and confirming if the alert was real required multiple confirmations of reception of signal and triangulation of the signal's location. Since the sirens were also anonymous, it made identifying what was to be looked for difficult (boat, plane, or person). The newer digital radiobeacons on 406 MHz solve this by transmitting data that includes registration information, as well as GPS location if the radiobeacon is GPS-enabled. \n\n**Old Analog only distress radiobeacons have stopped being manufactured and are no longer recommended for use**. Search and Rescue Satellites have stopped monitoring the 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz bands, instead only monitoring the new 406 MHz digital distress signal band. \n\nAlthough analog radiobeacons are defunct, the **Analog Radiobeacon siren is still being equipped on many digital radiobeacons as a supplementary homing signal** transmitted on 121.5 MHz (243 MHz for Military), which are still consistently listened to by SAR (Search and Rescue) stations. This gives the EPIRB, PLB, or ELT both analog and digital capability for locating the distressed persons. \n**Such ELTs have been banned by the FAA from sale, and certification, after December 18 2018. **",
"categories": [
"marine",
"analogue",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 120892500,
"max_hz": 122107500
},
{
"min_hz": 241785000,
"max_hz": 244215000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Analog%29"
},
{
"id": "distress-radiobeacon-digital",
"name": "Distress Radiobeacon (Digital)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDigital Distress Radiobeacons (EPIRB's, PLB's and ELT's) are emergency radio beacons used for search and rescue operations to locate a vessel, plane, or person in distress.\n# DETAILS\n[Digital Beacon](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Digital%29) | [Analog Beacon](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Analog%29) \n\n**Digital Distress Radiobeacons** (EPIRB's, PLB's and ELT's) are emergency radio beacons used for search and rescue operations to locate a vessel, plane, or person in distress. The digital form of distress radiobeacons are far improved by the ability to send GPS data, and the accuracy of alerts.\n\nDistress Radiobeacons come in three subcategories, PLB (Personal Locator Beacon), ELT (Emergency Locator Transmitter) or EPIRB (Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacon). EPIRB is for marine use, ELT is for aviation use, and PLB is for personal usage in areas where normal emergency services are not available.\n\nThe Digital (406 MHz) Radiobeacon uses BPSK modulation at 400bps to transmit important data such as location (if GPS-enabled), registered user, serial number, national location protocol, and additional data programmed into the radiobeacon. These transmissions are monitored on the 406 MHz frequency band by satellites. Analog radiobeacons are no longer monitored by satellites as of February 2009.\n\nDigital radiobeacons are replacing the older analog radiobeacons that operate at 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz. Many digital radiobeacons are also equipped with a 121.5 MHz homing signal that's essentially the [Analog siren](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Analog%29) used on old analog radiobeacons. This homing signal continuously transmits and may be interrupted when the 406 MHz data burst is transmitted to conserve energy. This gives new digital radiobeacons both analog radio-finding capability as well as digital GPS-based location capability.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"marine",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 403970000,
"max_hz": 408030000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1260,
"max_hz": 1540
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distress_Radiobeacon_%28Digital%29"
},
{
"id": "distributed-power-unit-dpu",
"name": "Distributed Power Unit (DPU)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDistributed power refers to the placing of an extra locomotive at an intermediate point in the middle section of a train. This locomotive unit is remotely controlled from the lead locomotive, and greatly increases both the pulling and stopping power of longer trains.\n# DETAILS\nDistributed power refers to the placing of an extra locomotive at an intermediate point in the middle section of a train. This locomotive unit is remotely controlled from the lead locomotive, and greatly increases both the pulling and stopping power of longer trains.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 455635375,
"max_hz": 460214625
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Distributed_Power_Unit_%28DPU%29"
},
{
"id": "dominoex",
"name": "DominoEX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDominoEX, also known as just Domino, is an IFK (Incremental Frequency Keying) mode developed by Murray Greenman ZL1BPU and Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP in 2004 that was the first fully developed iteration of the Domino IFK family modes. Used to send text over RF.\n# DETAILS\nDomino Series: [DominoF](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoF) -> [DominoEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoEX) -> [THOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/THOR) \n\n**DominoEX**, also known as just Domino, is an IFK (Incremental Frequency Keying) mode developed by Murray Greenman ZL1BPU and Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP in 2004 that was the first fully developed iteration of the Domino IFK family modes Used to send text over RF. It is the successor to the developmental versions [DominoF](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoF) and DominoG.\n\nIFK (Incremental Frequency Keying) is used, where the data is represented not by the frequency of each tone, but by the frequency difference between one tone and the next. An additional technique, called Offset Incremental Keying (IFK+) is used to manage the tone sequence in order to counter inter-symbol interference caused by multipath reception. This gives the mode a great improvement in robustness.\n\nDominoEX had optional FEC for all of its available submodes. \n\n| | **MODE** | **BAUD** | **BW** | **TONES** | **SPEED** | **FEC** | **TONE SPACING** |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| | **DominoEX 4** | 3.90625 | 173 Hz | 18 | ~25 WPM | ~12 WPM | Baud rate \u00d72 |\n| | **DominoEX 5** | 5.3833 | 224 Hz | 18 | ~31 WPM | ~16 WPM | Baud rate \u00d72 |\n| | **DominoEX 8** | 7.8125 | 346 Hz | 18 | ~50 WPM | ~25 WPM | Baud rate \u00d72 |\n| <nowiki>*</nowiki> | **DominoEX 11** | 10.766 | 262 Hz | 18 | ~70 WPM | ~35 WPM | Baud rate \u00d71 |\n| | **DominoEX 16** | 15.625 | 355 Hz | 18 | ~100 WPM | ~50 WPM | Baud rate \u00d71 |\n| | **DominoEX 22** | 21.533 | 524 Hz | 18 | ~140 WPM | ~70 WPM | Baud rate \u00d71 |\n| Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) | Table of DominoEX modes. * Default mode (with FEC off) |",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5305340,
"max_hz": 5358660
},
{
"min_hz": 10091290,
"max_hz": 10192710
},
{
"min_hz": 27976415,
"max_hz": 28257585
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 173,
"max_hz": 524
},
"modulations": [
"IFK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoEX"
},
{
"id": "dominof",
"name": "DominoF",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDominoF was the first experimental implementation of the Domino family of IFK modes, developed by Con ZL2AFP. DominoF used dual interleaved tone sets. Superseded by DominoEX.\n# DETAILS\n**DominoF** was the first experimental implementation of the Domino family of IFK modes, developed by Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP and Murray Greenman ZL1BPU in 2004. DominoF used dual interleaved tone sets. \n\nDominoF had a baudrate of 10.766 Bd, 40 wpm. DominoF only used 16 tones, where [DominoEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoEX) and [THOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/THOR) used 18.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1828810,
"max_hz": 1847190
},
{
"min_hz": 27939600,
"max_hz": 28220400
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 198,
"max_hz": 242
},
"modulations": [
"IFK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoF"
},
{
"id": "driftnet-buoy-radio-beacon",
"name": "Driftnet Buoy Radio Beacon",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDriftnet Radio Buoys are extensively used by fishing boats operating in open seas and oceans for collecting long fishing lines or fishing nets, with the assistance of a radio direction finder\n# DETAILS\n**Driftnet Radio Buoys (DRB)** are extensively used by fishing boats operating in open seas and oceans for collecting long fishing lines or fishing nets, with the assistance of a radio direction finder\n \nDRB's use either Morse Code (CW) or a variety of dots and tones for uniquely identifying them. DRB's have a distinctive trait of long pauses and long preamble tones before transmitting their unique identifier. In addition, there is significant frequency drift that can be seen in some beacons; Driftnet buoys use batteries, so when the battery voltage starts to drop, frequency drift occurs in the transmission.",
"categories": [
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1592000,
"max_hz": 1608000
},
{
"min_hz": 2850000,
"max_hz": 4000000
},
{
"min_hz": 27860000,
"max_hz": 28140000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Driftnet_Buoy_Radio_Beacon"
},
{
"id": "dual-tone-multi-frequency-dtmf",
"name": "Dual Tone Multi Frequency (DTMF)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDTMF is a signaling mode used for a variety of purposes. It's most known for telephony dialing, but is in use for many different applications such as DTMF paging for DTMF-enabled VHF/UHF radios.\n# DETAILS\n**DTMF** is a signaling mode used for a variety of purposes. It's most known for telephony dialing, but is in use for many different applications such as DTMF paging for DTMF-enabled VHF/UHF radios and as a marker on broadcasting stations for switching between regional and local programming for events like local news broadcasting.\n\nDTMF uses the dual-tone method, where each symbol is represented by a combination of two distinct tones. \n\nThe A,B,C, and D tones are actually originally part of an old US Military telephone system called [Autovon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autovon).\n\n- A (697/1633): Flash Override (FO)\n- B (770/1633): Flash (F)\n- C (852/1633): Immediate (I)\n- D (941/1633): Priority (P)\n\nThese keys were for the urgency of the call. The highest, Flash Override, would effectively interrupt all ongoing calls and give the speaker full command. This system began operation in 1966 and ended in the early 1990's when a newer system, the [Defense Switched Network](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defense_Switched_Network), replaced Autovon.\n\nNowadays, the ABCD keys (as well as * and # ) are used infrequently and are for operations unrelated to their original purpose. On telephone networks, such keys are used for network control, such as cycling through different carriers. For amateur radio and commercial two-way radio systems, the keys are used for equipment control, repeater control, remote base operations, and some telephone communications systems.\n\nThe tone duration of DTMF is variable depending on the system used. Standard Whelen timing is 40ms tone, 20ms space, where standard Motorola rate is 250ms tone, 250ms space. Federal Signal ranges from 35ms tone 5ms space to 1000ms tone 1000ms space. Genave Superfast rate is 20ms tone 20ms space. Genave claims their decoders can even respond to 20ms tone 5ms space. \n\nIn general, DTMF's speed when being send manually (as people type on a DTMF keypad) will be variable and not rigidly structured, as in tone length and space length will happen loosely as the keys are pressed. Electric systems using DTMF dialing will be rigid and have equal tone and break lengths between tones.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2970,
"max_hz": 3630
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Dual_Tone_Multi_Frequency_%28DTMF%29"
},
{
"id": "duga-radar",
"name": "Duga radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDuga (Russian: \u0414\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0301) Soviet over-the-horizon radar, now defunct\n# DETAILS\nDuga (Russian: \u0414\u0443\u0433\u0430\u0301), referred to as STEEL YARD or STEEL WORK by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, was a Soviet over-the-horizon radar system used as part of the Soviet missile defense early-warning radar network. The system operated from July 1976 to December 1989. Two operational Duga radars were deployed, one near Chernobyl and Chernihiv in the Ukrainian SSR (present-day Ukraine), the other in eastern Siberia. The Duga systems were extremely powerful, over 10 MW in some cases, and broadcast in the shortwave radio bands. They appeared without warning, transmitting a sharp, repetitive tapping noise at 10 Hz, which led to it being nicknamed by shortwave listeners the Russian Woodpecker.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 6965000,
"max_hz": 7035000
},
{
"min_hz": 18905000,
"max_hz": 19095000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 40000,
"max_hz": 800000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Duga_radar"
},
{
"id": "ebro-s800-keyfob",
"name": "EBRO S800 keyfob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe EBRO keyfob is a compact wireless remote used for vehicle access and basic control functions. It features a simple, ergonomic design with clearly defined buttons for locking, unlocking, and additional vehicle commands. Built for everyday reliability, it uses low\u2011power radio communication to securely interact with the car\u2019s onboard system. Its lightweight construction and keychain\u2011friendly form factor make it convenient to carry and operate.\n# DETAILS\nThe EBRO keyfob is a compact wireless remote used for vehicle access and basic control functions. It features a simple, ergonomic design with clearly defined buttons for locking, unlocking, and additional vehicle commands. Built for everyday reliability, it uses low\u2011power radio communication to securely interact with the car\u2019s onboard system. Its lightweight construction and keychain\u2011friendly form factor make it convenient to carry and operate.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431233000,
"max_hz": 435567000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EBRO_S800_keyfob"
},
{
"id": "ecg-telemetry",
"name": "ECG Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nECG Telemetry from a pacemaker.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 401939205,
"max_hz": 405978795
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ECG_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "eea",
"name": "EEA",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEEA is a 5-tone selcall mode defined by the Electronic Engineering Association in the United Kingdom.\n# DETAILS\n**EEA** is a 5-tone selcall mode defined by the Electronic Engineering Association in the United Kingdom. \n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n\nEEA has 15 tones to choose from, but only sends bursts of up to 5 tones. Each tone has a duration of 40 ms per tone. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EEA"
},
{
"id": "efr-teleswitch",
"name": "EFR Teleswitch",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEurop\u00e4ische Funk-Rundsteuerung (EFR) Teleswitch (European Radio Ripple Control GmbH (ERA) Teleswitch) is an energy management system operated via long-wave radio. Uses two transmitters in Germany and one in Hungary. Also known by DCF39, DCF49 and HGA22.\n# DETAILS\n**Europ\u00e4ische Funk-Rundsteuerung (EFR) Teleswitch** (European Radio Ripple Control GmbH (ERA) Teleswitch) is an energy management system operated via long-wave radio. The system is deployed by European Radio Ripple Control GmbH. \n\nUses two transmitters in Germany and one in Hungary, covering most of Central Europe. Also known by DCF39, DCF49 and HGA22, the transmitters in the network.\n\nUses FSK modulation with 340 Hz shift at 200 bps ASCII",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 129100,
"max_hz": 139900
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EFR_Teleswitch"
},
{
"id": "eia",
"name": "EIA",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEIA is a 5/6-tone selcall mode defined by the Electronics Industries Association in the United States. Also known as Motorola MetroPage.\n# DETAILS\n**EIA** is a 5/6 tone selcall mode defined by the [Electronics Industries Association](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Industries_Alliance) in the United States. Also known as Motorola MetroPage.\n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n\nEIA has 15 tones to choose from, but only sends bursts of up to 5 or 6 tones. Each tone has a duration of 33 ms per tone. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EIA"
},
{
"id": "elektro-l-ggak-e-direct-broadcast",
"name": "ELEKTRO-L GGAK-E Direct Broadcast",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBroadcasts the data from the GGAK-E cosmic ray detector onboard ELEKTRO-L geostationary weather satellites\n# DETAILS\nThe ELEKTRO-L series of geostationary weather satellites carry a cosmic ray detector called GGAK-E (\u0413\u0435\u043b\u0438\u043e \u0413\u0435\u043e\u0444\u0438\u0437\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 A\u043f\u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0442\u0443\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 K\u043e\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0441 = Helio-geophysical Instrumentation Complex) to monitor solar wind, cosmic rays and radiation levels.\n\nThe data is broadcast over an L-band link at 1693 MHz. Very little is known about the link or the instrument.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1684535000,
"max_hz": 1701465000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL",
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ELEKTRO-L_GGAK-E_Direct_Broadcast"
},
{
"id": "euro",
"name": "EURO",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEURO is a 6/7-tone selcall mode used in VHF/UHF radios. Also known as EuroSignal.\n# DETAILS\n**EURO** is a 6/7-tone selcall mode used in VHF/UHF radios. Also known as EuroSignal.\n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n\nEURO has 16 tones to choose from, but can send at most 7 tones at a time. EURO commonly sends 6-7 tones per burst. Each tone has a duration of 100 ms per tone. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EURO"
},
{
"id": "easypal-digital-sstv",
"name": "EasyPal Digital SSTV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSeen it on the Web-SDR Twente. It could be on any frequency. \nIt's quite a short signal to contain a picture. \nText (a callsign?) is visible in the waterfall sometimes at the end and sometimes at the beginning of the sound burst. In the audio file it is at the beginning.\nThe signal begins at 30 second mark.\nSomeone suggested it was Easypal made signal\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3716325,
"max_hz": 3753675
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EasyPal_Digital_SSTV"
},
{
"id": "electric-fence-remote-control",
"name": "Electric Fence Remote Control",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis signal comes from an RF remote control device that transmits in UHF over 433.92MHz and controls the arming and disarming system of an electric fence.\n# DETAILS\nThe signal comes from a LINSEG brand electric fence security key, model PTV0009.\n\nIt has 4 buttons with different functions, each pulse runs the signal emitted around 4KHz over its center frequency, eventually with different data transmitted to its reception box of the electric fence.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431750400,
"max_hz": 436089600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Electric_Fence_Remote_Control"
},
{
"id": "emergency-alert-system-eas",
"name": "Emergency Alert System (EAS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Emergency Alert System (EAS) is a national warning system in the United States, implemented since 1997, superceding the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS).\n# DETAILS\n**The Emergency Alert System (EAS)** is a national warning system in the United States, implemented since 1997, superseding the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS). The official EAS is designed to enable the President of the United States to speak to the public within 10 minutes. In addition to this requirement, EAS is also designed to alert the public of local weather emergencies such as tornadoes and flash floods.\n \nEAS is jointly coordinated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) and the National Weather Service (NOAA/NWS).",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 162400000,
"max_hz": 162550000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1080,
"max_hz": 1320
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Emergency_Alert_System_%28EAS%29"
},
{
"id": "emergency-managers-weather-information-network-emwin-repeate",
"name": "Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN) - Repeater",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN) is a system for distributing a live stream of weather information in the United States. This is the VHF Repeater of the network.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Emergency Managers Weather Information Network (EMWIN)** is a system for distributing a live stream of weather information in the United States. This is the VHF Repeater of the network. The backbone of the system is operated via satellite by the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS), but data are transmitted over radio repeaters by the NWS, citizens, and other organizations in many regions, and information can also be downloaded via the Internet.\n\nEMWIN VHF Repeaters use ASCII 8-bit modulation. Typically run at 1200 baud, but 2400 and 9600 baud implementations do exist in certain places.\n\nLocal VHF/UHF radio rebroadcasts and older-generation EMWIN satellite systems operate at the speeds of 1200 and 9600 baud. EMWIN data consists of textual observational and forecast information, including a limited number of cloud and radar images. The new EMWIN, labeled EMWIN-N, began being upgraded in 2009. The upgrade continues through 2011 to ready older GOES satellites to provide a higher speed of 19.2 kbit/s. The data broadcasts are monetarily free with both local rebroadcasts and satellite feeds. \n\nEMWIN weather data is primarily transmitted over GOES satellites that observe the United States. The new satellites are the GOES-N series, and are designated GOES 13, GOES 14 and GOES 15.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 163300000,
"max_hz": 168812500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Emergency_Managers_Weather_Information_Network_%28EMWIN%29_-_Repeater"
},
{
"id": "end-of-train-device-eotd",
"name": "End of Train Device (EOTD)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTransmits train telemetry such as brake status and accidental separation information to the head locomotive.\n# DETAILS\n- Not to be confused with EOT (end-of-transmission).*\n\nTransmits train telemetry such as brake status and accidental separation information to the head locomotive. \n\nETD devices monitor functions such as brake line pressure and accidental separation of the train using a motion sensor, functions that were previously monitored by a crew in the caboose. The ETD transmits the data via a telemetry link to the Head-of-Train Device (HTD) in the locomotive.\n\nDue to be replaced by 802.16t in the future.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 1452
},
{
"min_hz": 455647813,
"max_hz": 460227187
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 7200,
"max_hz": 8800
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/End_of_Train_Device_%28EOTD%29"
},
{
"id": "enhanced-digital-access-communications-system-edacs",
"name": "Enhanced Digital Access Communications System (EDACS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEDACS is a trunked radio system developed by General Electric and Ericsson. EDACS was invented by General Electric in the mid-80s and is currently owned by Harris Corporation. Harris has announced that EDACS systems will no longer be supported by 2017.\n# DETAILS\n**EDACS** is a trunked radio system developed by General Electric and Ericsson. EDACS was invented by General Electric in the mid-80s and then further engineered by Ericsson and is currently owned by Harris Corporation. Harris has announced that **EDACS systems will no longer be supported by 2017**, urging customers to switch to newer P25 systems.\n\nEDACS is primarily seen with its trunking channels; the voice can either be analog FM or digitally encoded with AEGIS or [ProVoice](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ProVoice). AEGIS was the original format, but was soon replaced by ProVoice. \n\nEDACS has three modes, Wideband, Narrowband, and Encrypted. Wideband EDACS is the most common form of this channel, and uses a 12.4kHz wide 9.6kbit/s trunking channel segmented on 25 kHz wide channels, where Narrowband EDACS uses 6.25 kHz 4.8kbit/s trunking on 12.5 kHz wide channels. The Encrypted version of EDACS (called EDACS Security Key ( [ESK](http://wiki.radioreference.com/index.php/ESK)), M/A-COM's trademark name for this feature) is a variant of the Wideband EDACS format, using specially coded frames that require a specific security key for two EDACS radios to communicate.\n \nTransmitted using GFSK digital modulation over working channels at either 4.8kbit/s or 9.6kbit/s. EDACS is a type of ESMR (Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio) network.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 159200000,
"max_hz": 160800000
},
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
},
{
"min_hz": 700000000,
"max_hz": 941000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6250,
"max_hz": 12500
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Enhanced_Digital_Access_Communications_System_%28EDACS%29"
},
{
"id": "ethernet-over-powerline",
"name": "Ethernet Over Powerline",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEthernet Over Powerline, is an alternative way to reach ethernet cables through a set of adapters that go into outlets that can be plugged directly in the router instead of routing cables all the way from one end of a building to another. It creates the Pulse-Amplitude modulation that ethernet uses, over the RF waves, and can reach a bandwidth of 60 MHz depending on certain conditions. It can cause enormous interference in HF and lower VHF.\n# DETAILS\nEthernet over powerline is a method of utilizing mains cabling for local area networking. It can cause major interference on HF, lower VHF and possibly MF and LF frequency ranges.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 59700000,
"max_hz": 60300000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 54000000,
"max_hz": 66000000
},
"modulations": [
"PAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Ethernet_Over_Powerline"
},
{
"id": "eurobalise-downlink",
"name": "Eurobalise downlink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDownlink from train to balise. A Eurobalise is a specific variant of a balise, a transponder placed between the rails of a railway.\n# DETAILS\nAn Eurobalise is a specific variant of a balise being a transponder placed between the rails of a railway. These balises constitute an integral part of the European Train Control System, where they serve as \"beacons\" giving the exact location of a train as well as transmitting signalling information in a digital telegram to the train.\nThe downlink uses an amplitude modulation on the 27.095 MHz frequency. This frequency is used to power the passive balises (it is the intermediate channel 11A in CB radio).",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 26959525,
"max_hz": 27230475
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Eurobalise_downlink"
},
{
"id": "european-radio-message-system-ermes",
"name": "European Radio Message System (ERMES)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEuropean Radio Message System (ERMES) is a European common standard for paging developed by the European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ESTI)\n# DETAILS\n**European Radio Message System (ERMES)** is a European common standard for paging developed by [ETSI](http://www.etsi.org/) (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) in 1990. By 1996, ERMES became operational.\n\nERMES used to use 16 channels in its frequency of operation, but since 2006 this had been reduced to 8 channels. \n \n<!--It supports alphanumeric, numeric and tone\npaging. ERMES operates at a constant speed of 6250 bps\n and uses 4 level FSK signalling. This protocol uses a\n dedicated frequency spectrum in the 169 MHz range and\nsupports 16 adjacent channels. The pagers are designed\nsuch that each pager is assigned to a specific time\nslot and when the pager senses it is not in its 'home'\nsystem it begins its roaming routine by scanning all\nchannels.-->\n\nThe modulation method is 4-FSK at 6.25 kbit/s (3125 symbols/sec).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 169412500,
"max_hz": 169832500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/European_Radio_Message_System_%28ERMES%29"
},
{
"id": "f03-numbers-station",
"name": "F03 numbers station",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEnigma designation F03 is a family of digital FSK modes, used by the \"Polish 11\" numbers station operator, which is likely a Polish intelligence agency.\n# DETAILS\n**F03** is a family of digital FSK modes that are used by the \"Polish 11\" numbers station operator. This operator is likely a Polish intelligence agency.\n\nF03 has 4 known active sub-modes.\n\nF03 is closely related to [P03](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/P03_numbers_station) which is used by the same operator. F03 and P03 are the successors of [Polish Intelligence 100bd 625 Hz FSK](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Polish_Intelligence_100bd_625Hz_FSK), also known as F11.\n\nAudio from F03 can be mistaken for [RTTY](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Teletype_%28RTTY%29) and similar modes very easily. \n\n| Mode | Modulation | Baud Rate | Carrier Shift | Center freq | Period |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| F03f | FSK | 400 bd | 800 Hz | +1200 Hz | 496 bits |\n| F03i | FSK | 100 bd | 800 Hz | +1200 Hz | 488 bits |\n| F03j | 4-FSK | 100 bd | 400 Hz | +1200 Hz | 448 bits |\n| F03l | FSK | 100 bd | 200 Hz | +700 Hz | 448 bits |",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3980000,
"max_hz": 4020000
},
{
"min_hz": 20895000,
"max_hz": 21105000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 200,
"max_hz": 800
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/F03_numbers_station"
},
{
"id": "f07-number-station",
"name": "F07 number station",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nF07 is a Russian digital number station known for using multiple modulation types, including MFSK, BPSK and FSK.\n# DETAILS\nF07 is a Russian digital number station that is active every Tuesday and Thursday. It is known for using multiple modulation types, including 5 seperate MFSK data bursts, each divided by either BPSK data or carrier tones. All, if not most of these transmissions have been documented in the past. It is for that reason that we have an exact schedule of each transmission that can be seen on the Priyom website (link down in the description).",
"categories": [
"military",
"numbers stations",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4975000,
"max_hz": 5025000
},
{
"min_hz": 17412500,
"max_hz": 17587500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3600,
"max_hz": 4400
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/F07_number_station"
},
{
"id": "fec-a",
"name": "FEC-A",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFEC-A, also known as FEC-100 or FEC-100A, is a synchronous simplex ARQ system that uses the ITA 2 alphabet. This mode was once used by many embassies, diplomatic services, and news agencies worldwide. This mode was developed by Siemens.\n# DETAILS\n**FEC-A**, also known as FEC-100 or FEC-100A, is a synchronous simplex ARQ system that uses the ITA 2 alphabet. This mode was once used by many embassies, diplomatic services, and news agencies, including Turkish, German, French, Nigerian, and Serbian. This mode was developed by Siemens.\n\nUsers that have used FEC-A:\n\n- Turkish and German Press\n- French (P6z) Diplo Services\n- Serbian (DFZG) Diplo Services\n- Turkish (TAD) Diplo Services\n\nFEC-A has shifts of 85 Hz, 200 Hz, 400 Hz, and 850 Hz. FEC-A has speeds of 96 Bd, 144 Bd, 192 Bd, and 288 Bd. It was once reported that MFA Paris and French Embassy in Romania used a 2x192 Bd speed of 384 Bd.\n\nFEC-A uses a convolutional error correction scheme based on data bits being read into a shift register, the length of which may be changed. Values of 72 and 128 bits are common.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 100,
"max_hz": 1200
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FEC-A"
},
{
"id": "flash-ofdm",
"name": "FLASH-OFDM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFast Low-latency Access with Seamless Handoff Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (FLASH-OFDM) is a mobile data access technology developed by Flarion.\n# DETAILS\n**Fast low-latency access with seamless handoff orthogonal frequency division multiplexing** (FLASH-OFDM) uses MC-CDMA, a modulation combining the characteristics of OFDM and CDMA, introduced around 2005. Specifically, the type of MC-CDMA technology used is referred to as FH-OFDMA. The FLASH-OFDM network is a IP based mobile communications system developed by Flarion. This network was implemented in the 450 MHz band in a some regions in Europe including Finland, Slovakia and Germany as a replacement for NMT-450 and C-Net C450 signals before ultimately being switched off around 2015. Some FLASH-OFDM services existed in the United States for a short period of time (2009). \n\nFlarion advertised FLASH-OFDM has speeds of 1Mbps downlink in a 1.25 FDD spectrum with peak 3.2 Mbps downlink burst and having 300-500kbps uplink with 900kbps peak uplink burst. \n\nMC-CDMA technology is an umbrella term describing systems with both multi-carrier, such as OFDM, and CDMA characteristics. FLASH-OFDM uses fast frequency hopping within an OFDM channel (FH-OFDMA), where each user is assigned a different tone every symbol.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 461310000,
"max_hz": 465730000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"CDMA"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL",
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FLASH-OFDM"
},
{
"id": "flex",
"name": "FLEX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFLEX (Flexible Wide Area Paging Protocol) is Motorola's high speed one-way paging protocol that supports 1600, 3200, and 6400 bps. FLEX can transmit tone, numeric, alphanumeric, and binary data.\n# DETAILS\n**FLEX** (Flexible Wide Area Paging Protocol) is Motorola's high speed one-way paging protocol that supports 1600, 3200, and 6400 bps. FLEX can transmit numeric, alphanumeric, and binary data. \n\nFLEX uses either 2FSK or 4FSK. 2FSK speeds are 1600 bps and 3200 bps. 4FSK speeds are 3200 bps and 6400 bps.\n\n [ReFLEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ReFLEX) is the two-way variant of the FLEX protocol.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 151837000,
"max_hz": 153363000
},
{
"min_hz": 927278310,
"max_hz": 936597690
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FLEX"
},
{
"id": "fm-nbtv",
"name": "FM NBTV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFM NBTV is a method to send moving images in a very narrow bandwidth (maximum 3 KHz)\n# DETAILS\n'''The [OFDM NBTV](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OFDM_NBTV) and Digital NBTV systems have advantages and disadvantages, but one thing they both suffer from is lack of user familiarity! It would have been quite straight-forward to adapt conventional SSTV into a narrow-band (NBTV) system, with consequent user familiarity, but it was felt that there were good reasons to improve on matters.\n\nThus the Hybrid NBTV system was born. The image modulation is conventional SSTV (FM subcarrier), most similar to the ROBOT24 mode, with a colour difference system for colour transmission. Since one of the main aims of the design was to provide a good frame rate, suitable for transmitting movie clips, it was important to develop a faster system than SSTV. This higher frame rate also works in favour of reducing the number of frames damaged by burst noise such as lightning.\n\nHowever, by using a high line rate that high frame rate requires, the effect of multi-path timing variations (the bane of SSTV) becomes quite a serious problem. This was the motivation behind adding a PN sequence sync 'pulse' at the start of each block of data. Using this PN sequence in the same way as the Digital NBTV system, it is possible to not only provide very secure and sensitive sync for the receiver, but to also allow the image data to be lined up exactly, even if the timing changes part way through the image, thanks to an Equalizer system.\n\nYou might think the picture on the right looks noisy, and poorly synchronized. It certainly is noisy, as it shows a single frame of Hybrid NBTV transmission which had been sent twice over a 500km path on 80m at night. SSTV would fare no better. However, look at the edges of the vertical black bar - no tearing or misalignment at all, thanks to the PN sequence digital sync.\n\nPN Sequence Sync:\nThe Hybrid NBTV system transmits data in packets, like the Digital system, but they aren't data packets - they are Hybrid packets, with a digital header and analog image information. Each packet contains a sync 'pulse' (PN sequence), which is BPSK modulated, followed by analog image information, which is frequency modulated. Each packet contains the brightness information for three lines, plus the colour difference information for the average of these three lines, in another 'line'. The 128 x 96 pixel image frame can be transmitted in 24 packets. Each image takes about ten seconds to transmit.\n\nThe sync operates by identifying the PN sequence using a cross-correlator (exactly as in the Digital SSTV)and using the very precisely timed peak to identify when the image information starts, thus aligning the image perfectly, even if the signal is received with considerable multi-path timing variation. The timing difference between one PN sequence and the next is also used to measure the subcarrier frequency (for receiver tuning) and to measure the timing differences between PN sequences, in order to operate the Equalizer which controls sampling of the demodulated image.\n\nOperating Modes\nJust one mode is offered at present. Images of 128 x 96 pixels (conventional 4:3 landscape format) are transmitted with no image compression, other than the colour encoding.\n\nThere is an option to use positive image modulation (the default is negative), which may sometimes improve impulse interference rejection. This needs to be manually selected at both transmitter and receiver.\n\nModulation\nAs mentioned above, Hybrid NBTV uses a single-carrier system. A 1500Hz subcarrier is BPSK modulated with a pseudo-random binary (PN) sequence at the start of each packet, and is used to identify an exact point in the transmission from which the image can be synchronized. A cross-correlator is used in the receiver to locate the one point in the whole message where the sequence matches up with the local copy of the sequence. The cross-correlator works with a known pattern to look for, and is a very powerful and sensitive tool.\n\nThe image however is analog, and the nominal 1500Hz subcarrier is FM modulated with brightness and colour difference information in exactly the same way as SSTV.\n\nThe ITU 'Emission Designation' for this mode is 2K00W1FNF\n'''",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2070,
"max_hz": 2530
},
"modulations": [
"FM",
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FM_NBTV"
},
{
"id": "fsk441",
"name": "FSK441",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFSK441 is a high speed meteor scatter communication mode. FSK441 uses a baud rate of 441 Bd.\n# DETAILS\n**FSK441** is a high speed meteor scatter communication mode. FSK441 uses a baud rate of 441 Bd.\nMaximum propagation distance: 2,250 km\n\nTransmitting FSK441 is designed to transmit the same message over and over to give the signals a chance to bounce off of a good meteor coming through the atmosphere.\n\nWhen receiving FSK441 from distant operators, the signals will come in at varying burst lengths of varying strength. Some can be as long as 10 seconds, and as short as a few hundred milliseconds. \n \nFSK441 is generally used on the 2-meter and 70-centimeter amateur bands.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 143280000,
"max_hz": 144720000
},
{
"min_hz": 441780000,
"max_hz": 446220000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1575,
"max_hz": 1925
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FSK441"
},
{
"id": "fsq",
"name": "FSQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFast Simple QSO (FSQ) is an amateur radio digital modulation mode developed by Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP with Murray Greenman ZL1BPU in 2015.\n# DETAILS\n**Fast Simple QSO (FSQ)** is an amateur radio digital modulation mode developed by Con Wassilieff ZL2AFP with Murray Greenman ZL1BPU in 2015. FSQ is used on HF on fixed frequency channels. VHF adaptions of FSQ are also supported using VHF FM. FSQ uses IFK+ and has efficient alphabet encoding as well as no need for syncing to receive. The FSQ modulation, coding and FSQCall protocol are publicly disclosed and described, and the software is open source. \n\nFSQ is intended for fixed frequency (channelized) operation, with dedicated calling frequencies. It isn't intended as a 'tune around to see what you can find' mode!",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3562100,
"max_hz": 3597900
},
{
"min_hz": 7104000,
"max_hz": 10149000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"IFK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FSQ"
},
{
"id": "fst4",
"name": "FST4",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFST4 is a 4-GFSK amateur radio communications mode, designed especially for making contacts (QSO's) on LF and MF frequency ranges under extreme weak-signal conditions. It is part of the WSJT-X software.\n# DETAILS\n**FST4** is a 4-GFSK extreme weak-signal amateur radio communications mode, designed especially for the MF and LF bands. It is part of the WSJT-X software. Like other WSJT-X modes such as [FT8](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FT8), it carriers only the minimal amount of information for making contacts (QSO's). \n\nFST4 uses 4-GFSK modulation and can use 15, 30, 60, 120, 300, 900 and 1800-second transmit/receive slots. The slowest and most sensitive submode FST4-1800 is theoretically decodable with signal-to-noise ratio down to -43.2 dB, but it requires high frequency stability for the transmitter and the receiver, and small Doppler spread - all these should stay smaller than 0.089 Hz during one transmission. \n\nDue to the very small tone spacing of the slower FST4 submodes, they can be easily mistaken for interference or spurious emissions when heard or seen on a waterfall display. \n\n| Submode | Symbol length | Bandwidth | Transmission duration | Minimum SNR for decoding |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| FST4-15 | 0.06 s | 66.7 Hz | 9.6 s | -20.7 dB |\n| FST4-30 | 0.14 s | 28.6 Hz | 22.4 s | -24.2 dB |\n| FST4-60 | 0.32 s | 12.4 Hz | 51.8 s | -28.1 dB |\n| FST4-120 | 0.68 s | 5.9 Hz | 109.3 s | -31.3 dB |\n| FST4-300 | 1.79 s | 2.2 Hz | 286.7 s | -35.3 dB |\n| FST4-900 | 5.56 s | 0.72 Hz | 887.5 s | -40.2 dB |\n| FST4-1800 | 11.2 s | 0.36 Hz | 1792 s | -43.2 dB |",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 136000,
"max_hz": 138000
},
{
"min_hz": 471630,
"max_hz": 476370
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2,
"max_hz": 66
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FST4"
},
{
"id": "fst4w",
"name": "FST4W",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFST4W is an amateur radio digital protocol designed particularly for the LF and MF bands, for quasi-beacon transmissions of WSPR-style messages. FST4W uses 4-GFSK modulation and offers T/R sequence lengths of 120, 300, 900, and 1800 seconds.\n# DETAILS\n**FST4W** is an amateur radio digital protocol designed particularly for the [LF](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LF) and [MF](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MF) bands, for quasi-beacon transmissions of [WSPR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WSPR)-style messages. FST4W uses 4-GFSK modulation and offers transmit/receive sequence lengths of 120, 300, 900, and 1800 seconds. FST4W is derived from [FST4](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FST4) which is used for two-way contacts (QSOs).\n\nFST4W do not require the strict, independent time synchronization and phase locking of modes like EbNaut. FST4W-120 SNR threshold is about 1.8 dB lower than WSPR.\n\n| T/R period (s) | Symbol length (s) | Tone spacing (Hz) | Bandwidth (Hz) | Minimum SNR for decoding (dB) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 120 | 0.68 | 1.46 | 5.9 | -32.8 |\n| 300 | 1.79 | 0.56 | 2.2 | -36.8 |\n| 900 | 5.56 | 0.18 | 0.72 | -41.7 |\n| 1800 | 11.2 | 0.089 | 0.36 | -44.8 |",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 135000,
"max_hz": 137000
},
{
"min_hz": 471829,
"max_hz": 476571
},
{
"min_hz": 1829805,
"max_hz": 1848195
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2,
"max_hz": 5
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FST4W"
},
{
"id": "ft4",
"name": "FT4",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFT4 is an amateur radio contesting communication protocol developed by Joe Taylor (K1JT) and Steve Franke (K9AN) descended from FT8.\n# DETAILS\n**FT4** is an amateur radio contesting communication protocol developed by Joe Taylor (K1JT) and Steve Franke (K9AN) that is descended from [FT8](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FT8). The specifications for FT4 are available [on the Princeton Physics website](https://physics.princeton.edu/pulsar/k1jt/FT4_Protocol.pdf).\n\nFT4 uses 4-MFSK modulation, transmission takes 4.48s with a 7.5s timing window. Frequency changes are Gaussian smoothed to minimize bandwidth. FT4 transmissions can be decoded at S/N down to -17.5dB in a 2500 Hz noise bandwidth.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9140,
"max_hz": 11140
},
{
"min_hz": 3557125,
"max_hz": 3592875
},
{
"min_hz": 7012263,
"max_hz": 7082737
},
{
"min_hz": 14080000,
"max_hz": 28180000
},
{
"min_hz": 50066410,
"max_hz": 50569590
},
{
"min_hz": 143449150,
"max_hz": 144890850
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 75,
"max_hz": 91
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FT4"
},
{
"id": "ft8",
"name": "FT8",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFT8 is an extremely-weak-signal amateur radio mode that transmits very limited communications. JS8, a variant of FT8, can send full conversations and relay messages\n# DETAILS\n**FT8** (\"Franke-Taylor design, 8- [FSK](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-shift_keying) modulation\") is an extremely-weak-signal, digital, narrow bandwidth (50 Hz), [QSO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(amateur_radio))-only communication protocol used by [amateur radio](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_radio) (\"ham radio\") operators. It is popular among amateur radio operators for its ability to send signals despite challenging propagation conditions, high noise environments, low power operations (QRP), or even compromised antennas.\n\nFT8 transmits and receives only the bare essentials needed to make an [amateur radio contact](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(amateur_radio)) (QSO): Exhange of callsigns, readability report, signal strength report, and \"best regards\" ( [\"73\"](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations#Word_and_phrase_abbreviations)). Because only this information can be sent, FT8 is not a \"conversation\" mode. FT8 transmits this minimum of information in a semi-automated fashion on its own time frame. Therefore, FT8 is not a \"keyboard-to-keyboard\" (real-time chat) mode.\n\n [JS8](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JS8) is a variant of FT8 which allows operators to send more information and converse with each other. JS8 was created to allow the basic principles of FT8 to be applied to sending actual messages (instead of just the bare minimum QSO information that FT8 limits operators with).\n\nBoth FT8 and JS8 are heavily dependent on an accurate computer clock, since the modes send/receive information in a recurring, automated, 15s transmit/receive cycle. Transmissions occur in 12.6s intervals (within the 15s transmit cycle window) until an entire message has completed transmitting. FT8 uses 8-GFSK modulation, includes [forward error correction](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_error_correction) (FEC), and has an effective data rate of 5 words per minute. FT8 transmissions can be decoded down to an SNR of -21dB in a 2500 Hz bandwidth, very weak signal.\n\nFT8 was developed by Joe Taylor (K1JT) and Steve Franke (K9AN). It is one of the modes included in the open-source, [weak signal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRP_operation#Weak_signal_modes), ham radio software package, WSJT-X.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1830800,
"max_hz": 1849200
},
{
"min_hz": 3555135,
"max_hz": 3590865
},
{
"min_hz": 7074000,
"max_hz": 28074000
},
{
"min_hz": 50313000,
"max_hz": 70100000
},
{
"min_hz": 143453130,
"max_hz": 144894870
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 45,
"max_hz": 55
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FT8"
},
{
"id": "funcube-1-telemetry",
"name": "FUNcube-1 Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFUNcube-1 Telemetry is a telemetry signal sent from the Funcube-1 Cubesat amateur radio satellite.\n# DETAILS\n**FUNcube-1 Telemetry** is a telemetry signal sent from the Funcube-1 (AO-73) Cubesat amateur radio satellite. The telemetry is a 1200 Bd BPSK signal. The satellite was launched November 21st, 2013.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 145205325,
"max_hz": 146664675
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FUNcube-1_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "federal-signal-modem-msk",
"name": "Federal Signal Modem-MSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSignalling protocol developed for Federal Signal's various warning and mass notification appliances. This signal is used for activation and telemetry of all units in a network.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Federal Signal Digital** signalling protocol developed for Federal Signal's various warning and mass notification appliances. This signal is used for activation and telemetry of all units in a network.\n\nThe modem can be used in tandem with Federal Signal's [Commander Digital System (aka SFCDware)](https://www.fedsig.com/product/sfcd-commander-digital-system). \n\nThis protocol is commonly found among their line of mass warning and notification appliances. It is often heard over public safety/fire/police radio to control warning sirens. The entire system can be configured to transmit daily at a user-defined time to poll health checks on units in the system or manually commanded to activate or deactivate one or more nodes within a system. The protocol may also be used to remotely upgrade or program units if desired.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 150000000,
"max_hz": 160000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Federal_Signal_Modem-MSK"
},
{
"id": "freedv-cohpsk",
"name": "FreeDV COHPSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFreeDV Coherent PSK (Also known as FreeDV 700) is a robust Digital Voice mode developed by David Rowe for his FreeDV Digital Voice Software.\n# DETAILS\n**FreeDV Coherent PSK** (Also known as FreeDV 700) is a robust Digital Voice mode developed by [David Rowe](http://www.rowetel.com/blog/?page_id=434) for his FreeDV Digital Voice Software. The 14-subcarrier QPSK mode uses pilot symbol assisted coherent PSK, whereas [FDMDV](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Frequency_Division_Multiplex_Digital_Voice_%28FDMDV%29) uses differential PSK. Coherent PSK is more robust against bit errors than differential PSK. This mode has 14 subcarriers, but it's actually 7 75bd subcarriers duplicated to form the full 14, so there is strong redundancy. The entire system runs at 700 bit/s, using the 700 bit/s Codec 2 voice codec developed by Rowe. \n\nThis mode is currently in active development, so details may change significantly as development continues.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1350,
"max_hz": 1650
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QPSK",
"DQPSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FreeDV_COHPSK"
},
{
"id": "freedv-plus-video",
"name": "FreeDV plus Video",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFreeDV plus Video (also known as FreeDV+) combines analog FM multicarrier Narrow Band TV (NBTV) by Con Wassilieff, ZL2AFP, and FreeDV digital voice by David Rowe, VK5DGR.\n# DETAILS\n**FreeDV plus Video** (also known as FreeDV+) combines analog FM multicarrier Narrow Band TV (NBTV) by Con Wassilieff, ZL2AFP, and FreeDV digital voice by David Rowe, VK5DGR. Bandwidth is 3.5 kHz, frame rate is 0.9 FPS, with 36-line resolution, full color. The ZL2AFP software has been modified for compatibility with the FreeDV \"700D\" and \"1600\" modes. FreeDV+ requires transmitting with a low-IMD transceiver and external amplifier, using Class-A and/or adaptive predistortion. FreeDV+ combines the NBTV and FreeDV signals using Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), a technique also used to combine signals in communication satellites.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 14164820,
"max_hz": 14307180
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3150,
"max_hz": 3850
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FreeDV_plus_Video"
},
{
"id": "frequency-division-multiplex-digital-voice-fdmdv",
"name": "Frequency Division Multiplex Digital Voice (FDMDV)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFrequency Division Multiplex Digital Voice (FDMDV), also known as FDMDV 14+1-tone, is a digital voice mode originally developed by Peter Martinez G3PLX and Francesca Lanza HB9TLK. It has since been improved upon by David Rowe. ([[FreeDV COHPSK]])\n# DETAILS\n**Frequency Division Multiplex Digital Voice (FDMDV)**, also known as FDMDV 14+1-tone, is a digital voice mode originally developed by Peter Martinez G3PLX and Francesca Lanza HB9TLK. It has since been improved upon by [David Rowe](http://www.rowetel.com/blog/?page_id=434).\n\nThe original FDMDV mode uses 1125 Hz bandwidth, and runs on 1450 bps speed. 1400bps is from the open source LPC voice codec, and the 50bps is for textual data. The signal itself consists of 14 DQPSK subcarriers running at 50 baud with 75Hz spacing between subcarriers and a center BPSK carrier with 2x TX power for auto tuning and frame indication. 7 DQPSK subcarriers flank each side of the BPSK center carrier.\n\nRowe's version is part of his FreeDV open source Digital Voice software, developed by both David Rowe and David Witten. FreeDV started off with a simple open source implementation of the original FDMDV parameters, with the main difference being the usage of Rowe's own Codec 2 voice codec instead of the LPC Codec. Rowe then modified the parameters so that the signal is more robust against signal propagation issues. \n\nThe new mode, dubbed FreeDV 1600, uses 1.3kHz of bandwidth, and operates at 1600bps data rate. 1300 bps is for the Codec 2 coded, and 300bps is Golay FEC. This gives the mode more robustness. The general format of the signal is generally the same as the original FDMDV, but a bit wider.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1125,
"max_hz": 1300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Frequency_Division_Multiplex_Digital_Voice_%28FDMDV%29"
},
{
"id": "friedland-libra-48249sl-wireless-doorbell",
"name": "Friedland Libra+ 48249SL wireless doorbell",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 863660000,
"max_hz": 872340000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Friedland_Libra%2B_48249SL_wireless_doorbell"
},
{
"id": "futuba-rc-controller",
"name": "Futuba RC Controller",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n72-75 MHz transmitters are used to control various types of RC models. RC Controllers that use 72-75 MHz don't seem to be used as often as they used to.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 72000000,
"max_hz": 75000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10800,
"max_hz": 13200
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Futuba_RC_Controller"
},
{
"id": "g-tor",
"name": "G-TOR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGolay-Teleprinting Over Radio (G-TOR) is an FSK proprietary standard developed by Kantronics Inc. and is used by radio amateurs, military (Irish Air Corps/Navy, Mexican army) and governmental agencies (ICRC).\n# DETAILS\n**Golay-Teleprinting Over Radio (G-TOR)** is a proprietary standard developed by Kantronics Inc. and is used by radio amateurs, military (Irish Air Corps/Navy, Mexican army) and governmental agencies (ICRC). G-TOR operates at a radio channel rate of 100, 200 or 300 Bd. The quality of the radio channel determines the actual adjusted baud rate. Ireland was a major user of G-TOR.\n \nG-TOR is a protocol that is nearly three times faster than [PACTOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_I), and incorporates features like Golay forward error correction, full-frame interleaving, on-the-fly Huffman data compression (with run-length encoding), fuzzy acknowledgments (for error tolerance), a long ARQ cycle of 2.4 seconds, and a link-quality based transmission rate. All of these combine to minimize the effects of atmospheric noise while resulting in a mode that is robust. \n\nG-TOR was based somewhat on concepts outlined in the MIL-STD-188-100 series of documents, and a protocol devised by M.Golay, that was used by the Voyager space craft to send pictures of Saturn and Jupiter back to Earth.\n\nG-TOR tries to perform all transmissions at 300 baud but drops to 200 baud if difficulties are encountered and finally to 100 baud.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/G-TOR"
},
{
"id": "gk-2a-lrit-low-rate-image-transmission",
"name": "GK-2A LRIT ( Low-Rate Image Transmission )",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLRIT (Low-Rate Image Transmission) is used to transmit images on the GK-2A satellite\n# DETAILS\n**Geo-KOMPSAT-2A** (GK2A) is a geostationary meteorological satellite (located at 128.2\u00b0 E) operated by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA). (NORAD: 43823. Int: 2018-100A.)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1683639500,
"max_hz": 1700560500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 153000,
"max_hz": 187000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GK-2A_LRIT_%28_Low-Rate_Image_Transmission_%29"
},
{
"id": "gm2100-r-s",
"name": "GM2100 (R&S)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is the proprietary HF Data Signal Protocol for the Rohde & Schwarz HF Modem GM2100.\n# DETAILS\nThis is the proprietary HF Data Signal Protocol for the **Rohde & Schwarz HF Modem GM2100**. The modem itself supports three data modes, this special R&H data format, [STANAG 4285](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4285), and [MIL-STD-188-110](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GM2100_%28R%26S%29"
},
{
"id": "gmdss-digital-selective-calling",
"name": "GMDSS Digital Selective Calling",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGlobal Maritime Distress and Safety System's Digital Selective Calling (GMDSS-DSC) is a maritime communication protocol intended to initiate ship-to-ship, ship-to-shore and shore-to-ship radiotelephone and MF/HF radiotelex calls.\n# DETAILS\n**Global Maritime Distress and Safety System's Digital Selective Calling System** is a maritime communication protocol using FSK, quite similar to [SITOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SITOR-A)\nand used on VHF, MF and HF marine bands. The full description of the protocol is described in [ITU document M 493](http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-M.493/en) while a comprehensive description is given in this PDF [file](https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/3551430/MFandHFDSCguide.pdf).*Dead link*\n\nThis mode is derived from the CCIR 493-4 Selcall format.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2177000,
"max_hz": 2187500
},
{
"min_hz": 4186463,
"max_hz": 4228537
},
{
"min_hz": 6312000,
"max_hz": 16804500
},
{
"min_hz": 155742375,
"max_hz": 157307625
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GMDSS_Digital_Selective_Calling"
},
{
"id": "goes-cda-telemetry",
"name": "GOES CDA Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTelemetry signal sent from GOES 16, 17 and 18. GOES is a family of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite operated by the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).\n# DETAILS\nTelemetry signal sent from GOES 16, 17 and 18.",
"categories": [
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1684535000,
"max_hz": 1701465000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 72000,
"max_hz": 88000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"US",
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GOES_CDA_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "goes-data-collection-system-dcs",
"name": "GOES Data Collection System (DCS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nComes from the geostationary satellites GOES 16 and GOES 17. Relays information about water levels, lightning strikes, and other information.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1679900000,
"max_hz": 1680200000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 300,
"max_hz": 1200
},
"modulations": [
"D8PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GOES_Data_Collection_System_%28DCS%29"
},
{
"id": "goes-high-rate-information-transmission-hrit",
"name": "GOES High Rate Information Transmission (HRIT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGOES HRIT is a retransmission of satellite imagery and other information from the GOES-R series of satellites.\n# DETAILS\nGOES HRIT is a retransmission of satellite imagery and other information from the GOES-R series of satellites. It is possible to decode it and get images with cheap hardware.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1685629500,
"max_hz": 1702570500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1084500,
"max_hz": 1325500
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GOES_High_Rate_Information_Transmission_%28HRIT%29"
},
{
"id": "goes-rebroadcast-grb",
"name": "GOES Rebroadcast (GRB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGOES Rebroadcast (GRB) is a form of data sent from the GOES-R series of satellites that contain information from all of the instruments on board the GOES satellites\n# DETAILS\n'''The GOES Rebroadcast (GRB) data is a set of data products broadcasted from the GOES-R series of satellites that contains information from all of its on-board instruments. The data contains imagery and info from the Advanced Baseline Imager, the Solar Ultraviolet Imager, as well as the standard HRIT data. \n\nThe signal is broadcasted as a DVB-S2 (Digital Video Broadcast, standard 2) signal modulated as both QPSK and 8PSK, with forward error corrections of 2/3 and 9/10. The sample rate is around 7.8-8.6 Million samples per second.\n\nThe dish size recommended for RF data reception is 2m-5m, larger being better.\n\nAn example of all GOES data can be found on [NOAA's website](https://www.star.nesdis.noaa.gov/goes/index.php)\n\nThe images in the GRB data are also quite frequent with very little amounts of filler data.\n\nHere is the official data table for the GOES GRB data:\n\n| Product | Data |\n| --- | --- |\n| Full Disk Imagery | Every 5-15 minutes |\n| Other modes | 3000km x 5000km CONUS, 1000km x 1000km Mesoscale |\n| Polarization | Dual Circular Polarized |\n| Polarization | Dual Circular Polarized |\n| Receiver Center Frequency | 1681.6 MHz |\n| Data rate | 31 Mbps |\n| Antenna coverage | Earth coverage to 5 |\n| Data sources | ABI (16 bands), GLM, SEISS, EXIS, SUVI, MAG |\n| Space weather | 2 Mbps |\n| Lightning data | 0.5 Mbps |\n\n'''",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1681600000,
"max_hz": 1686600000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000000,
"max_hz": 11000000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"D8PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GOES_Rebroadcast_%28GRB%29"
},
{
"id": "graves",
"name": "GRAVES",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Grand R\u00e9seau Adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la Veille Spatiale (GRAVES) system is a French space-surveillance system for low-orbit (up to 1000km) satellites. Emitter is based near Dijon, France.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Grand R\u00e9seau Adapt\u00e9 \u00e0 la Veille Spatiale (GRAVES)** system is a French space-surveillance system for low-orbit (up to 1000km) satellites. Emitter is based near Dijon, France.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 142334750,
"max_hz": 143765250
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GRAVES"
},
{
"id": "graw-dfm-09-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "GRAW DFM-09 Weather Balloon (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGRAW DFM-09 performs measurement of temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed.\n# DETAILS\n'''From company website:\n\nThe state-of-the-art DFM-09 is one of the lightest and smallest radiosondes on the market and is also one of the most used radiosondes in the world. It was designed for precise and reliable measurement of temperature, humidity, air pressure, wind direction and wind speed. It is easy to use, making it the ideal instrument for daily sounding.\n'''",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400010000,
"max_hz": 405990000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GRAW_DFM-09_Weather_Balloon_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "gyn2-gbr",
"name": "GYN2 GBR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTransmitting site owned by the Ministry of Defense. Originally constructed in 1946 and was originally used as a shortwave radio station. In present time, the transmitting site is used by the British Navy in order to transmit encrypted messages to submarines at sea. The site is also capable of DRM and is beamed at 121\u00b0, towards Germany and Central Europe\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 80000,
"max_hz": 82000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GYN2_GBR"
},
{
"id": "gandalf-mdt",
"name": "Gandalf MDT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGandalf MDT was developed by Gandalf Mobile Systems, a subsidiary of Canadian company Gandalf Technologies. Used primarily by taxi and courier services in Canada and the United States. This protocol was used in Gandalf's Cabmate systems.\n# DETAILS\n**Gandalf MDT** was developed by Gandalf Mobile Systems, a subsidiary of Canadian company Gandalf Technologies. Used primarily by taxi and courier services in Canada and the United States. This protocol was used in Gandalf's Cabmate systems.\n\nGandalf's Cabmate system consists of a Dispatch Terminal set up in a driver dash-mounted computer terminal linked by radio transceiver to a host dispatcher's computer. The options available in the Cabmate System include customized city street directory, interface capability with accounting software, an integrated parcel dispatching system and an option which allows drivers to queue into the open available cab list before a fare is completed.\n\nGandalf Mobile Systems was eventually acquired by Israeli company Geotek Industries in 1993 to contribute it's mobile data terminal IP to Geotek's own system.\n\nGandalf Technologies eventually went bankrupt in 1997, unable to adapt to the quickly modernizing field of data communications.\n\nThe MDT is still in use in some parts of the United States. \n\nUPDATE 2019: The signals responsible are no longer being transmitted.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Gandalf_MDT"
},
{
"id": "glenayre-paging-link",
"name": "Glenayre Paging Link",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGlenayre's Paging Link. With QAM being used, It is a way to upkeep a linked paging transmitter when no data is broadcast. Glenayre C2100/C2000 model control systems were likely to use this.\n# DETAILS\n**Glenayre's Paging Link**. A way to upkeep a linked paging transmitter when no data is broadcast. Glenayre C2100/C2000 model control systems were likely to use this. Some transmitters in the United States still use this.\n\nTransmitters may transmit modes such as V.29 QAM for this reason, if heard on an uplink/downlink frequency. Some may even utilize this mode with no data at all, thus being constant QAM noise. It also lets the receiver end know that the signal (or license) is \"there\" (hopefully somewhere, on the band) for other uses (either by a Morse ID, frequency/modulation, etc).",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 151240000,
"max_hz": 152760000
},
{
"min_hz": 509440000,
"max_hz": 514560000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Glenayre_Paging_Link"
},
{
"id": "globe-wireless-hf-network",
"name": "Globe Wireless HF Network",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGlobe Wireless' Maritime Digital Radio was a system of 24 stations around the globe offering data services to large cargo vessels. Since 2014, GW has discontinued their HF network.\n# DETAILS\n**Globe Wireless's HF Network** was a system of 24 stations around the globe offering data services to large cargo vessels. Since 2014, GW has discontinued their HF network, and the company has been purchased by Inmarsat, which is focusing primarily on satellite networks. Globe Wireless was a provider of HF and satellite email and data services to the shipping industry.\n \nThe remnants of the Globe Wireless network is scattered all over the world. Parts of the HF network are now used by [Swisscom](https://www.swisscom.ch/en/business/broadcast/radio-communication/maritime-communication.html), including its own Bern Radio in Switzerland. [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=pt&u= [LINK](https://ivandias.wordpress.com/2015/03/02/bern-radio/&prev=search)] [https://www.swisscom.ch/content/dam/swisscom/de/biz/broadcast-new/sicherheitsfunk/Maritime_Communication_HF_Network_and_CRS.pdf] Swisscom solely uses PACTOR III with huffman compression for data transfer. [http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=de&u= [LINK](http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernradio&prev=search)]",
"categories": [
"marine",
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 400,
"max_hz": 2000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"FSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Globe_Wireless_HF_Network"
},
{
"id": "golay-paging-gsc",
"name": "Golay Paging (GSC)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGolay Paging (or Golay Sequential Code, GSC) is a one-way 2-FSK paging format developed by Motorola. It is capable of transmitting tone, numeric, alphanumeric, and voice pages.\n# DETAILS\n**Golay Paging** (or **Golay Sequential Code**, GSC) is a one-way 2-FSK paging format developed by Motorola. It is capable of transmitting tone, numeric, alphanumeric, and voice pages. The pager address information is sent at 300 bps while the data is transmitted at 600 bps.\n\nFor purposes of improving battery life and avoiding false alerts due to other encoding formats sharing the same frequency, pagers are divided into groups. A preamble code,as in 5/6 tone paging, is transmitted prior to page alerts. Only pagers that fall within the group number specified by the preamble code transmitted need look for their particular pager address within the stream of paging data that follows.\n\nThis mode was named Golay for it's use of [Golay Code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_Golay_code) for Forward Error Correction, developed by a mathematician, [Marcel J.E. Golay](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_J._E._Golay).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 32835000,
"max_hz": 33165000
},
{
"min_hz": 927340000,
"max_hz": 936660000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2340,
"max_hz": 2860
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Golay_Paging_%28GSC%29"
},
{
"id": "gonets",
"name": "Gonets",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGonets (Russian \u0413\u043e\u043d\u0435\u0446, for Messenger) is a Russian civilian low Earth orbit communications satellite system.\n# DETAILS\nGonets is a Russian civilian low Earth orbit communications satellite system. It consists of a number of satellites, derived from Strela military communications satellites. \nAs of 2016, the Gonets orbit group comprises 12 second-generation spacecraft \"Gonets-M\" and 1 first-generation \"Gonets-D1\". The orbital group performs the task of direct communication with subscribers at any point of the globe.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 1265
},
{
"min_hz": 386060000,
"max_hz": 389940000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Gonets"
},
{
"id": "google-pixel-interference",
"name": "Google Pixel Interference",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n1.925hz pulsing signal (5 pulses) that repeats every few seconds around 5-10 times, then stops for an unknown period. Strong enough to completely disrupt AGC on CB band. Signal penetrates at most a few megahertz.\n# DETAILS\n**This is just NFC check at 13.5 MHz this is expected near a cable and is present with any phone** [Arclamp](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/User%3AArclamp) ( [talk](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/User_talk%3AArclamp))\n\n**Identified** sometime earlier in 2025 - the interference is from my Google Pixel 6a. For a while I had been using it as my main SDR due to house conditions, but I've confirmed recently that on a computer, the interference comes back once I move my phone close to the RTL-SDR stick. The signal is noticeably less disruptive on the V4 stick compared to the V3 stick it was originally found on.\n\nPulsing signal (5 pulses) that repeats every few seconds around 5-10 times, then stops for an unknown period. Strong enough to completely disrupt AGC on CB band. Signal penetrates at most a few megahertz. Ticks at around 1.925hz clicking, and occasionally switches to a loud pulse mode that overloads the AGC.\n\nThe gap between being in pulse mode and click mode is mostly consistent but sometimes lasts 3 ticks instead of 2.\n\nIQ file: [LINK](https://mega.nz/file/aE5XgR5Y#eNfyRjQ5irh4sv9su_cmrEBPqaDxyShKHlWebMEYZhA)\n\n(The provided audio file is from this IQ)",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 26984400,
"max_hz": 27255600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900000,
"max_hz": 1100000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Google_Pixel_Interference"
},
{
"id": "graw-dfm-06-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "Graw DFM-06 Weather Balloon (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe DFM-06 is a standard radiosonde for most applications. It is perfectly suited for synoptic observations or military applications.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Graw DFM-06** is a standard radiosonde for most applications. It is perfectly suited for synoptic observations or military applications.\n\nIt is designed to measure the profile of atmospheric pressure, temperature, humidity, wind speed and direction, from the surface up to 40 km altitude. Continuous data sets of measurements are sent down to the ground station by a high quality radio-telemetry link.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400010000,
"max_hz": 405990000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Graw_DFM-06_Weather_Balloon_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "graw-dfm-17-radiosonde",
"name": "Graw DFM-17 (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadiosonde developed by Graw/Noris Group GmbH for upper air weather observation\n# DETAILS\nThe DFM-17 is a radiosonde developed by Graw/Noris Group GmbH which contains a temperature, barometric pressure (optional), and humidity sensor for upper air weather observations. It also contains a GPS receiver for position tracking as well as calculating wind speeds. \n\nCurrently in the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is in the process transitioning some of it's National Weather Service (NWS) offices that are part of the upper-air observation program to the Graw DFM-17 radiosonde. Other offices are being transitioned to different variations of the [Vaisala RS-41 Radiosonde](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vaisala_RS41-SG_Weather_Balloon_(Radiosonde)). A list of upper-air sites and their new radiosonde types can be found [here on the weather.gov website](https://www.weather.gov/media/upperair/Documents/Upper%20Air%20Sites%20Ground%20Equipment%20and%20Radiosonde%20Types.pdf).",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 405990000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Graw_DFM-17_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "grimeton-radio-saq",
"name": "Grimeton Radio (SAQ)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSAQ stands as the sole transmitter reliant on an alternating current generator. Recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage site, it employs the last operational Alexanderson alternator for RF production.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Grimeton radio station**, also known by its callsign **SAQ**, is the only remaining transmitter based on an alternating current generator. It has been added to the UNESCO World Heritage list in 2004 and is still in full working condition. Originally built in 1922-1924 for wireless telegraphy to North America and other countries, the station is nowadays started once a year in the Alexanderson day (the Sunday closest to 2 July) and used to transmit a [CW message](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Morse_Code_%28CW%29). Sometimes messages are transmitted on other days such as Christmas Eve.\n\nSAQ shares its antenna with the Swedish navy which operates [SAS/SRC](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SAS/SRC) at 40.4 kHz at the same site (Varberg). So SAS/SRC is always turned off when SAQ is on air.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 16200,
"max_hz": 18200
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Grimeton_Radio_%28SAQ%29"
},
{
"id": "ground-based-augmentation-system-gbas",
"name": "Ground-Based Augmentation System (GBAS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGBAS is an advanced aircraft navigation system that provides GPS corrections to aircraft on approach.\n# DETAILS\nGround-Based Augmentation Systems (GBAS) forms part of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), and provides GPS corrections to aircraft on approach, guiding them to land. GBAS will eventually replace conventional [Instrument Landing Systems](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System), as it is more precise than ILS and is less expensive to install.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 108000000,
"max_hz": 117975000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"D8PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Ground-Based_Augmentation_System_%28GBAS%29"
},
{
"id": "hc-265-voice-scrambler",
"name": "HC-265 Voice Scrambler",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHC-265 is a Voice Scrambling mode developed by Hagelin Crypto for their HC-265 CRYPTOCOM secure voice unit.\n# DETAILS\n**HC-265** is a Voice Scrambling mode developed by [Hagelin Crypto AG](http://www.crypto.ch/) for their HC-265 CRYPTOCOM secure voice unit.\n\nOne key feature of this mode is it's FSK preamble and the sync tones during voice transmission. The standard HF protocol uses two 120Bd FSK signals for the preamble. One HF variation uses one 300Bd FSK signal for the preamble. The UHF variation uses two 240Bd FSK signals for the preamble. \n \nAll HC-265 transmissions use a sync tone that allows the receiver to stay in sync with the transmitter so that the voice message can be properly decoded. You can hear this sync tone in the background of the speech or when the speech is silent. At the end of each transmission there is a FSK EOT (End of Transmission) signal sent.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 3000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HC-265_Voice_Scrambler"
},
{
"id": "hc-arq",
"name": "HC-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHaegelin Crypto ARQ (HC-ARQ) was an FSK synchronous simplex ARQ system used by the UN and International Rescue Committee. This mode has been phased out and is no longer in use.\n# DETAILS\n**Haegelin Crypto ARQ (HC-ARQ)** was an FSK synchronous simplex ARQ system used by the UN and International Rescue Committee. This mode has been phased out and is no longer in use. HC-ARQ Operates at 240 Baud. The FSK modulation has a 200Hz shift. Uses the ITA-2 Alphabet.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HC-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "hd-radio-am",
"name": "HD Radio (AM)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHD Radio is a proprietary digital broadcast radio format transmitted in North America, usually as sidebands on analog carriers. This is the AM band implementation of HD Radio.\n# DETAILS\n[HD Radio (AM)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HD_Radio_%28AM%29) | [HD Radio (FM)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HD_Radio_%28FM%29)\n\n**iBiquity HD Radio** is a proprietary digital broadcast radio format transmitted in North America, usually as sidebands on analog carriers. This is the AM band implementation of HD Radio. This system exists on both [FM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FM_Broadcast_Radio) and [AM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation_%28AM%29) Bands. This system was developed by iBiquity, which has been acquired by DTS in 2016.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 532325,
"max_hz": 537675
},
{
"min_hz": 1691500,
"max_hz": 1708500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 27000,
"max_hz": 33000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HD_Radio_%28AM%29"
},
{
"id": "hd-radio-fm",
"name": "HD Radio (FM)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHD Radio is a proprietary digital broadcast radio format transmitted in North America, usually as sidebands on analog carriers. This is the FM band implementation of HD Radio.\n# DETAILS\n[HD Radio (AM)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HD_Radio_%28AM%29) | [HD Radio (FM)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HD_Radio_%28FM%29)\n\n**iBiquity HD Radio** is a proprietary digital broadcast radio format transmitted in North America, usually as sidebands on analog carriers. This is the FM band implementation of HD Radio. This system exists on both [FM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FM_Broadcast_Radio) and [AM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation_%28AM%29) Bands. This system was developed by iBiquity, which has been acquired by DTS in 2016.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 87700000,
"max_hz": 107900000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 360000,
"max_hz": 440000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HD_Radio_%28FM%29"
},
{
"id": "hdmi-rfi-clock",
"name": "HDMI RFI Clock",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHDMI is a popular media source for delivering video, audio, all in the same stream. Unfortunately, there is massive interference from it when a neighboring SDR is near it. It can disrupt receiving to a great degree.\n# DETAILS\nHDMI is a popular media source for delivering video, audio, all in the same stream. Unfortunately, there is massive interference from it when a neighboring SDR is near it. It can disrupt receiving to a great degree.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 148350000,
"max_hz": 148500000
},
{
"min_hz": 296700000,
"max_hz": 445500000
},
{
"min_hz": 738787500,
"max_hz": 746212500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 630000,
"max_hz": 770000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HDMI_RFI_Clock"
},
{
"id": "hf-trading-link-120-hz-fmcw-idle-tone",
"name": "HF trading link '120 Hz FMCW idle tone'",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA HF trading link in idle state which strongly resembles an FMCW radar with 120 Hz sweep rate. Has been observed to transmit CW ID once per hour.\n# DETAILS\nThis signal is likely believed to be a high-frequency trading link in idle state. It very strongly resembles an FMCW radar, transmitting a linear upwards FMCW signal with 120 Hz frequency, but a Morse code (CW) ID has been heard, belonging to a HFT station in Canada. Bandwidth is about 9 kHz to 10 kHz. The signal may have been seen using 240 Hz / 20 kHz too, but this has not been confirmed. \n \n\nActual data transmission of this type has not been observed. \n \n\nHigh-frequency trading is a form of automated stock trading in which large numbers of transactions are performed at high speeds, in time scales ranging from seconds to fractions of a second. To minimize latency, some HF traders have investigated the possibility of using shortwave radio to relay trading commands and information.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 19310000,
"max_hz": 20548000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 10000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HF_trading_link_%27120_Hz_FMCW_idle_tone%27"
},
{
"id": "hfgcs-high-frequency-global-communications-system",
"name": "HFGCS (High Frequency Global Communications System)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHFGCS is a series of networks deployed by the United States Air Force to send encoded messages to deployed aircraft. This network is well known for it's coded EAM's (Emergency Action Messages) used for coordinating United States Strategic Nuclear Forces.\n# DETAILS\nThe **High Frequency Global Communications System**, **HFGCS** for short, is a series of networks created by the United States Air Force to send coded messages to deployed aircraft. There are seven frequencies used by the system, but some messages are usually transmitted on one frequency. When a message is transmitted on one or more (Sometimes even all) of these frequencies, an echo can be heard in the transmission. Those that broadcast these messages are given code names, some examples are 'Backyard', 'Racetrack', or 'Apathy'. The messages are decoded in a NATO phonetic-numeral alphabet. There is no channel marker for these frequencies. The messages are sent through EAMs, or Emergency Action Messages.",
"categories": [
"military",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4724000,
"max_hz": 15016000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2655,
"max_hz": 3245
},
"modulations": [
"USB"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HFGCS_%28High_Frequency_Global_Communications_System%29"
},
{
"id": "hng-fec",
"name": "HNG-FEC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHNG-FEC was a full duplex system developed and used solely by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Hungary. Used 100.05 bd with 500 Hz shift FSK. This mode is no longer used today.\n# DETAILS\nHNG-FEC was a full duplex system used by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Hungary. Used 100.05 Bd with 500 Hz shift FSK. This mode is no longer used today.\n\nHNG-FEC uses a 15 bit code, the first 5 bits corresponding to the ITA-2 alphabet. The first and last bits of this code word are inverted (Inv, Nor, Nor, Nor, Nor, Inv). The remaining 10 bits are used for error detection and correction. Error correction is done by table look up of the character which closest matches the one that was received in error.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2388000,
"max_hz": 2412000
},
{
"min_hz": 23880000,
"max_hz": 24120000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HNG-FEC"
},
{
"id": "horyu-4-telemetry",
"name": "HORYU-4 Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTelemetry signal sent from the HORYU-4 university-class satellite Launched by Kyushu Institute of Technology in Japan\n# DETAILS\nThis is a telemetry signal sent from the HORYU-4 university-class satellite, Launched by Kyushu Institute of Technology in Japan, on 2016 Feb.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 435188125,
"max_hz": 439561875
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HORYU-4_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "hp-laptop",
"name": "HP Laptop",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRF Interference Signals From HP Laptop\n# DETAILS\n**HP EliteBook 8560W RF Interference**\n\nThis signal is emitted from the HP EliteBook 8560W.\nIt is present at all times when the laptop is powered on.\nTouching the touch pad increases the signal strength dramatically.\n\nThe signal is centered at 50.9 Khz. It swaps between 2 frequencies +- ~153 Hz from the center frequency. Each tone lasts approximately 125 ms.\n\nIt is unknown why this signal is generated, or why it acts like an idling FSK signal. It is speculated that this is unintended interference from the laptop.\n\nThe IQ file was recorded by using the built-in soundcard as a crude VLF receiver, with a random wire antenna.\nNearby VLF receivers will also hear the same thing.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 49900,
"max_hz": 51900
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1350,
"max_hz": 1650
},
"modulations": [
"USB",
"LSB"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HP_Laptop"
},
{
"id": "hellschreiber",
"name": "Hellschreiber",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHellschreiber (Also known as Feld Hell or just Hell) is a teleprinter system developed in the late 1920's by Rudolf Hell, a German inventor.\n# DETAILS\n**Hellschreiber** (Also known as Feld Hell or just Hell) is a teleprinter system developed in the late 1920's by Rudolf Hell, a German inventor. Hell physically prints characters onto the screen, unlike other modern teletype modes which encode and decode signals.\n\nFeld Hell (and it's immediate variants) and Slow Hell use On-Off Keying, where Feld Hell 80 (Rudolf Hell's last original Hell mode, designed in the 1970's) uses 2-FSK modulation and the FSK Hell modes use 2-DMSK (Differential Minimum Key Shifting).\n\n| Mode | Symbol Rate | Typing Speed | Duty Cycle | Modulation | Bandwidth | ITU Designation |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Feld-Hell | 122.5 baud | ~2.5 cps(25 wpm) | ~22% | OOK ASK | 350Hz | 350HA1B |\n| Slow Hell | 14 baud | ~0.28 cps(2.8 wpm) | ~22% | OOK ASK | 40Hz | 40H0A1B |\n| Feld-Hell X5 | 612.5 baud | ~12.5 cps(125 wpm) | ~22% | OOK ASK | 1750Hz | 1K75A1B |\n| Feld-Hell X9 | 1102.5 baud | ~22.5 cps(225 wpm) | ~22% | OOK ASK | 3150Hz | 3K15A1B |\n| FSK-Hell | 245 baud | ~2.5 cps(25 wpm) | ~80% | 2-MSK | 490Hz | 490HF1B |\n| FSK-Hell 105 | 105 baud | ~2.5 cps(25 wpm) | ~80% | 2-MSK | 210Hz | 210HF1B |\n| Hell 80 | 245 baud | ~5.0 cps(50 wpm) | 100% | 2-MSK(480Hz) | 800Hz | 800HF1B |",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 350,
"max_hz": 800
},
"modulations": [
"OOK",
"FSK",
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Hellschreiber"
},
{
"id": "high-frequency-active-auroral-research-program-haarp",
"name": "High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHAARP is a ionospheric research program conducted in Gakona, Alaska.\n# DETAILS\n**The High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP)** is an ionospheric research program conducted at the [HAARP Research Station at Gakona, Alaska](https://www.google.com/maps/search/62%C2%B023%E2%80%B230%E2%80%B3N+145%C2%B009%E2%80%B203%E2%80%B3W%EF%BB%BF+%2F+%EF%BB%BF62.39167%C2%B0N+145.15083%C2%B0W%EF%BB%BF+%2F+62.39167;+-145.15083/@62.3912886,-145.1427207,948m/data=!3m1!1e3). In 2014 the HAARP program was shut down and in August 2015, the ownership was transferred from the USAF to The University of Alaska Fairbanks. HAARP reopened as of early 2017 for independent researcher use.\n\nHAARP was opened in 1993, costing US$300 million, and was operating under the United States Air Force along with the US Navy, DARPA, and the University of Alaska. The primary purpose of HAARP was to study, analyze and conduct experiments on ionospheric behavior for improving our understanding of the earth's ionosphere as well as enhancing technology for RF communications.\n\nThe primary instrument at the HAARP facility is the Ionospheric Research Instrument (IRI), a high power 180-antenna strong phased array transmitter that can transmit between 2.7 MHz and 10 MHz at a maximum effected radiated power (ERP) of 5.1 Gigawatts, or 97.1 dBW. The waveforms found by shortwave listeners from HAARP all came from the IRI.\n\nHAARP almost never directly transmits signals in the VLF/ELF frequency range. The signals are generated in the ionosphere at an altitude of around 100 km, and \"bounce back\" to RF. Some exceptions include studying polar mesospheric summer echoes using radars on 49 MHz and 139 MHz.\n\nIn April 2021, it was announced that a [five-year, $9.3 million National Science Foundation grant](https://haarp.gi.alaska.edu/node/36) will allow the University of Alaska Fairbanks Geophysical Institute to establish a new research observatory dedicated to exploring Earth\u2019s upper atmosphere and geospace environment. This grant will allow scientists to investigate how the sun affects Earth\u2019s ionosphere and magnetosphere to produce changes in space weather. The IRI will be the centerpiece of this newly founded observatory.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2686500,
"max_hz": 2713500
},
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"CW",
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program_%28HAARP%29"
},
{
"id": "high-frequency-data-link-hfdl",
"name": "High Frequency Data Link (HFDL)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHFDL, also known as HF-ACARS, ARINC 753, ARINC 635, and HF DATALINK,is a data link that aircraft use to communicate short messages over long distances using HF signals.\n# DETAILS\n**HFDL**, also known as **HF-ACARS**, **ARINC 753**, **ARINC 635**, and **HF DATALINK**,is a data link that aircraft use to communicate short messages over long distances using HF signals. HFDL is defined in ARINC spec 753.\n\nTransmissions on HF are in USB on a sub-carrier of 1440 Hz with a symbol speed of 1800 baud. Data is sent at 300, 600, 1200 or 1800 bps. HFDL can use BPSK, QPSK, and 8-PSK.\n\nWaterfall appearance of HFDL can be confused with the [JORN radar](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network_%28JORN%29), but HFDL can be differentiated by its narrower bandwidth and entirely different sound.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2885500,
"max_hz": 2914500
},
{
"min_hz": 21890000,
"max_hz": 22110000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2160,
"max_hz": 2640
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Frequency_Data_Link_%28HFDL%29"
},
{
"id": "high-frequency-data-and-voice-link-hfdvl",
"name": "High Frequency Data and Voice Link (HFDVL)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHFDVL (or HFD+VL) is an experimental mode developed by research groups from The University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and The Polytechnic University of Madrid. This mode is intended for military use in accordance with STANAG 5066 parameters.\n# DETAILS\n**HFDVL** (or HFD+VL) is an experimental mode developed by research groups from The University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and The Polytechnic University of Madrid. This mode is intended for military use in accordance with STANAG 5066 parameters.\n\nThis mode uses PSK and OFDM with a number of different modes seen as experimentation goes on. The OFDM data portion uses 73 parallel tones. At the beginning of the transmission is an unmodulated tone followed by a brief BPSK burst at 2400 Bd that may act as a preamble and a declaration of transmission parameters for the receiving modem to be able to demodulate and decode. Right after the BPSK burst is the beginning of the OFDM Data transfer.\n\nThis mode supports STANAG 5066 ARQ procedures, so this signal can be seen with DATA and ACK behaviors in the transmissions. The short bursts are likely Acknowledgements while the longer runs are probably data. \n\nA key feature of this signal is its ability to transmit data and voice at high speed over the HF band, being very robust against propagation conditions and being able to transmit at speeds of ~8000+ bps. The modes that have been used in the OFDM data segment of the signal includes QPSK and QAM modes. The table below lists some that were used by HFDVL.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 14350000,
"max_hz": 14828500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Frequency_Data_and_Voice_Link_%28HFDVL%29"
},
{
"id": "high-power-auroral-stimulation-hipas",
"name": "High Power Auroral Stimulation (HIPAS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe HIPAS (HIgh Power Auroral Stimulation) Observatory was a research facility, built to study the ionosphere and its influence on radio communications. It was located 25 miles east of Fairbanks, Alaska in the Fairbanks North Star Borough area.\n# DETAILS\n- 1986-2007\n- Was operated by University of California, Los Angeles\n- Also used [LIDAR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LIDAR) at times (unknown freq)",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2835750,
"max_hz": 2864250
},
{
"min_hz": 4507350,
"max_hz": 4552650
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Power_Auroral_Stimulation_%28HIPAS%29"
},
{
"id": "high-resolution-data-hrd",
"name": "High Resolution Data (HRD)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe HRD direct broadcast is an X-band continuous downlink from NOAA JPSS satellites of mission environmental data to users on the ground that are equipped with a suitable receiver.\n# DETAILS\nThe HRD direct broadcast is an X-band continuous downlink from NOAA JPSS satellites of mission environmental data to users on the ground that are equipped with a suitable receiver when the satellite is within view.\nOffering over 20 times faster data transfer than HRPT, this enables the use of more modern instruments with higher resolution and more channels.",
"categories": [
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7772940000,
"max_hz": 7851060000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 25000000,
"max_hz": 35000000
},
"modulations": [
"OQPSK",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Resolution_Data_%28HRD%29"
},
{
"id": "high-speed-usb-noise",
"name": "High Speed USB Noise",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHigh Speed USB 2.0 clock noise. Shows up at multiples of 480 MHz.\n# DETAILS\n**High Speed USB 2.0** clock noise. Shows up at multiples of 480 MHz. The USB clock is 48 MHz * 10 = 480 MBit/s. \n\nThis type of noise is quite commonly seen at 480/960 MHz on USB powered SDR devices.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 477600000,
"max_hz": 482400000
},
{
"min_hz": 955200000,
"max_hz": 964800000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Speed_USB_Noise"
},
{
"id": "hoffman-broadfield-signpost-avm-system",
"name": "Hoffman Broadfield Signpost AVM System",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nProprietary FFSK data network used for public transport telemetry. It is primarily used to track and control vehicles, and facilitates PTT-ID for communication with tram drivers.\n# DETAILS\nThe Automatic Vehicle Monitoring (AVM) system was implemented on Melbourne's public Bus and Tram network in the 1980s. It is primarily used to track and control vehicles, and facilitates PTT-ID for communication with tram drivers.\n\nThere are five fleet controllers (see frequencies) which send a poll to each vehicle every 10 seconds, and the tram will transmit its current location (a code from the last received \"Signpost\" beacon), route, distance, speed, door status, alarms along with some other data, including odometer information on the uplink frequency.\n\nSince 2009 the AVM data feeds the PIDs at tram stops and stations, as well as the TramTracker app for mobile devices.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 507225000,
"max_hz": 517875000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6750,
"max_hz": 8250
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Hoffman_Broadfield_Signpost_AVM_System"
},
{
"id": "horus-binary-4fsk-v2",
"name": "Horus Binary 4FSK - v2",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAn efficient RTTY-like 4FSK mode that transmits binary data, used for amateur high altitude balloon telemetry. Developed by the Project Horus group.\n# DETAILS\nHorus 4FSK is a binary frequency shift keyed transmission mode developed by the [Project Horus](https://www.areg.org.au/archives/category/activities/project-horus) amateur HAB (High-altitude balloon) group. This mode is similar to RTTY, although it is 4FSK instead of 2FSK. Horus 4FSK offers better SNR performance (~7dB) compared to most telemetry modes previously used for HAB telemetry. In addition, this mode transmits binary data at 100 baud instead of ASCII text (typically at 45 or 50 baud) like RTTY, making it more efficient per a given transmission period.\n\nThere are two versions of Horus 4FSK, v1 and v2. The only notable difference between them is the packet length being 22 bytes for v1, and 32 for v2. v1 is deprecated and no longer in use.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"amateur radio",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431000000,
"max_hz": 434000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Horus_Binary_4FSK_-_v2"
},
{
"id": "hyperfix",
"name": "HyperFix",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHyperFix was a radio-navigation system developed by Racal. Was used by vessels and ships. Has largely been phased out in favor of Differential GPS.\n# DETAILS\n**HyperFix** was a radio-navigation system developed by Racal. Was used by vessels and ships. Has largely been phased out in favor of Differential GPS\n \n3 modes:\n- Hyperbolic\n- Circular\n- Combined",
"categories": [
"marine",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1592000,
"max_hz": 1608000
},
{
"min_hz": 3383000,
"max_hz": 3417000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225,
"max_hz": 275
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/HyperFix"
},
{
"id": "hyundai-mobis-rke-4f16-key-fob",
"name": "Hyundai Mobis RKE-4F16 Key Fob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHyundai Mobis RKE-4F16 Wireless Key Fob for Hyundai Sonata models 2014-Present.\n# DETAILS\n**Hyundai Mobis RKE-4F16 Wireless Key Fob** for Hyundai Sonata models 2014-Present.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431750400,
"max_hz": 436089600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 99000,
"max_hz": 121000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Hyundai_Mobis_RKE-4F16_Key_Fob"
},
{
"id": "icao-selcal",
"name": "ICAO Selcal",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nICAO Selcal (also known as AVCALL, ANNEX 10, or just SELCAL) is a HF/VHF aviation selective calling system used by ground stations to initiate radio communications with aircraft.\n# DETAILS\n**ICAO Selcal** (also known as AVCALL, ANNEX 10, or just SELCAL) is a HF/VHF aviation selective calling system used by ground stations to initiate radio communications with aircraft. This mode is defined by the [International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)](http://www.icao.int/)\n\nThe first version of Selcal in 1985 used only 12 tones (A through M except I). In 1994, the standard was extended to have 16 tones, adding tones P, Q, R, and S. With the 16 tone format, the number of possible allowable codes was extended to 10,920. Selcal codes assigned to aircraft previously use a subset of only twelve letters/tones. Therefore, more than one aircraft may be designated by the same code\n\n [Aviation Spectrum Resources, Inc. (ASRI)](https://www.asri.aero/) is the worldwide International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) registrar for all Selective Calling (SELCAL) system codes (This was formerly done by [Aeronautical Radio, Incorporated (ARINC)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARINC).) To avoid confusion from two or more aircraft using the same SELCAL code, ASRI tries to assign code duplicates to aircraft that do not usually operate in the same region of the world or on the same HF radio frequencies. However, aircraft commonly move between different geographical regions and it is now routine for two aircraft with the same SELCAL code to be found flying in the same region. Therefore, air crew always verify both SELCAL and call sign (i.e., aircraft tail registration, or telephony designator and flight identification) to be sure their aircraft is the intended recipient.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 298500000,
"max_hz": 301500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1350,
"max_hz": 1650
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ICAO_Selcal"
},
{
"id": "icarus-international-cooperation-for-animal-research-using-s",
"name": "ICARUS (International Cooperation for Animal Research Using Space)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nICARUS aims its services primarily at scientific groups that perform basic and application-oriented research with migrating animals.\n# DETAILS\nICARUS is a collaborative ISS payload of DLR (German Aerospace Center) and Roscosmos (Russian Space Agency), planned to be installed on the Russian Segment, namely the MLM (Multipurpose Laboratory Module) of the ISS. The ICARUS Initiative is a global collaboration of scientists, which was founded in 2002 with the aim of establishing a global observation system for (small) animals as the basis for a scientific revolution in biology and zoology, respectively. ICARUS extends the satellite-based earth observation to the fauna on Earth.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 465759500,
"max_hz": 470440500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 28800,
"max_hz": 35200
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ICARUS_%28International_Cooperation_for_Animal_Research_Using_Space%29"
},
{
"id": "icv",
"name": "ICV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nICV is a NATO-operated VLF transmitted located in the island of Tavolara, Sardinia, Italy.\n# DETAILS\nICV is a NATO-operated VLF transmitted located in the island of Tavolara, near Golfo Aranci, Sardinia, Italy. \nIt transmits on 20.27 kHz and 20.76 kHz with MSK modulation.\n\nIt uses a vally-span antenna strung across a small bay (Baia degli Angeli).",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 20270,
"max_hz": 20760
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ICV"
},
{
"id": "ils-marker-beacon",
"name": "ILS Marker Beacon",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nILS Marker Beacons are used by aircraft for Instrument Landing Systems, transmitted by an upward-facing directive antenna at known distances along the approach path.\n# DETAILS\n**ILS Marker Beacons** are used by aircraft for [Instrument Landing Systems](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System), transmitted by an upward-facing directive antenna at known distances along the approach path.\n \nThere are three types of marker beacon: Outer Marker (400 Hz dashes), Middle Marker (1020 Hz dot-dashes), Inner Marker (3000 Hz dots). The latter is installed only in ILSs having decision heights of less than 200 feet (60 m). \n\nIf the Outer Marker is combined with a NDB (Non Directional Beacon), the two make a \"Locator Outer Marker\", or LOM. They trigger a three-lights indicator and a togglable aural warning in the cockpit when the aircraft flies directly over them.",
"categories": [
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 74625000,
"max_hz": 75375000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ILS_Marker_Beacon"
},
{
"id": "imet-1-rs-radiosonde",
"name": "IMet-1 RS Radiosonde",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadiosonde launched on a weather balloon.\n# DETAILS\nThis Radiosonde is mostly used in Israel, Belgium, USA as well as South Africa. The IMET range of radiosondes is manufactured by Intermet [https://www.intermet.co] www.intermet.co\nThe iMet 54 is the latest product in the Intermet range. The iMet 4 is a more modern radiosonde, and more compact while the iMet 1 is an older model which is almost not used in 2021.\nIt also has a bit wider bandwidth.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 402000000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL",
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/IMet-1_RS_Radiosonde"
},
{
"id": "ira-arq",
"name": "IRA-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIRA-ARQ, also known as BULG-ASCII and ASCII-ARQ, is a high data rate ARQ FSK system used by Bulgarian, Slovakian, and Czech diplomatic stations. The maximum speed of this mode has been seen to reach 1200 bd. Not seen much much nowadays\n# DETAILS\n**IRA-ARQ**, also known as BULG-ASCII and ASCII-ARQ, is a high data rate ARQ FSK system used by Bulgarian, Slovakian, and Czech diplomatic stations. The maximum speed of this mode has been seen to reach 1200 bd. IRA-ARQ uses the ASCII (ITA-5 or IRA) alphabet charset. Some transmissions of IRA-ARQ can be decoded using an ASCII decoder. \n\nThis mode is typically found with baud rates of 75, 100, 110, 150, 180, 200, 240, 300 or 600 bd. Faster baud rates have also been seen.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 650,
"max_hz": 1350
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/IRA-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "is-54-d-amps",
"name": "IS-54 D-AMPS",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nD-AMPS, also known as IS-54 and IS-136, is a second generation (2G) mobile phone system standard which develops on analog AMPS, a 1G standard. This system is also colloquially known as TDMA.\n# DETAILS\n**Digital Advanced Mobile Phone System (D-AMPS)**, also known as IS-54 and IS-136, is a second generation (2G) mobile phone system standard. D-AMPS, which is a development of the 1G standard analog AMPS, was able to facilitate a smooth transition from AMPS by using existing channels and bands.\n\nD-AMPS uses \u03c0/4 DQPSK modulation. The same FDMA channeling used in AMPS is used in D-AMPS; however, each 30 kHz channel is divided into three time slots with TDMA, allowing 3 users per carrier, increasing the number of possible users on the system. \n\nIS-136 is a development of IS-54 which adds an additional TDMA digital control channel (DCCH) which uses \u03c0/4 DQPSK, contrary to FSK used in the control channel in IS-54 and analog AMPS. Additionally, IS-136 includes other features including security and SMS.\n\nIS-54 was designed only for the AMPS (850 MHz) cellular band, while IS-136 can operate on both cellular (850 MHz) and PCS (1900 MHz) bands. In the 90's, until the early 2000's, AT&T Wireless and other North American wireless operators used IS-136 for 2G, and branded it as \"Digital PCS\".",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 824000000,
"max_hz": 894000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 27000,
"max_hz": 33000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/IS-54_D-AMPS"
},
{
"id": "iscat",
"name": "ISCAT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIonospheric Scattering (ISCAT) mode used for weak signal long distance radio contact by meteor and Ionosphere scattering.\n# DETAILS\n**Ionospheric Scattering (ISCAT)** mode used for weak signal long distance radio contact by meteor and Ionosphere scattering.\n\nISCAT has two sub-modes: ISCAT-B and ISCAT-A. ISCAT-B is the original ISCAT mode with total bandwidth 1809 Hz. ISCAT-A runs at half the rate, uses half the bandwidth, and (for average decodes on steady signals) is about 1 dB more sensitive.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 50000000,
"max_hz": 54000000
},
{
"min_hz": 144000000,
"max_hz": 148000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 904,
"max_hz": 1809
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ISCAT"
},
{
"id": "ism-band-weather-sensor",
"name": "ISM Band Weather sensor",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nData returned from a consumer weather sensor using the AlectoV1 protocol.\n# DETAILS\nData returned from a consumer weather sensor using the AlectoV1 protocol. Signal is On-Off-Keyed (OOK), 36bit packets.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 430835000,
"max_hz": 435165000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3960,
"max_hz": 4840
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ISM_Band_Weather_sensor"
},
{
"id": "ism-band-device",
"name": "ISM Band device",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAn ISM band device such as a power meter or a wireless doorbell.\n# DETAILS\nAn ISM band wireless device signal. Signals include power meters, doorbells, remote-controlled power switches, etc.\n\nA fast and large drift is common to those, as the devices are often battery-powered.\n\nSome of the protocols use ASK or OOK, and some (especially the high data rate ones) use FSK.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 315000000,
"max_hz": 433920000
},
{
"min_hz": 868000000,
"max_hz": 920000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"ASK",
"OOK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ISM_Band_device"
},
{
"id": "improved-automatic-link-set-up-alis-2",
"name": "Improved Automatic Link Set-up (ALIS-2)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nALIS-2, also known as RS-ARQ, RS ARQ 240, and MERLIN, is an improvement of the original ALIS system. ALIS-2 is used in the Rohde & Schwarz MERLIN modem.\n# DETAILS\n**ALIS-2**, also known as RS-ARQ, RS ARQ 240, and MERLIN, is an improvement of the original [ALIS](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Set-up_%28ALIS%29) system. ALIS-2 is used in the Rohde & Schwarz MERLIN modem. This mode has been used most frequently by Turkish, German and Italian diplomatic stations. The Italian diplomatic stations seem to favor the 5 bit (ITA2) mode. Turkish diplomatic stations have been found using the 8 bit mode for all traffic.\n\nALIS-2 is described in the \"*Report of the CCIR 1990, Fixed Service at Frequencies below about 30 MHz*\" of the ITU.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Improved_Automatic_Link_Set-up_%28ALIS-2%29"
},
{
"id": "industrial-key-opener",
"name": "Industrial key opener",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nkey opener commonly used in industrial applications\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431830000,
"max_hz": 436170000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 713700,
"max_hz": 872300
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Industrial_key_opener"
},
{
"id": "inmarsat-aero",
"name": "Inmarsat Aero",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nInmarsat Aero is the protocol that's used to link ground stations with aircraft via Inmarsat's satellite link. This protocol carries digital voice, fax and low speed data such as ACARS and ADS-C.\n# DETAILS\n**Inmarsat Aero** is the protocol that's used to link ground stations with aircraft via Inmarsat's satellite link. This protocol carries digital voice, fax and low speed data such as ACARS and ADS-C.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"commercial",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1545000000,
"max_hz": 1547000000
},
{
"min_hz": 3685000000,
"max_hz": 3687000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 800,
"max_hz": 10500000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Inmarsat_Aero"
},
{
"id": "inmarsat-isatm2m",
"name": "Inmarsat IsatM2M",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIsatM2M Service operated by Inmarsat on existing Inmarsat-D/D+ infrastructure.\n# DETAILS\n**IsatM2M Paging Service** was operated by Inmarsat on (then) existing [Inmarsat-D/D+](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Inmarsat-D%28D%2B%29_Downlink) infrastructure. It was used for transport vehicle security, industrial equipment monitoring (SCADA) and marine tracking. Similar waveform to [Inmarsat-D/D+](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Inmarsat-D%28D%2B%29_Downlink) but employs faster bit rate and wider bandwidth.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital",
"utility",
"marine",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1525000000,
"max_hz": 1559000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 922,
"max_hz": 1126
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Inmarsat_IsatM2M"
},
{
"id": "inmarsat-c-tdm",
"name": "Inmarsat-C TDM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nInmarsat C provides two-way data and messaging communication services to and from virtually anywhere in the world. The low-cost terminals and antennas are small enough to be fitted to any size of ship.\n# DETAILS\nThis signal identification is from Inmarsat 3-F4. This is a 1200 bps DBPSK Network Control Station Channel (NCSC).\n\nThe Inmarsat C maritime mobile satellite system has an inherent capability, known as Enhanced Group Call (EGC), which allows broadcast messages to be made to selected groups of ship stations located anywhere within a satellite's coverage. Four geostationary satellites provide worldwide coverage for these types of broadcasts. Two types of EGC services are available: Safety NET and Fleet NET. Fleet NET is a commercial messaging services offered by Inmarsat, and is not recognized by the Global Maritime Distress & Safety System, or GMDSS. Safety NET, along with NAVTEX, is recognized by the GMDSS as the primary means for disseminating maritime safety information. Ships regulated by the Safety of Life at Sea Convention travelling outside areas covered by NAVTEX must carry an Inmarsat C Safety NET receiver by 1 February 1999.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1537700000,
"max_hz": 1539685000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Inmarsat-C_TDM"
},
{
"id": "inmarsat-d-d-downlink",
"name": "Inmarsat-D(D+) Downlink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nInmarsat D+ (and it's predecessor, Inmarsat D) was Inmarsat's satellite paging system. The main use of the technology was in tracking trucks and buoys and SCADA applications.\n# DETAILS\n**Inmarsat D+** (and it's predecessor, **Inmarsat D**) was Inmarsat's satellite paging system. The main purpose was for tracking trucks and buoys and SCADA applications. The original Inmarsat-D terminals were one-way (to mobile) pagers. The newer Inmarsat-D+ terminals were the equivalent of a two-way pager. This signal is the downlink from satellite to mobile station. The infrastructure is now rendered obsolete by the newer [IsatData Pro](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/IsatData_Pro) service.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"commercial",
"digital",
"marine",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1525000000,
"max_hz": 1559000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 576,
"max_hz": 704
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Inmarsat-D%28D%2B%29_Downlink"
},
{
"id": "instrument-landing-system",
"name": "Instrument Landing System",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio navigation system that allows aircraft to perform precision approaches in low visibility conditions.\n# DETAILS\nInstrument Landing Systems are installed at the end of airport runways, and provide guidance to aircraft inbound to land. It is a dual-band system that uses the VHF airband for the localiser (horizontal axis), and the UHF airband for the glide path (vertical axis).\nThe signal is amplitude modulated with 90 Hz and 150 Hz tones, which are directionally transmitted in such a way that the carriers overlap, forming the path for aircraft to follow.\nA CW identifier is also transmitted, which allows pilots to check they have intercepted the correct ILS.\nOlder ILS systems may still have [marker beacons](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ILS_Marker_Beacon) placed at fixed positions along the approach, but are being phased out in favour of Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 107460000,
"max_hz": 108540000
},
{
"min_hz": 333325000,
"max_hz": 336675000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Instrument_Landing_System"
},
{
"id": "integrated-digital-enhanced-network-iden",
"name": "Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (iDEN)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\niDEN is a TDMA-based digital wireless standard developed by Motorola. It is a type of trunked radio with cellular phone benefits.\n# DETAILS\n**iDEN** is a TDMA-based digital wireless standard designed to work in special frequencies originally designated for analog Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) networks. It is a type of trunked radio with cellular phone benefits. iDEN was invented by Motorola, who remains the primary manufacturer of iDEN devices. iDEN is considered to be a ESMR (Enhanced Specialized Mobile Radio) network. iDEN uses TDMA with QAM Modulation for data. \n\nThe iDEN system uses M16-QAM modulation, a Motorola proprietary digital format utilizing M16-QAM modulation on four subcarriers. This format involves both amplitude and phase modulation.\n\nEach main signal is divided into 4 sub-channels. Each sub-channel is about 4.5 kHz wide. The entire channel's operating bandwidth is 25kHz, although the signal itself takes only 18.5 kHz. \n\nFrom a U.S. regulatory perspective iDEN networks are not considered cellular phone systems and are licensed to operate on 800MHz SMR frequency allocations (851 - 869 MHz band for towers; 806 - 824 MHz for mobiles). Thus they do not enjoy any of the special protections afforded cellular phone systems transmissions. So while a private citizen is not permitted to monitor cellular phone traffic it remains perfectly legal to monitor exactly the same type of traffic on an iDEN network.\n\nOutside the U.S. iDEN may be known as DIMRS (Digital Integrated Mobile Radio Service).\n\niDEN cannot be decoded due to proprietary nature. \n\niDEN was previously operated by Nextel in the U.S. After the merger with Sprint Corporation in 2005, it has been decommissioned and most of the spectrum is currently in use for 4G LTE (Band 26)\n\nWhile iDEN is largely discontinued, it is still active for some specific use cases. Utah Transit Authority still operates an iDEN network as of March 2026.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 806000000,
"max_hz": 869000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 16650,
"max_hz": 20350
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"TDMA"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Integrated_Digital_Enhanced_Network_%28iDEN%29"
},
{
"id": "integrated-services-digital-broadcasting-terrestrial-isdb-t",
"name": "Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting\u2014Terrestrial (ISDB-T)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nISDB-T (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting \u2013 Terrestrial) is a new type of digital broadcasting system for providing audio, video and multimedia services. ISDB-T system was standardized at the Association of Radio Industries and Businesses (ARIB) in Japan. ISDB-T uses a modulation method referred to as Band Segmented Transmission (BST) OFDM.\n# DETAILS\n[Category:Requested](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Category%3ARequested)",
"categories": [
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
},
{
"min_hz": 766150000,
"max_hz": 773850000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400000,
"max_hz": 6600000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Broadcasting%E2%80%94Terrestrial_%28ISDB-T%29"
},
{
"id": "interoperable-electronic-train-management-system-i-etms",
"name": "Interoperable Electronic Train Management System (I-ETMS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTransmits train telemetry\n# DETAILS\n**Interoperable Electronic Train Management System (I-ETMS)** transmits train telemetry between cars and wayside equipment.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 219000000,
"max_hz": 222000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Interoperable_Electronic_Train_Management_System_%28I-ETMS%29"
},
{
"id": "ionized-meteor-trails",
"name": "Ionized Meteor Trails",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMeteors traversing the E region of the atmosphere approximately 60 - 90 miles up create ionizing trails which can reflect and refract radio waves from commercial FM radio stations that are hundreds and sometimes thousands of miles away from the receiver.\n# DETAILS\nMeteors traversing the E region of the atmosphere approximately 60 - 90 miles up create ionizing trails which can briefly reflect radio waves from commercial FM radio and TV stations that are hundreds and sometimes thousands of miles away from the receiver.",
"categories": [
"interfering",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 87858500,
"max_hz": 88741500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [
"CW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Ionized_Meteor_Trails"
},
{
"id": "ionosonde",
"name": "Ionosonde",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAn Ionosonde (Also known as a chirpsounder or ionospheric sounder) is a radar that examines the Ionosphere and monitors HF propagation conditions by sweeping the HF band and receiving the echoes.\n# DETAILS\nAn **Ionosonde** (Also known as a chirpsounder or ionospheric sounder) is a radar that examines the Ionosphere and monitors HF propagation conditions by sweeping the HF band and receiving the echoes.\n\nIonosondes sweep from 1-40Mhz. They send a line of very short pulses up the band. It looks like a slanted line when observed on a waterfall display.\n \nIonosondes are examples of Frequency-Modulated Continuous Wave (FMCW) based radar.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 995000,
"max_hz": 1005000
},
{
"min_hz": 39800000,
"max_hz": 40200000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Ionosonde"
},
{
"id": "iranian-bubble-jammer",
"name": "Iranian 'Bubble' Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIranian broadcast jammer with characteristic sound. Used to suppress Radio Farda and other independent stations which broadcast to Iranian audience.\n# DETAILS\nThis is an Iranian broadcast jammer which is commonly known as **\"Bubble jammer\"** due to its characteristic sound. It is used by the Iranian government to suppress Radio Farda and other shortwave and medium wave stations that broadcast news and other content to Iranian audience independently of the government. The jammer has been operational for more than a decade. In 2026 it has been very active during the Iranian protests and the subsequent US-Israeli attack on Iran.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1547000,
"max_hz": 1575000
},
{
"min_hz": 7490000,
"max_hz": 7910000
},
{
"min_hz": 12110000,
"max_hz": 15480000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 15000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Iranian_%27Bubble%27_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "iranian-navy-qpsk-modem",
"name": "Iranian Navy QPSK Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIranian Navy QPSK Modem is a QPSK mode used by the Iranian Navy. It has gone through several versions. The current version (2015) is V2 and supports speeds of 468 Bd, 936 Bd, and 1872 Bd.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 8046000,
"max_hz": 10724000
},
{
"min_hz": 17295289,
"max_hz": 17469111
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 300,
"max_hz": 2850
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Iranian_Navy_QPSK_Modem"
},
{
"id": "iridium",
"name": "Iridium",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is the L-band uplink/downlink for the Low Earth Orbit Iridium Satellite Constellation. This system is used for satellite based phone calls.\n# DETAILS\nThis is the L-band uplink/downlink for the Low Earth Orbit **Iridium Satellite Constellation**. This system is used for satellite based phone calls.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1616000000,
"max_hz": 1626500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 28350,
"max_hz": 34650
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Iridium"
},
{
"id": "isatdata-pro",
"name": "IsatData Pro",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nInmarsat's M2M data service for SCADA asset tracking and reporting.\n# DETAILS\n[Category:Requested](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Category%3ARequested)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1525000000,
"max_hz": 1559000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"OQPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/IsatData_Pro"
},
{
"id": "israeli-intelligence-vft",
"name": "Israeli Intelligence VFT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIsraeli Intelligence based FSK VFT.\n# DETAILS\n**Israeli Intelligence based FSK VFT**. \n\nThis particular mode has been seen with either a 75Bd or a 150Bd FSK signal, and can switch mid transmission.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Israeli_Intelligence_VFT"
},
{
"id": "israeli-navy-hybrid-modem-188-110-mod",
"name": "Israeli Navy Hybrid Modem (188-110 MOD)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Israeli Naval Hybrid Modem is based on the MIL-STD-188-110 Serial Standard. Has characteristic preamble with 4/6 Tone and 18 QPSK parallel mode before 110 Serial transmission. Possible use as a broadcast transmitter for ships. Used by the Israeli Navy 4XZ station from Haifa.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Israeli Naval Hybrid Modem** is based on the [MIL-STD-188-110 Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial) Standard. Has characteristic preamble with 4/6 Tone and 18 QPSK parallel mode before 110 Serial transmission. Possible use as a broadcast transmitter for ships. Used by the Israeli Navy 4XZ station from Haifa.\n\nVariations of this hybrid modem have been seen. Some start with 6 tones, others start with 4 tones. Furthermore, some have a single short 1000 Hz tone right before the 4/6 tone preamble with a length of 233ms.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2475,
"max_hz": 3025
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Israeli_Navy_Hybrid_Modem_%28188-110_MOD%29"
},
{
"id": "israeli-vft",
"name": "Israeli VFT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nIsraeli based VFT transmission, most likely used by Israeli government or military.\n# DETAILS\n**Israeli VFT** transmission, most likely used by Israeli government or military. \n\nHas been seen with a number of modes. Seen with 4xPSK-75, 1xFSK-150, and both 4xPSK-75 and 1xFSK-150 together.\nThe 4xPSK-75 data stream takes about 1.25kHz and the 1xFSK-150 1.8kHz, largely due to the shift. Putting both together in one VFT has a total of 1.8kHz bandwidth, with the 4xPSK-75 fitting in right below the 1xFSK-150, taking up the free space.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Israeli_VFT"
},
{
"id": "jjy",
"name": "JJY",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJJY, also known as JJY-40 and JJY-60, is the call sign for a pair of longwave Time Signal stations in Japan.\n# DETAILS\n**JJY**, also known as JJY-40 and JJY-60, is the call sign for a pair of longwave Time Signal stations in Japan. \n\nThe station is located in Japan and broadcasts from two sites, one on [Mount Otakadoya, near Fukushima](https://www.google.com/maps/place/%E3%81%8A%E3%81%8A%E3%81%9F%E3%81%8B%E3%81%A9%E3%82%84%E5%B1%B1%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2%E9%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%89%80/@37.3720395,140.8486468,388m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0xcac269016010ac69!8m2!3d37.3725536!4d140.8490945), and the other on [Mount Hagane, located on Kyushu Island](https://www.google.com/maps/place/%E3%81%AF%E3%81%8C%E3%81%AD%E5%B1%B1%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2%E9%80%81%E4%BF%A1%E6%89%80/@33.4655139,130.1757102,314m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x5ef48d09dc0c01aa!8m2!3d33.4655074!4d130.17621) . JJY is operated by the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT), an independent administrative institution affiliated with the Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications of the Japanese government.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 39000,
"max_hz": 41000
},
{
"min_hz": 59000,
"max_hz": 61000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JJY"
},
{
"id": "js8",
"name": "JS8",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJS8Call is an extremely-weak-signal amateur radio communication mode based on FT8. It allows FT8 to be used for conversations and message relaying.\n# DETAILS\n**JS8Call** (JS8) is an amateur radio [QSO](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_(amateur_radio)) communication mode based on [FT8](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FT8). It is popular among amateur radio operators for its ability to send and receive messages despite challenging propagation conditions, high noise environments, low power operations (QRP), or even compromised antennas.\n\nJS8Call turns FT8 into a \"chat\" mode, allowing stations to send longer messages \"keyboard-to-keyboard.\" JS8Call can be thought of like a very weak-signal radio broadcast form of 'e-mail' (though it is not e-mail), where operators can check their message inbox and reply later. Messages can also be sent out to be relayed through other operators to reach a recipient operator. JS8Call conversations can also be had in real-time.\n\nJS8Call was created by Jordan Sherer (KN4CRD) and first released January 04, 2019. Later releases of JS8Call added more features to the mode, such as higher-speed transmissions.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1832790,
"max_hz": 1851210
},
{
"min_hz": 3560110,
"max_hz": 3595890
},
{
"min_hz": 7078000,
"max_hz": 28078000
},
{
"min_hz": 50066410,
"max_hz": 50569590
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 45,
"max_hz": 55
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JS8"
},
{
"id": "jt65",
"name": "JT65",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJT65 is an amateur radio QSO communication protocol developed by [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr Joe Taylor, K1JT]. JT65 has 3 submodes: JT65A, JT65B, and JT65C. The most popular submode of JT65 is JT65A. JT65 gets '65' from the 65 tones it uses.\n# DETAILS\n**JT65** is an amateur radio QSO communication protocol developed by [Joe Taylor, K1JT](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr). JT65 has 3 submodes: JT65A, JT65B, and JT65C. The most popular submode of JT65 is JT65A. JT65 gets '65' from the 65 tones it uses.\n\nEach transmission begins at t = 1s after the start of a UTC minute and finishes at t = 47.8 s. Each transmission must begin within the first 4 seconds of the minute to be decoded. Multiple stations transmit on the same carrier using both FDM and TDM methods. Initiating stations choose either the Even or Odd minute to transmit and responding stations transmit on the opposite minute. \n\nA sync (low) tone is to mark the lower boundary of each station's signal. The synchronizing tone is at 1270.5 Hz. The initiating station is responsible for choosing an offset that does not conflict with another station's signal. JT65 uses 126 contiguous time intervals, each of length 0.372 s (4096 samples at 11025 samples per second). Within each interval, the waveform is a constant-amplitude sinusoid at one of 65 pre-defined frequencies, and frequency changes between intervals are accomplished in a phase-continuous manner.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1828810,
"max_hz": 1847190
},
{
"min_hz": 3558120,
"max_hz": 3593880
},
{
"min_hz": 7039000,
"max_hz": 24917000
},
{
"min_hz": 50024620,
"max_hz": 50527380
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 710
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JT65"
},
{
"id": "jt6m",
"name": "JT6M",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJT6M is part of the WSJT suite of digital weak signal software applications developed by Joe Taylor, K1JT\n# DETAILS\n**JT6M** is optimized for 6M meteor scatter but is equally effective with Tropo, weak ES and scatter modes of propagation.\n\nJT6M uses 44-tone FSK with a \"sync tone\" and 43 possible data tones, one for each character in the supported alphanumeric set. The sync tone is at 1076.66 Hz, and the 43 other possible tones are spaced at 21.53 HZ intervals up to 2002.59 Hz. The tones are keyed at a rate of 21.53 baud, so each one lasts for 1/21.53 = 0.04644 seconds. The sync tone is ON during every 3rd transmission interval; tones representing two data characters follow each sync tone. The transmission rate of user data is therefore (2/3)*21.53 = 14.4 characters per second. The transmitted signal sounds a bit like piccolo music.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 50215000,
"max_hz": 50250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JT6M"
},
{
"id": "jt9",
"name": "JT9",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJT9 is a 9-FSK mode for making contact (QSO's) under extreme weak-signal conditions. It is part of the WSJT-X software.\n# DETAILS\n**JT9** is a 9-FSK mode for making contacts (QSO's) under extreme weak-signal conditions. It is part of the WSJT-X software. \n \n\nJT9 has eight submodes, JT9A to JT9H, with different tone spacings. The normal \"slow\" operating mode is primarily designed for weak-signal communications on HF and lower bands. 60-second transmit/receive slots are used. Transmission takes 49 seconds and the remaining 11 seconds are reserved for decoding and timing inaccuracies. Compared to [JT65](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JT65), the most common submode JT9A is about 1 dB more sensitive while using less than 10% of the bandwidth. \n\nSubmodes JT9E to JT9H can also be operated in fast mode which is designed for meteor scatter and other propagation modes with short openings. In this mode, the messages are sent fast and repeated many times during the transmission window. The fast mode uses 5, 10, 15 or 30 second transmit/receive slots.\n\n| Submode | Tone spacing | Bandwidth | Minimum SNR for decoding |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| JT9A | 1.74 Hz | 15.6 Hz | -26 dB |\n| JT9B | 3.47 Hz | 29.5 Hz | -26 dB |\n| JT9C | 6.94 Hz | 57.3 Hz | -25 dB |\n| JT9D | 13.9 Hz | 113 Hz | -24 dB |\n| JT9E | 27.8 Hz | 224 Hz | -23 dB |\n| JT9F | 55.6 Hz | 446 Hz | -22 dB |\n| JT9G | 111 Hz | 891 Hz | -21 dB |\n| JT9H | 222 Hz | 1780 Hz | -20 dB |\n\nThe fast submodes use slightly more bandwidth than their slow counterparts. Duration of one cycle decreases with wider tone spacing - one JT9E fast cycle takes 3.4 seconds but one JT9H fast cycle takes only 0.425 seconds. These cycles are repeated over the transmit window.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3560110,
"max_hz": 3595890
},
{
"min_hz": 27938605,
"max_hz": 28219395
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 16,
"max_hz": 1780
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JT9"
},
{
"id": "jtms",
"name": "JTMS",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJTMS is a meteor scatter mode that uses MSK. JTMS behaves similarily to FSK441.\n# DETAILS\n**JTMS** uses a variation of FSK called Minimum Shift Keying (MSK), which allows a faster transmission rate per unit bandwidth. JTMS performs approximately as well as FSK441, and tends to produce cleaner decodes. Uses MSK at 1378.125 baud, with a character transmission rate 197 cps.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1530,
"max_hz": 1870
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JTMS"
},
{
"id": "japan-military-8-channel-fsk",
"name": "Japan Military 8-Channel FSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nData signal thought to originate from Japanese Military/Navy\n# DETAILS\nData signal thought to originate from Japanese Military/Navy. Although 8-Channels are used, it is actually two FSK channels duplicated with Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) among the other 6 channels for high redundancy.\n\nThe signal consists of two independent FSK-2 channels which are doubled according to a cross-schema. All four channels use the Manchester code and, with time offset between the two channels, formed using OFDM.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4273525,
"max_hz": 4316475
},
{
"min_hz": 16470733,
"max_hz": 16636267
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2160,
"max_hz": 2640
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Japan_Military_8-Channel_FSK"
},
{
"id": "japanese-slot-machine-xsl",
"name": "Japanese Slot Machine (XSL)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Japanese Slot Machine (Enigma Designation XSL) is a simplex system used by the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force in Ichihara, Japan.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Japanese Slot Machine** (Enigma Designation **XSL**) is a simplex system used by the Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force in Ichihara, Japan. This signal is transmitted from the [Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force Ichihara Transmitting Station](https://www.google.com/maps/place/35%C2%B026'46.0%22N+140%C2%B010'52.0%22E/@35.4460995,140.1844078,247m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m3!3m2!1s0x0:0x0!4b1!6m1!1e1) (\u6d77\u4e0a\u81ea\u885b\u968a\u5e02\u539f\u9001\u4fe1\u6240) in Ichihara, Japan. Uses QPSK at 1500 Bd to transmit. Has a very interesting and unique idling format which sounds akin to a slot machine, hence the attributed name. This modem has been active since 2001.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4152500,
"max_hz": 8703000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Japanese_Slot_Machine_%28XSL%29"
},
{
"id": "jim-creek-nlk",
"name": "Jim Creek (NLK)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJim Creek Naval Radio Station is used by the US Navy to transmit commands to distant submarines.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 23800,
"max_hz": 25800
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Jim_Creek_%28NLK%29"
},
{
"id": "jindalee-operational-radar-network-jorn",
"name": "Jindalee Operational Radar Network (JORN)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nJORN is an Australian OTHR system that operates uniquely in that it's radar bursts include an intro tone before the burst.\n# DETAILS\n**JORN** is an Australian over-the-horizon radar system. It transmits an FMCW signal in bursts, and each burst has an intro tone. Sweep rates can vary over a wide range. The most common bandwidth is 10 kHz but other bandwidths such as 3 kHz or 15 kHz may be used. The sounder modes (see below) use many different bandwidths. Transmission frequency can vary from 5.7 MHz to 33 MHz or even lower or higher. \n\nThe intro tone can be very short and plain, or it can be slightly longer and have noticeable modulation. It is not known why different intro tones are used. The radar can also transmit without an intro tone, but it's uncommon, see the video example below. The purpose of the intro tone has not been confirmed, but according to a post in the UDXF group, it is used to check impedance matching between the transmitters and the antennas. If impedance matching is not correct, transmission would be aborted. \n\nJORN's OTH network is comprised of three radar sites. One at [Alice Springs (1RSU)](https://www.google.com/maps/@-22.9687326,134.4480177,1502m/data=!3m1!1e3), the first OTH to be built in Australia, and two other ones at [Laverton](https://www.google.com/maps/@-28.3266877,122.0071657,4271m/data=!3m1!1e3) and [Longreach](https://www.google.com/maps/@-23.6587489,144.1464585,2378m/data=!3m1!1e3). \n\nJORN can be confused with the [Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar (ROTHR)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Relocatable_Over-the-Horizon_Radar_%28ROTHR%29) of USA, but can be usually differentiated by its different bandwidth and different intro tone. The waterfall appearance of [HFDL](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Frequency_Data_Link_%28HFDL%29) also resembles JORN but the former can be differentiated by its narrow bandwidth and entirely different sound when demodulated. \n\nThere may be a Chinese OTH radar that can use a similar transmission mode as JORN. [LINK](https://www.hfunderground.com/board/index.php/topic),76456.msg252627.html#msg252627 It may be difficult to tell that and JORN apart.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5671500,
"max_hz": 5728500
},
{
"min_hz": 8992000,
"max_hz": 10153000
},
{
"min_hz": 22950000,
"max_hz": 33000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3000,
"max_hz": 60000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network_%28JORN%29"
},
{
"id": "john-deere-rtk-radio-450",
"name": "John Deere RTK Radio 450",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nReal-time Kinematic GPS is a satellite navigation technique used to enhance the precision of position data derived from satellite-based positioning systems (global navigation satellite systems, GNSS) such as GPS, BeiDou, GLONASS, Galileo and NavIC.\n# DETAILS\nIt uses measurements of the phase of the signal's carrier wave in addition to the information content of the signal and relies on a single reference station or interpolated virtual station to provide real-time corrections, providing up to centimetre-level accuracy.\n\nThe way to tell this is also RTK data is by the carrier's almost \"musical-beat\" like sounding pulse, representing a random binary sequence. \nWith reference to GPS in particular, the system is commonly referred to as carrier-phase enhancement, or CPGPS. It has applications in land survey, hydrographic survey, and in unmanned aerial vehicle navigation. \n\nThe distance between a satellite navigation receiver and a satellite can be calculated from the time it takes for a signal to travel from the satellite to the receiver. To calculate the delay, the receiver must align a pseudorandom binary sequence, contained in the signal to an internally generated pseudorandom binary sequence Since the satellite signal takes time to reach the receiver, the satellite's sequence is delayed in relation to the receiver's sequence. By increasingly delaying the receiver's sequence, the two sequences are eventually aligned. (hence the result of the music beat-sequence).\n\nThe signal is primarly used on farms to measure distance and other related info as well.\n\n [RTK in use](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SmaRTK_GNSS_RTK_Receiver_being_used_to_survey_the_forest_population_in_Switzerland..jpg)\n\n^^ A bit of a slower one, half the rate of this page's audio sample.",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 435000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6741,
"max_hz": 8239
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/John_Deere_RTK_Radio_450"
},
{
"id": "kg-stv",
"name": "KG-STV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nKG-STV is an image transmission mode developed by JJ0OBZ in Japan.\n# DETAILS\n**KG-STV** is an image transmission mode developed by JJ0OBZ in Japan. The mode transmits one 16x16 compressed jpeg block at a time, so that partial transmissions can still reveal the image with missing holes. You can see each block as it's received being reconstructed. The software allows the receiver to send a repeat request in case there are received blocks that have errors. In addition to images, users can send and receive short text messages to each other with this mode.\n \nKG-STV has two modulation modes. MSK (Minimum Shift-Keying) and 4LFSK (4-Level Frequency-Shift Keying). The 4LFSK mode transmits twice as fast as MSK, but is more prone to being affected significantly by propagation effects. Most transmissions are done in MSK mode. Each mode has a choice of convolution encoding or no encoding. The error correction used is Viterbi Encoding (NASA standard K=7 mode)\n\nMSK uses two frequencies, 1800 Hz for 1 and 1200 Hz for 0. For 4L-FSK, '00' 1200 Hz; '01' 1400 Hz; '10' 1600 Hz; '11' 1800 Hz.\n\nAll signals operate at 1200 Bd, and occupy a bandwidth of between 500 Hz to 2500 Hz, depending on signal quality.\n\nQO-100 set a frequency for KG-STV",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3714335,
"max_hz": 3751665
},
{
"min_hz": 7137135,
"max_hz": 7208865
},
{
"min_hz": 14161835,
"max_hz": 14304165
},
{
"min_hz": 10437176875,
"max_hz": 10542073125
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 500,
"max_hz": 2500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/KG-STV"
},
{
"id": "ky57-58-voice-encryption",
"name": "KY57/58 voice encryption",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe KY57/58/68 Transmission Security Device is designed to protect the transmission of voice or data in the form of audio tones. Uses CVSD modulation like Securenet.\n# DETAILS\n[LINK](https://www.prc68.com/I/KY57.shtml)",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 248750000,
"max_hz": 251250000
},
{
"min_hz": 398000000,
"max_hz": 402000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 28800,
"max_hz": 35200
},
"modulations": [
"CVSDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/KY57/58_voice_encryption"
},
{
"id": "kenwood-fleetsync",
"name": "Kenwood FleetSync",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFleetSync is a manufacturer specific signaling standard which includes a number of features: unit ID, status, emergency button, inhibit, status check, GPS, and selective calling.\n# DETAILS\n**Kenwood FleetSync** is a manufacturer specific signaling standard which includes a number of features: unit ID, status, emergency button, inhibit, status check, GPS, and selective calling.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 845750000,
"max_hz": 854250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Kenwood_FleetSync"
},
{
"id": "kiwi",
"name": "Kiwi",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nKiwi is a telemetry mode developed by CNES used on amateur rockets and radio balloons in France.\n# DETAILS\n**Kiwi** is a telemetry mode developed by [CNES](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNES) used on amateur rockets and radio balloons in France. It's primarily geared towards students and radio clubs as a project, such as making a weather balloon. In use from 2004-2008.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137950000,
"max_hz": 138500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Kiwi"
},
{
"id": "leosar-downlink",
"name": "LEOSAR Downlink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCospas-Sarsat downlink from polar-orbiting weather satellites. The International Cospas-Sarsat Programme is a satellite-aided search and rescue initiative.\n# DETAILS\nThe International Cospas-Sarsat Programme is a satellite-aided search and rescue initiative. The system utilizes a network of satellites that provide coverage everywhere on Earth. Distress alerts are detected, located and forwarded to over 200 countries and territories at no cost to beacon owners or the receiving government agencies.\n\nThis signal is from LEO (Low Earth Orbit) polar orbiting satellites - NOAA 15/18/19, METOP B, METEOR-M N2-2.\nCospas-Sarsat also uses a MEOSAR segment used by satellites in higher orbits such as Galileo, and GEOSAR for geostationary satellites like ELEKTRO-L and GOES.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1536777500,
"max_hz": 1552222500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315000,
"max_hz": 385000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LEOSAR_Downlink"
},
{
"id": "loran",
"name": "LORAN",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLORAN (short for LOng RAnge Navigation) is a hyperbolic radio navigation system.\n# DETAILS\n**LORAN** (short for LOng RAnge Navigation) is a hyperbolic radio navigation system. LORAN-C was the predominant LORAN system in use but in recent years eLORAN, or E-LORAN (Enhanced LORAN) has been replacing obsolete LORAN-C systems. However, eLORAN has not been able to catch on as well as GPS systems become cheaper and more accessible to users, so eLORAN systems have begun to shut down.\n\neLORAN is, to radio listeners, virtually identical to LORAN-C, but the primary difference is the addition of a Data Channel to send DGPS info, Differential eLORAN corrections, UTC Time of day, eLORAN Integrity info, as well as other data. The data is transmitted at about 20-50 bps using Pulse Position Modulation (Also known as Eurofix), or by using 9th Pulse Modulation.\n\n**Alert: At the end of 2015, the entire European Loran system was discontinued. This INCLUDES the UK eLORAN Implementation. [Analysis of Shutdown by PA3FWM](http://pa3fwm.nl/signals/loran-2015/)**\n\nNote: The 100 kHz signal recorded is a combination of LORAN and CHAYKA systems, as they all operate on the same frequency. To distinguish between them you have to analyse the GRI (Group Repetition Interval) to determine the chain and match it to documented GRI numbers for LORAN and CHAYKA systems.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LORAN"
},
{
"id": "lrs-restaurant-pager",
"name": "LRS restaurant pager",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLRS restaurant pagers operate in the PMR446 band, most commonly on 446.15625 MHz. The system uses narrowband FM (NFM) modulation with a 12.5 kHz channel bandwidth, transmitting short data bursts that activate individual pagers.\n# DETAILS\n**LRS restaurant pagers** operate in the PMR446 band, most commonly on 446.15625 MHz. The system uses narrowband FM (NFM) modulation with a 12.5 kHz channel bandwidth, transmitting short data bursts that activate individual pagers. Transmission power is low (typically well below the PMR446 limit of 500 mW ERP), since the required range is only tens to hundreds of meters. Communication is one\u2011way: the base station sends an ID-coded message, and the pager vibrates, lights up, or beeps when its code is received.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 443770000,
"max_hz": 448230000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LRS_restaurant_pager"
},
{
"id": "lte420-mcx",
"name": "LTE420 MCX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nBand 88 FDD\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 421581500,
"max_hz": 425818500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 972000,
"max_hz": 1188000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LTE420_MCX"
},
{
"id": "land-rover-discovery-4-car-key",
"name": "Land Rover Discovery 4 Car Key",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n2FSK transmission mode 20828 baud,\nInformation is transmitted by the code \"Manchester\", respectively, the data transfer rate is twice lower (7785.63 baud).\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431760350,
"max_hz": 436099650
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 855000,
"max_hz": 1045000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Land_Rover_Discovery_4_Car_Key"
},
{
"id": "lentus",
"name": "Lentus",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLentus is an extremely slow QRP mode developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE used to transmit QRP's at very low power. Each 43-character (75 bit) transmission takes roughly 5 minutes to transmit across 32 possible tones in a tight 25 Hz bandwidth.\n# DETAILS\n**Lentus** is an extremely slow QRP mode developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE used to transmit QRP's at very low power. Each 43-character (75 bit) transmission takes roughly 5 minutes to transmit across 32 possible tones in a tight 25 Hz bandwidth.\n\nLentus has an extremely high sensitivity rating (down to a minimum S/N ratio of -34 dB, with first decoding at -36.5 dB), able to decode even when under the noise floor.Lentus is aimed for usage on LF, MF and HF (up to 14 MHz).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 135300,
"max_hz": 137300
},
{
"min_hz": 1827815,
"max_hz": 1846185
},
{
"min_hz": 3571055,
"max_hz": 3606945
},
{
"min_hz": 7037500,
"max_hz": 14095600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 23,
"max_hz": 27
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Lentus"
},
{
"id": "lightning-sferics",
"name": "Lightning Sferics",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVLF RF emissions from lightning in the atmosphere that can affect up to HF frequencies and beyond depending on strength. Has a popping crackle sound with both USB and AM modes of reception.\n# DETAILS\n**Lightning Sferics** are VLF RF emissions from lightning in the atmosphere that can affect up to HF frequencies and beyond depending on strength. Has a popping crackle sound with both USB and AM modes of reception.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Lightning_Sferics"
},
{
"id": "link-11",
"name": "Link-11",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLink-11 (Also known as ALLIGATOR, STANAG 5511, TADIL-A, MIL-STD-6011, and MIL-STD-188-203-1A) is a Tactical Data Link standard (formerly known as Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) used by NATO and the US Military for Maritime Tactical Data Exchange.\n# DETAILS\n**Link-11** (Also known as ALLIGATOR, STANAG 5511, TADIL-A, MIL-STD-6011, and MIL-STD-188-203-1A) is a Tactical Data Link standard (formerly known as Tactical Digital Information Link (TADIL) used by NATO and the US Military for Maritime Tactical Data Exchange. \n\nLink 11 is used to exchange digital information among airborne, land-based, and ship-board tactical data systems. It is the primary means to exchange data such as radar tracking information beyond line of sight. In addition, it is used for radar coordination and weapons fire control.\n\nThis page refers to the main Link-11 waveform used in MF and HF bands. There is also a [UHF version of LINK-11](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Link-11_%28UHF%29) used in the UHF band for line-of-sight operations.\n\n \nLink-11 is due to be replaced by [Link 22](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_22)",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1990000,
"max_hz": 2010000
},
{
"min_hz": 29849901,
"max_hz": 30149899
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2500,
"max_hz": 6000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Link-11"
},
{
"id": "link-11-uhf",
"name": "Link-11 (UHF)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is the UHF band variant of Link-11, which is transmitted on a FM carrier. The FM-demodulated baseband is identical to the HF Link-11 waveform.\n# DETAILS\nThis is the UHF band variant of **Link-11**, which is transmitted on a FM carrier. The FM-demodulated baseband is identical to the original [Link-11](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Link-11) waveform used on MF and HF bands. See the [Link-11](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Link-11) page for in-depth details on the underlying waveform characteristics.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 223875000,
"max_hz": 226125000
},
{
"min_hz": 397975125,
"max_hz": 401974875
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 27000,
"max_hz": 33000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Link-11_%28UHF%29"
},
{
"id": "lojack",
"name": "LoJack",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLoJack is a vehicle tracking system that allows vehicles to be tracked by police, with the aim of recovering them in case of theft via a small radio transceiver clandestinely installed in a vehicle.\n# DETAILS\n**LoJack** is a vehicle tracking system that allows vehicles to be tracked by police, with the aim of recovering them in case of theft via a small radio transceiver clandestinely installed in a vehicle.\n \nBit rate: 1200 bits per second\n\nModulation rate: 1200 baud\n\nBinary \u201c0\u201d/Space: 1.5 cycles of an 1800 Hz sine wave\n\nBinary \u201c1\u201d/Mark: 1 cycle of a 1200 Hz sine wave",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 172209625,
"max_hz": 173940375
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LoJack"
},
{
"id": "lora",
"name": "LoRa",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLoRa (Long Range) is a proprietary low-power wide-area network modulation technique.\n# DETAILS\nLoRa (Long Range) is a proprietary low-power wide-area network modulation technique. It is based on spread-spectrum modulation techniques derived from chirp spread spectrum (CSS) technology.\nLoRa enables long-range transmissions with low power consumption. The technology covers the physical layer, while other technologies and protocols such as LoRaWAN (Long Range Wide Area Network) cover the upper layers. It can achieve data rates between 0.3 kbit/s and 27 kbit/s depending upon the spreading factor.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 430835000,
"max_hz": 435165000
},
{
"min_hz": 863000000,
"max_hz": 915000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225000,
"max_hz": 275000
},
"modulations": [
"CSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LoRa"
},
{
"id": "lockheed-martin-lms-6-radiosonde",
"name": "Lockheed Martin LMS-6 (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe LMS-6 is a radiosonde developed by Lockheed Martin which contains a temperature, barometric pressure (On the 1680 MHz models only), and humidity sensor for upper air weather observations.\n# DETAILS\nThe LMS-6 is a radiosonde developed by Lockheed Martin which contains a temperature, barometric pressure (On the 1680 MHz models only), and humidity sensor for upper air weather observations. It also contains a GPS receiver for position tracking as well as calculating wind speeds.\n\nCurrently in the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is in the process transitioning some of it's National Weather Service (NWS) offices that are part of the upper-air observation program to the [Graw DFM-17 radiosonde](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Graw_DFM-17_(Radiosonde)). Other offices are being transitioned to different variations of the Vaisala RS-41 Radiosonde A list of upper-air sites and their new radiosonde types can be found [here on the weather.gov website](https://www.weather.gov/media/upperair/Documents/Upper%20Air%20Sites%20Ground%20Equipment%20and%20Radiosonde%20Types.pdf).",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 403000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1676000000,
"max_hz": 1682000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_LMS-6_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "logic-trunked-radio-ltr",
"name": "Logic Trunked Radio (LTR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nLogic Trunked Radio, is an analog trunked radio format developed by EF Johnson Company.\n# DETAILS\nUnlike most Trunked radio formats, including analog variants such as Passport, MPT1327, etc. LTR does not have a control channel. However, each repeater has its own controller and is required to report to a master controller.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Logic_Trunked_Radio_%28LTR%29"
},
{
"id": "logitech-r-wireless-mouse-keyboard-signal",
"name": "Logitech(R) Wireless Mouse+Keyboard Signal",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis signal comes from Logitech(R) Brand wireless mouse and keyboard combo unit.\n# DETAILS\nThe keyboard contains two radios, one sends the mouse+kbd signal to the USB dongle, the other listens to the mouse's transmitter and multiplexes it into the signal sent to the USB Dongle Receiver, that is the signal in the image. You can't see the much weaker mouse signal, but it is there between the pulses of the main radio. The keyboards main radio sends PPM, the mouse, for some reason, uses GFSK.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2388000000,
"max_hz": 2412000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 450000,
"max_hz": 550000
},
"modulations": [
"PPM",
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Logitech%28R%29_Wireless_Mouse%2BKeyboard_Signal"
},
{
"id": "low-frequency-bicycle-computer-sensor",
"name": "Low Frequency Bicycle Computer Sensor",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is an electromagnetic emission from a budget wireless bicycle computer speed sensor. It is not a traditional radio signal, but rather a magnetic induction pulse generated by an internal coil when the Hall effect sensor (or reed switch) is triggered by a wheel magnet.\n\nThe signal is strictly short-range (near-field) and cannot be detected at distances greater than 10 cm. It consists of simple analog bursts rather than digital data packets. Commonly found on inexpensive unbranded or entry-level bike computers worldwide.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 110000,
"max_hz": 115000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Low_Frequency_Bicycle_Computer_Sensor"
},
{
"id": "low-rate-picture-transmission-lrpt",
"name": "Low Rate Picture Transmission (LRPT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Low Rate Picture Transmission (LRPT) is a digital transmission system, commonly transmitted by METEOR-M satellites, used to deliver weather images and data.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Low Rate Picture Transmission (LRPT)** is a digital transmission system, intended to deliver images and data from an orbital weather satellite directly to end users via a VHF radio signal. It is used aboard polar-orbiting, near-Earth weather satellite programs such as MetOp (LRPT permanently deactivated on MetOp-A due to interference with on HIRS) and NPOESS (replaced with JPSS), and is currently being used on METEOR-M satellites.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137000000,
"max_hz": 138000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 108000,
"max_hz": 132000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Low_Rate_Picture_Transmission_%28LRPT%29"
},
{
"id": "m17-rf-protocol",
"name": "M17 RF Protocol",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAn open source digital mode developed for amateur and other radio applications.\n# DETAILS\nThe **M17 RF Protocol** is an open source digital radio mode developed for amateur radio applications and experimentation. The air interface is designed to transmit digital voice and data with a rate of 3200 bits/s, modulated with square root raised cosine filtered 4FSK at 9600 bits/s and 9 kHz wide channels.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 10447500000,
"max_hz": 10552500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 8100,
"max_hz": 9900
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/M17_RF_Protocol"
},
{
"id": "m20-radiosonde",
"name": "M20 Radiosonde",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTelemetry signal transmitted by M20 radiosondes\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400150000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 27000,
"max_hz": 33000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/M20_Radiosonde"
},
{
"id": "md-522",
"name": "MD-522",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMD-522 (Also known as MIL-M-55529A) is a synchronous FSK mode built into GRC-MD522 teletypewriter sets and used for wirelessly transmitting ASCII information. MD-522 has a narrowband, wideband, and diversity mode.\n# DETAILS\nMD-522 (Also known as MIL-M-55529A) is a synchronous FSK mode built into GRC-MD522 teletypewriter sets and used for wirelessly transmitting ASCII information. MD-522 has a narrowband, wideband, and diversity mode. MD-552 uses the same general modulation type as [MD-674](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MD-674).\n\nThe narrowband mode uses a shift of 85 Hz centered at 2805 Hz and with speeds of 50 Bd, 75 Bd, 100 Bd, and 110 Bd. The wideband mode had the same features as narrowband, but the shift is 850 Hz and is centered at 2000 Hz.\n\nThe Diversity mode uses two narrowband 85 Hz signals, one at 2805 Hz and at 425 Hz.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 200,
"max_hz": 300
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MD-522"
},
{
"id": "md-674",
"name": "MD-674",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMD-674, also known as Wireline FSK, is a very old United States Military FSK Modem from the 1960's. Uses 85 Hz FSK shift. Speeds of 50 Bd, 75 Bd, 100 Bd, and 150 Bd have been logged. No longer seen today.\n# DETAILS\nMD-674, also known as Wireline FSK, is a very old United States Military FSK Modem from the 1960's. Uses 85 Hz FSK shift. Speeds of 50 Bd, 75 Bd, 100 Bd, and 150 Bd have been logged. No longer seen today.\n\nThe MD-674 Modem is designed to output to a 4-channel VFT wire circuit, so it's use is not in wireless transmission but wired transmissions over telephone circuits. The [MD-522](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MD-522) is the wireless version of this signal, designed for transmitting with a radio frequency transmitter and receiver.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 200,
"max_hz": 300
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MD-674"
},
{
"id": "mdc-4800",
"name": "MDC-4800",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMotorola's MDC-4800 is a data protocol that was used in ARDIS and DataTAC Networks as well as in MDT networks. RD-LAP was derived from this mode. Also known as Motorola Mobile Data Communications System (MODACOM)\n# DETAILS\nMotorola's **MDC-4800** is a data protocol that was used in ARDIS and DataTAC Networks as well as in MDT networks. [RD-LAP](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Data_Link_Access_Procedure_%28RD-LAP%29) was derived from this mode. Also known as Motorola Mobile Data Communications System (MODACOM)\n\nApart from ARDIS, MDC-4800 was used in MDT, public safety, and other data terminal usages.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 845750000,
"max_hz": 854250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MDC-4800"
},
{
"id": "mdc1200",
"name": "MDC1200",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMDC (Motorola Data Communications), also known as Stat-Alert, MDC-1200 and MDC-600, is a Motorola two-way radio low-speed data system.\n# DETAILS\n**Motorola Data Communications (MDC)** signaling includes a number of features: unit ID, status buttons, emergency button, selective inhibit, radio check, and selective calling. These features are programmable and could be used in any combination desired by the user. They are typically incorporated in high-end analog FM commercial and public safety radios made by Motorola and other manufacturers. In addition to Motorola, at least two other companies make compatible base station decoders for MDC-1200.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 955200000,
"max_hz": 964800000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 20000
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MDC1200"
},
{
"id": "meteor-m-high-resolution-picture-transmission-hrpt",
"name": "METEOR-M High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA variant of the [[High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_(HRPT)|NOAA HRPT]] signal, which has a different data structure and better low-signal handling characteristics.\n# DETAILS\nThe Meteor-M series of satellites transmit high resolution pictures from the MSU-MR (main radiometer) and additionally, data from MTVZA (a microwave sounding instrument) over an HRPT link. However, while the signal is still being PSK modulated, the data structure is different than the [NOAA HRPT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28HRPT%29) signal. This gives improved low-signal handling characteristics and makes the signal incompatible with NOAA HRPT decoders.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1691500000,
"max_hz": 1708500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700000,
"max_hz": 3300000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/METEOR-M_High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28HRPT%29"
},
{
"id": "metop-advanced-high-resolution-picture-transmission-ahrpt",
"name": "METOP Advanced High Resolution Picture Transmission (AHRPT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA high-speed digital link used by METOP weather satellites for direct data dissemination.\n# DETAILS\nThe METOP series of satellites transmit high resolution pictures from AVHRR and data from several other instruments over an AHRPT link. \n\nDue to a much larger instrument payload than NOAA POES satellites, a faster method of disseminating data from the satellites had to be devised. BPSK was replaced by QPSK and to ensure correct decoding, forward error correction (FEC) was added too. As a result, the data rate passed from 664.5 kbit/s of POES HRPT to 3.5 Mbit/s, over 5 times faster, not including overhead of FEC which brings the total data rate to 4.7 Mbit/s.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1701300000,
"max_hz": 1707000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400000,
"max_hz": 6600000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/METOP_Advanced_High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28AHRPT%29"
},
{
"id": "mfj-269c-antenna-swr-analyzer",
"name": "MFJ-269C Antenna SWR Analyzer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPopular antenna analyzer among ham operators and the like. Output power is only ~20mW so if heard, source is nearby. Other MFJ models may be similar.\n# DETAILS\nMFJ's line of antenna analyzers are extremely popular due in part to their simplicity and ease of use. One feature is the ability to attach an antenna and get a rough idea of its center frequency and usable bandwidth among other things. This necessitates the injection of a small signal in order to make these measurements that may be heard nearby.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 497500,
"max_hz": 502500
},
{
"min_hz": 497500000,
"max_hz": 502500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MFJ-269C_Antenna_SWR_Analyzer"
},
{
"id": "mil-std-110-342",
"name": "MIL-STD-110-342",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMIL-STD-110-342 was a US Dept. of Defense standard for a 16 channel VFT teletype transmission. This mode was officially cancelled as of December 5th, 1995.\n# DETAILS\n**MIL-STD-110-342** was a US Dept. of Defense standard for a 16 channel VFT teletype transmission, published on February 29th, 1972. This mode was officially cancelled as of December 5th, 1995.\n\nThis VFT was officially designated as \"Standards for Long Haul Communications Equipment Technical Design Standards for Voice Frequency Carrier Telegraph (FSK)\".The VFT consisted of 16 [CRATT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CRATT) subchannels (Covered RAdio TeleType, 'Covered' meaning encrypted). These CRATT subchannels used the NATO KG-84c encryption protocol and transmitted at 75 baud each.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-110-342"
},
{
"id": "mil-std-188-110-appendix-a-16-tone",
"name": "MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix A 16-Tone",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMIL-STD-188-110 Appendix A is a 16-tone OFDM PSK signal used to transmit data. As of 110C revision, this mode is being phased out.\n# DETAILS\n**MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix A** is a 16-tone OFDM PSK signal used to transmit data. As of 110C revision, this mode is being phased out. However it is still used in the US during Armed Forces Day. \n\nPSK signals are superseding these lesser-performing signals.\n\nA 605 Hz pilot tone is sometimes used for doppler correction. The preamble has both 605 Hz and 1705 Hz umodulated tones used to sync the modem so it may receive the signal clearly. Uses a 75 Hz baud rate in each channel. Uses BPSK for 75, 150, 300, and 600bps (135 and 315 degrees, to remain the same as DQPSK's phases), and uses DQPSK for 1200 and 2400bps.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1890,
"max_hz": 2310
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Appendix_A_16-Tone"
},
{
"id": "mil-std-188-110-appendix-b-39-tone",
"name": "MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix B 39-Tone",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMIL-STD-188-110 Appendix B is a 39-tone OFDM DQPSK mode used to send data and voice.\n# DETAILS\n**MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix B** is a 39-tone OFDM DQPSK mode used to send data and voice. MIL-STD-188-110 Appendix B exists for revisions 110A, 110B, and 110C. It will soon be phased out in favor of single-tone serial PSK modes. \n\nApp.B operates with a baud rate of 44.44 Hz. It has a signature preamble with a pilot tone located ~393 Hz from the unmodulated carrier. A close variant of this mode, [STANAG 4197](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4197), is used in ANDVT's.\n\n6 user speeds exist for App.B. 75, 150, 300, 600, 1200, and 2400. Speeds 75-1200bps has 4 degrees of interleaving, where 2400bps has 8 degrees of interleaving.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2160,
"max_hz": 2640
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Appendix_B_39-Tone"
},
{
"id": "mil-std-188-110-serial",
"name": "MIL-STD-188-110 Serial",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMIL-STD-188-110 Serial is a US Department of Defense standard for HF Communications, Serial PSK mode. Can transmit both data and voice with a range of interleaving and speed modes for optimal propagation.\n# DETAILS\n**MIL-STD-188-110 Serial** is a US Department of Defense standard for HF Communications, Serial PSK mode. The mode was officially specified in the \"Military Standard Interoperability and Performance Standards for Data Modems\" in 1991. The original waveform was first outlined in the MIL-STD-188-110A standard, and has since remained over the next two revisions, the current one being MIL-STD-188-110C W/ Change 1. This serial waveform is very popular for its HF performance and robustness. This mode is almost identical to [STANAG 4285](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4285), but has some differences that keeps them from being interchangeable.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2475,
"max_hz": 3025
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial"
},
{
"id": "mmp-4800",
"name": "MMP-4800",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMMP-4800 was a MDT (Mobile Data Terminal) protocol developed by Canadian company Mobile Data International (MDI) in 1982 for their Mobile Data Terminals. Used by public safety and commercial industries. Phased out.\n# DETAILS\n**MMP-4800** was a MDT (Mobile Data Terminal) protocol developed by Canadian company Mobile Data International (MDI) in 1982. Used by public safety and commercial industries. Phased out.\n\nTransmitted at 4800 bps, had two-way functionality, and occupied 25 kHz UHF/VHF voice channel, or 12.5 kHz sideband.\n\nUsers of this included Swedish Police, Phoenix Fire Dept., and other commercial companies.\n\nWhen MDI was purchased by Motorola in 1988, Motorola decided to discontinue MDI's MMP-4800 protocol in favor of it's own [MDC-4800](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MDC-4800) protocol.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 500000000
},
{
"min_hz": 895500000,
"max_hz": 904500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MMP-4800"
},
{
"id": "mobitex",
"name": "MOBITEX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMOBITEX is an OSI based open standard, national public access wireless packet-switched data network.\n# DETAILS\n**MOBITEX** is an OSI based open standard, national public access wireless packet-switched data network that was used by military, police, firefighters and ambulance services. It was developed in the beginning of the 1980s by the Swedish Televerket Radio. From 1988 the development took place in Eritel, a joint-venture between Ericsson and Televerket, later on as an Ericsson subsidiary. Mobitex became operational in Sweden in 1986.\n \nMobitex was offered on over 30 networks on five continents. In Canada it was first introduced in 1990 by Rogers Cantel, and in 1991 by carrier RAM Mobile Data. By 2005, it was primarily used in the USA and Canada. European Mobitex networks completely withered in the shadow of the overwhelming success of GSM there in the early 1990s. Exceptions to this are Mobitex networks in the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. MOBITEX is still in use in countries such as Hong Kong.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 450000000
},
{
"min_hz": 895500000,
"max_hz": 904500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MOBITEX"
},
{
"id": "modat",
"name": "MODAT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMODAT is a 7-tone Automatic Number Identification (ANI) status system used by handheld radios. It provides unit ID and emergency statuses to receiving radio sets when transmitted.\n# DETAILS\n**MODAT** is a 7-tone Automatic Number Identification (ANI) status system used by handheld radios. It provides unit ID and emergency statuses to receiving radio sets when transmitted. Transmitting the ANI-ID allows receivers and dispatchers to know who they are talking to, identify system abusers, identify emergency conditions and assign calls fairly. MODAT is a proprietary mode developed by Motorola. MODAT was available on the MT500, MX300 Series, Syntor, and MICOR mobiles, as well as the ASTRO series. \n\nMODAT has 11 tones to choose from and transmits up to 7 tones in a burst right before radio transmission. MODAT supports 4-digit ID's and have a range from 0000-8999. Each tone has a length of 40ms. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission.\n\nMODAT was used by a variety of agencies including New York City EMS, the Baltimore Fire Department, and the Los Angeles Police Department for unit ID before they upgraded to other protocols. NYCEMS Micor mobiles utilized Series 90 boards that had status buttons with interlocked latching switches and message buttons with momentary switches, as well as an Emergency board. An auxiliary enclosure housed the actual MODAT processor board which interfaced to the Micor. Pressing a button sent an in-band MODAT \"signal\" over the voice channel selected. This also illuminated an Ack lamp. The signal was received and processed by the computer aided dispatch system, which generated an identical reply. Often, a tone remote keying sequence was heard between the unit generated MODAT signal and the CAD generated MODAT signal. The received reply turned off the lamp and stopped retry transmissions, as well as updated the CAD system with the appropriate unit ID, status, or message without dispatcher intervention.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MODAT"
},
{
"id": "monitor-2-rs39s",
"name": "MONITOR-2(RS39S)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMonitor-2 is a Russian 3u Cubesat used for cosmic flare observation. It is most likely only active when above Russia.\n# DETAILS\nMonitor-2 is a Russian 3u Cubesat used for cosmic flare observation. It is most likely only active when above Russia",
"categories": [
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 433635925,
"max_hz": 437994075
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MONITOR-2%28RS39S%29"
},
{
"id": "mpda",
"name": "MPDA",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nExperimental Multi\u2011Parallel Differential Amplitude Shift Keying (MP\u2011DASK) narrowband data mode for HF/VHF amateur radio text communication, created by amateur radio operator 6L5TNG in the Republic of Korea.\n# DETAILS\n**MPDA** (short for **Multi-Parallel Differential Amplitude Shift Keying**) is a robust, narrowband digital communication protocol designed for amateur radio text transmission over HF and VHF bands. Developed by amateur radio operator **6L5TNG (Kang Han)** from the Republic of Korea, this protocol specifically utilizes an **Intra-Symbol Differential** modulation scheme to achieve spectral efficiency and exceptional robustness against fading (QSB).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1791000,
"max_hz": 1809000
},
{
"min_hz": 52735000,
"max_hz": 53265000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 500,
"max_hz": 2000
},
"modulations": [
"MP\u2011DASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MPDA"
},
{
"id": "mpt-1327",
"name": "MPT 1327",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMPT1327 (Ministry of Posts and Telegraph 1327) is a signaling protocol standard for analog trunked radio\n# DETAILS\n**MPT 1327** (Ministry of Posts and Telegraph 1327) is a signaling protocol standard for analog trunked radio. It was developed in 1988 by the British [Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Trade_and_Industry_(United_Kingdom)).\n \nThis mode is primarily used in the United Kingdom, Europe, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand.\n\nThe trunking control channel is used to communicate between the mobile radios and the network at 1200 bits per second with fast Frequency Shift Keying (FFSK) subcarrier modulation. Since this is an analog mode, voice traffic is sent with analog FM, so it can easily be monitored with a simple FM receiver.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 162500000,
"max_hz": 207500000
},
{
"min_hz": 420000000,
"max_hz": 461000000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MPT_1327"
},
{
"id": "mpt1394-keyfob",
"name": "MPT1394 Keyfob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRemote key less entry fob for Honda car's with door lock, Unlock and remote boot/trunk open feature (keyfob data may be same as other manufactures)\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431750400,
"max_hz": 436089600
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9270,
"max_hz": 11330
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"EU",
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MPT1394_Keyfob"
},
{
"id": "mrz-3mk-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "MRZ-3MK Weather Balloon (radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMRZ-3MK is a Russian weather radiosonde.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1671600000,
"max_hz": 1688400000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400000,
"max_hz": 6600000
},
"modulations": [
"PFM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MRZ-3MK_Weather_Balloon_%28radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "mrz-n1-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "MRZ-N1 Weather Balloon (radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMRZ-N1 is a russian weather radiosonde.\n# DETAILS\nA radiosonde is a battery-powered telemetry instrument carried into the atmosphere usually by a weather balloon that measures various atmospheric parameters and transmits them by radio to a ground receiver. Modern radiosondes measure or calculate the following variables: altitude, pressure, temperature, relative humidity, wind (both wind speed and wind direction), cosmic ray readings at high altitude and geographical position (latitude/longitude).",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400985000,
"max_hz": 405015000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MRZ-N1_Weather_Balloon_%28radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "msf",
"name": "MSF",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMSF is a time signal station in Anthorn, United Kingdom, which broadcasts the UK national time reference\n# DETAILS\n**MSF**, previously also known as **Rugby clock**, is a time signal station in Anthorn, United Kingdom. It transmits the UK national time reference which is maintained by the National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Transmitted power is about 15 kW EIRP. The signal is usable in much of northern and western Europe, and reception outside Europe may be more difficult. Time and date information is encoded in the lengths of the on-off keyed second markers. \n\nThe MSF signal can be confused with [WWVB](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WWVB) and [JJY-60](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JJY). It can be identified by using a decoder, or if a decoder is not available, location of the receiver often gives a clue about which signal was heard.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 59000,
"max_hz": 61000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4,
"max_hz": 6
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"UK",
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MSF"
},
{
"id": "msk144",
"name": "MSK144",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMSK144 is a Minimum Shift Keying FSK signal used for amateur radio meteor-scatter contacts. It transmits 144 bit long packets at a baudrate of 2000 bps using frequencies 1000 and 2000 Hz.\n# DETAILS\n**MSK144** is a Minimum Shift Keying FSK signal used for amateur radio meteor-scatter contacts. It transmits 144 bit long packets at a baudrate of 2000 bps using frequencies 1000 and 2000 Hz. It is part of the WSJT-X suite, developed by Joe Taylor K1JT and others.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 50000000,
"max_hz": 70000000
},
{
"min_hz": 143280000,
"max_hz": 144720000
},
{
"min_hz": 437800000,
"max_hz": 442200000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MSK144"
},
{
"id": "msm-1250-modem",
"name": "MSM-1250 Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMSM-1250 (Medium Speed Modem) is a 10 FSK-2 OFDM digital data protocol used by the stand-alone modem \"SkyFax\", used to transmit and receive faxes on HF.\n# DETAILS\nAlso known as Racal/Thales Skyfax, Racal/Thales MSM, SKYFAX, Skyfax MSM, JAVELIN MSM-1250, and other variations, MSM-1250 (Medium Speed Modem) is a 10 FSK-2 OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex) digital data protocol used by the stand-alone modem \"SkyFax\", used to transmit and receive faxes on HF. \n \nThere are 10 parallel FSK channels used, each channel spaced 250 Hz apart and with 150 Hz spacing within the channel. Each channel transmits 125 bps, giving a transfer capacity of 1250 bps. \n\nThis protocol is often seen with [MIL 188-141 (ALE)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%282G_ALE%29). This protocol was developed by Racal (Now [Thales Group](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thales_Group)) and were used in RC5000 series modems marketed by Racal Canada.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2400,
"max_hz": 2500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MSM-1250_Modem"
},
{
"id": "mt63",
"name": "MT63",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMT63 is a Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) digital data mode aimed for use in high noise environments.\n# DETAILS\n**MT63** is an Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexed (OFDM) digital data mode aimed for use in high noise environments. MT63 was developed by Pawe\u0142 Ja\u0142ocha SP9VRC. MT63 is designed for keyboard-to-keyboard conversation modes on HF amateur radio bands.\n \nMT63 distributes the encoding of each character over a long time period and over several tones. This code and symbol spreading implementation is key to its robustness under less than ideal conditions. The MT63 mode is very tolerant of mistuning, as most software will handle 120 Hz tuning offsets under normal conditions.[http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MT63]\n\nMT63 uses 64 BPSK (2-PSK) channels placed in 500, 1000, and 2000Hz of bandwidth. \n\nThere are 2 main modes of transmission: Short Interleaving and Long Interleaving. With Short Interleaving, MT63's robustness is somewhat compromised in exchange for lower latency (Time to end of transmission). With Long Interleaving, MT63 operates at its best robustness in exchange for a longer latency (about double the latency of Short Interleaving).",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 500,
"max_hz": 2000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MT63"
},
{
"id": "magnetron-microwave-owen",
"name": "Magnetron (microwave owen)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMagnetron produces regularly repeating pulses of microwave energy. These pulses have a defined repetition rate, a stable peak amplitude, and a consistent pulse width.\n# DETAILS\nThe **magnetron (microwave owen)** produces regularly repeating pulses of microwave energy. These pulses have a defined repetition rate, a stable peak amplitude, and a consistent pulse width. Because the signal is pulsed rather than continuous, its spectrum contains the carrier frequency along with sidebands determined by the pulse shape and timing. Overall, it behaves as a periodic pulsed microwave source.\n\nBandwidth is a ~20\u202fMHz\u2011wide centered on the carrier. It contains discrete spectral lines spaced by the PRF. The envelope of the spectrum resembles a sinc function (main lobe + side lobes). Inside each pulse, the magnetron oscillates at its natural cavity frequency.\nMagnetrons are non\u2011linear oscillators, so their frequency shifts due to\n- pushing: change in anode current\n- pulling: change in load impedance (e.g., reflections from the antenna)\n\nThese effects cause small frequency variations that look like FM, but they are not controlled modulation, just a by\u2011product of the device physics. Because the magnetron is a free\u2011running oscillator, its phase is not stable from pulse to pulse.\nThis is why classical magnetrons are not used in coherent radar.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2440000000,
"max_hz": 2460000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000000,
"max_hz": 22000000
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Magnetron_%28microwave_owen%29"
},
{
"id": "marconi-selenia-25-tone-modem",
"name": "Marconi Selenia 25-Tone Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Marconi Selenia 25-Tone Modem is a military modem developed sometime around 2003 by Marconi Selenia Communications (Now Finmeccanica). It supports ECCM capability and transmits at a datarate of 2400bps. This mode was employed by Turkey.\n# DETAILS\nThe Marconi Selenia 25-Tone Modem is a military modem developed sometime around 2003 by [Marconi Selenia Communications](https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selex_Elsag) (Now [Finmeccanica](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finmeccanica)). It supports ECCM capability and transmits at a datarate of 2400bps.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1440,
"max_hz": 1760
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Marconi_Selenia_25-Tone_Modem"
},
{
"id": "mazda-ske126-01-key-fob",
"name": "Mazda SKE126-01 Key Fob",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSKE126-01 Key Fob used for multiple Mazda models between 2006-2014. Manufactured by Mitsubishi Electric Company.\n# DETAILS\nMazda SKE126-01 Key Fob for Mazda models without proximity keyless system.\n\n**Used in:**\n\nMazda 2 (2011 - 2014)\n\nMazda 3 (2009 - 2013)\n\nMazda 5 (2005 - 2015) without motorised side doors\n\nMazda 6 (2007 - 2012)\n\nMazda CX7 (2007 - 2015)\n\nMazda MX5 (2006 - 2012)",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431245438,
"max_hz": 435579562
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Mazda_SKE126-01_Key_Fob"
},
{
"id": "mazielka-x06",
"name": "Mazielka (X06)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMazielka (X06) is a diplomatic selcall system used by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Used to alert that a Serdolik transmission is going to occur soon, usually on a different frequency.\n# DETAILS\n**Mazielka (X06)** is a diplomatic selcall system used by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Used to alert that a [Serdolik](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Serdolik) transmission is going to occur soon, usually on a different frequency. Has only 6 tones, representing numbers 1 through 6, and transmits the same 5 number group repetitively. \n \nThe name \"Mazielka\" comes from a Russian instrument that sounds similar to flute, the sound of which early listeners associated with X06.\n\nThere are a few variants in which this signal can be seen in. \n- X06a is a variant of X06 that sends two alternating tones, and can last for hours. This is most likely a testing pattern. \n- X06b is a variant of X06, where the tone sequences feature consecutive tones. Mostly two or three consecutive tones in a sequence are observed, but rarely there are sequences which only feature a single tone.\n- X06c is a variant of X06 where the tone sequence is a continuous rising pattern. This is also considered to be a testing pattern.\n\nX06 is usually found transmitting on single upper side band with a full carrier, but it has been seen transmitting on DSB/AM on occasion as well as in single upper side band without a carrier.",
"categories": [
"numbers stations",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4938185,
"max_hz": 4987815
},
{
"min_hz": 23340710,
"max_hz": 23575290
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 220
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Mazielka_%28X06%29"
},
{
"id": "meteomodem-m10-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "Meteomodem M10 Weather Balloon (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWeather balloon (radiosonde) telemetry data.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 27000,
"max_hz": 33000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Meteomodem_M10_Weather_Balloon_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "meteomodem-pilotsonde-weather-balloon",
"name": "Meteomodem PilotSonde Weather Balloon",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWeather balloon telemetry data.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Meteomodem_PilotSonde_Weather_Balloon"
},
{
"id": "meteosat-wefax",
"name": "Meteosat WEFAX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMeteosat WEFAX is a WEFAX used to transmit satellite images via Meteosat Satellites. WEFAX was introduced with the first Meteosat in 1977.\n# DETAILS\nWeather Satellite Modes: [APT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Picture_Transmission_%28APT%29) - [LRPT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Low_Rate_Picture_Transmission_%28LRPT%29)\n \n WEFAX Modes: [Meteosat WEFAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Meteosat_WEFAX) - [WEFAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WEFAX)\n\n**Meteosat WEFAX** is the original [WEFAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WEFAX) implementation used to transmit satellite images via Meteosat Satellites. WEFAX was introduced with the first Meteosat in 1977. Meteosat WEFAX uses an AM 2.4 kHz carrier signal modulated with a 1.6 kHz video signal.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1682545000,
"max_hz": 1699455000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"AM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Meteosat_WEFAX"
},
{
"id": "microsonde-mark-ii-weather-balloon-loran-c-signal-radiosonde",
"name": "Microsonde Mark II Weather Balloon - LORAN-C signal (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWeather balloon telemetry data. The LORAN-C signal is mixed into the carrier.\n# DETAILS\nWeather balloon telemetry data. The LORAN-C signal's data is retransmitted by the radiosonde to geo-tag it's measurements to the receiving operator.\n\nThe Microsonde Mark II was originally made by VIZ Manufacturing Company in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. VIZ was later bought in 1997 by Sippican Corporation, forming the VIZ Meteorological Systems Group of Sippican's Sea-Air Systems Division. In 2004, Sippican itself was purchased by Lockheed Martin Corporation, becoming part of their MS2 division.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 117000,
"max_hz": 143000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Microsonde_Mark_II_Weather_Balloon_-_LORAN-C_signal_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "microwave-motion-sensor-doppler-radar-module",
"name": "Microwave motion sensor (doppler radar module)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMicrowave motion sensor uses a small Doppler radar module to detect movement. The sensor emits microwave signals and monitors the reflected waves.\n# DETAILS\nA e.g. luminaire equipped with a **microwave motion sensor** uses a small Doppler radar module to detect movement. The sensor emits low\u2011power microwave signals and monitors the reflected waves. When motion causes a Doppler shift, the sensor triggers the light to switch on or adjust brightness. This makes the fixture highly sensitive, capable of detecting motion even through thin materials like glass or plastic.\n\nMost commercial microwave motion sensors use Continuous\u2011Wave Doppler Modulation. The sensor transmits a continuous unmodulated carrier at around 5.8\u202fGHz. Motion is detected by analyzing the frequency shift in the reflected signal. The output is a low\u2011frequency Doppler signal proportional to movement speed.\n\nSome modules use FMCW or FSK variants, but only in more advanced presence\u2011detection sensors. Standard lighting sensors are almost always CW.\n\nThe RF bandwidth of the transmitted signal is very narrow, usually a few MHz or less. Many modules specify 1\u201320\u202fMHz occupied bandwidth. The Doppler output (baseband) is only tens to hundreds of Hz, depending on motion speed.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5820000000,
"max_hz": 5840000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90,
"max_hz": 110
},
"modulations": [
"CW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Microwave_motion_sensor_%28doppler_radar_module%29"
},
{
"id": "milstar",
"name": "Milstar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUHF FHSS Downlink of Milstar, a US joint military service satellite communications system that provides secure, jam resistant, worldwide communications. Nicknamed 'Waterdroplets' for it's characteristic waveform and sound.\n# DETAILS\nUHF FHSS Downlink of **Milstar**, a US joint military service satellite communications system that provides secure, jam resistant, worldwide communications. Nicknamed 'Waterdroplets' for it's characteristic waveform and sound.\n\nMilstar 5's UHF FHSS Downlink is at 243.785 MHz and Milstar 1 at 243.822 MHz. They may look like a single wide signal when both are transmitting together.\n\nMilstar was built and developed by Lockheed Martin's Missile and Space Corporation for the United States Department of Defense.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 243785000,
"max_hz": 243822000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 45000,
"max_hz": 55000
},
"modulations": [
"FHSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Milstar"
},
{
"id": "modernised-high-frequency-communications-system-mhfcs",
"name": "Modernised High Frequency Communications System (MHFCS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Modernised High Frequency Communications System (MHFCS) is an Australian Department of Defense HF System for their military communications network. Also known as AUS MIL ISB Modem, AUS MHFCS, and ADF HFCS.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Modernised High Frequency Communications System (MHFCS)** is an Australian Department of Defense HF System for their military communications network. Also known as AUS MIL ISB Modem, AUS MHFCS, and ADF MHFCS. This system was initiated as the High Frequency Modernization Project.\n\nThe purpose of the High Frequency (HF) Modernisation Project (JP 2043) is to \"provide the Australian Defense Forces (ADF) with a secure, cost-effective information exchange capability for the command and control of deployed forces as a primary survivable system and as a parallel system to satellite communications\".",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1999950,
"max_hz": 2020050
},
{
"min_hz": 27340113,
"max_hz": 27614887
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 400,
"max_hz": 750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Modernised_High_Frequency_Communications_System_%28MHFCS%29"
},
{
"id": "monaco-enterprises-maap-fire-alarm",
"name": "Monaco Enterprises MAAP Fire Alarm",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nFire alarm control panel built for the United States of America's Department of Defense.\n# DETAILS\nFire alarm control panel built for the United States of America's Department of Defense. FSK telemetry for Monaco Enterprises Fire Alarm system.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 138950000,
"max_hz": 139675000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Monaco_Enterprises_MAAP_Fire_Alarm"
},
{
"id": "morse-code-cw",
"name": "Morse Code (CW)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCW Morse Code is the simplest form of transmission found virtually all over the RF bands for a variety of uses. The most common use of this is for Call-sign Beacons by both Amateur and Military operators.\n# DETAILS\n**Morse Code** is the simplest form of transmission found virtually all over the RF bands for a variety of uses. The most common use of this is for Call-sign Beacons by both Amateur and Military operators.\n \nIn addition to military and some amateur radio use, there are any number of Numbers stations that send cut numbers using CW. In addition the Russians have been using this mode for years for their military (including their 'Bear' net, used by their Air Force), as well as the Single Letter HF Beacons (SLHFB), the actual purpose of which is not fully understood. The Israelis have used this mode for years for station 4XZ.\n\nCW (Continuous Wave) uses the simple On-Off Keying modulation (OOK). The bandwidth of the CW signal is approximately 4 Hz per WPM (words per minute).",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2000,
"max_hz": 4000
},
{
"min_hz": 248750000000,
"max_hz": 251250000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Morse_Code_%28CW%29"
},
{
"id": "motorola-astro-25-hpd-air-interface",
"name": "Motorola ASTRO 25 HPD Air Interface",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMotorola's ASTRO 25 High Performance Data Air Interface allows Motorola ASTRO 25 HPD modems to transfer data at up to 96 kbps over a 25 kHz channel in the 700 MHz or 800 MHz bands.\n# DETAILS\nMotorola ASTRO 25 High Performance Data (HPD) uses the HPD Air Interface (HAI) to communicate with compatible modems. The modems are used primarily by law enforcement mobile data terminals to communicate with a dispatch center's computer-aided dispatch system. Downlink channels strongly resemble [iDEN](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Integrated_Digital_Enhanced_Network_%28iDEN%29). The downlink uses four QAM channels packed closely together to occupy a 25 kHz channel, and the uplink uses TDMA. Short blips can be heard on the uplink, and they may not resemble the downlink signal. The downlink signal has a 120ms ACF with other peaks on multiples of 30ms, and the uplink signal has an ACF that is a multiple of 30ms (usually 180ms, 360ms, or 420ms). \n\nMost HPD systems use [Motorola HPD 1000](https://fccid.io/AZ492FT5850) modems for subscriber units and Motorola GTR 8000 transmitters for base stations.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"trunked radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 769000000,
"max_hz": 869000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 15930,
"max_hz": 19470
},
"modulations": [
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Motorola_ASTRO_25_HPD_Air_Interface"
},
{
"id": "motorola-moscad-scada-telemetry",
"name": "Motorola MOSCAD SCADA telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMotorola MOSCAD, is motorola's FSK version of SCADA for Data acquisition.\n# DETAILS\n#REDIRECT [Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Supervisory_Control_And_Data_Acquisition_%28SCADA%29)\n\nAs there are about a zillion forms of SCADA, existing either as short AFSK bursts, to PSK and the latter, this is also an example of Motorola's way of doing SCADA.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 1150
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Motorola_MOSCAD_SCADA_telemetry"
},
{
"id": "motorola-securenet",
"name": "Motorola SECURENET",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMotorola SECURENET (\"analog\" encryption) was a secure voice option for conventional and Motorola Type II trunked systems, encoding the voice using 12kbps CVSD and encrypting the bitstream. It is easily identified by the 6 kHz tone at the end of transmission. As it is not 12.5 kHz FCC narrowbanding mandate compliant, it does not see much use anymore.\n# DETAILS\n- Not to be confused with the [Motorola Type II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Motorola_Type_II) trunking system*\n\nMotorola SECURENET is an obsolete voice encryption algorithm supported by Motorola MX300, Saber/Spectra, STX, MTS/MCS, ASTRO Saber/Spectra, XTL/XTS, and APX radios. Standard SECURENET operation begins with analog voice sampled and digitized with [CVSD](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuously_variable_slope_delta_modulation) at 12 kHz, and the resulting bitstream is encrypted before transmission using 2-level FSK at 4 kHz deviation. Motorola made a 4FSK 2.4 kHz deviation variant named FRED (Four-level Recovery Encode/Decode) for use with 800 MHz NPSPAC frequencies and with simulcast systems. There is minimal data transmitted alongside the CVSD voice to prevent interruptions in the voice audio, and due to the encryption algorithms' high-entropy output, SECURENET sounds like noise when tuned with a conventional FM receiver (with exception to the 6 kHz end-of-transmission tone). SECURENET decoded audio quality is poor due to the heavy lowpassing necessary with CVSD. \n\nSECURENET can be used simplex, through a repeater (capable of passing unfiltered audio, or via reconstruction of the bitstream), or as a system voice option of a Motorola Type I or [Type II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Motorola_Type_II) trunked system. If MDC1200 pre-transmission PTT-ID/RAC is enabled on a secure channel, the radio will send the MDC in clear analog with any configured PL/DPL, drop PL/DPL after sending MDC1200, and proceed with SECURENET voice; this permits repeaters to use PL/DPL squelch and/or MDC Repeater Access Codes with secure voice. <!-- I haven't tried EOT MDC transmission -->",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 520000000
},
{
"min_hz": 851000000,
"max_hz": 941000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 14400,
"max_hz": 17600
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Motorola_SECURENET"
},
{
"id": "motorola-type-ii",
"name": "Motorola Type II",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio trunking control channel.\n# DETAILS\n**Motorola Type II** refers to the second generation Motorola Trunked Radio Systems that replaced fleets and sub fleets with the concept of talkgroups and individual radio IDs.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 136000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 380000000,
"max_hz": 520000000
},
{
"min_hz": 851000000,
"max_hz": 941000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 14400,
"max_hz": 17600
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Motorola_Type_II"
},
{
"id": "multi-frequency-shift-keying-mfsk",
"name": "Multi Frequency Shift Keying (MFSK)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMFSK is a generic family of frequency shift keying digital transmission methods using more than the two tones of BFSK (binary FSK).\nMany digital signals, especially on HF, use MFSK including WSPR, FT4 and FT8. MFSK-8 and MFSK-16 are two other well-known amateur radio modes.\n# DETAILS\n**MFSK** is a generic family of multi-frequency shift keying digital transmission modes in which one tone from a set of M tones is transmitted at any given time. Amateur radio modes using forms of MFSK include WSPR, FT-4, FT-8, MFSK-8 and MFSK-16. MFSK16 and MFSK8 were developed by Murray ZL1BPU and Nino IZ8BLY in 1999.\n\nMFSK-8 uses a set of 8 tones with the equal distance of 15.625 Hz, MFSK-16 a set of 16 tones with the equal distance of 7.8125 Hz. The baud rate of MFSK-8 is 7.81 Bd and that of MFSK-16 is 15.625 Bd.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 154,
"max_hz": 630
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Multi_Frequency_Shift_Keying_%28MFSK%29"
},
{
"id": "multiple-sub-nyquist-sampling-encoding-muse",
"name": "Multiple sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding (MUSE)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMultiplite sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding (MUSE) also known as Hi-Vision was a early analogue high-defition television standard developed by NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories. Replaced by digital ISDB broadcast since 2007.\n# DETAILS\n**This Article is currently in stub process. Feel free to add on to it by adding accurate images, sound files, and IF-IQ, by hitting the \"Edit\" button above this page.**\n\n**Multiplite sub-Nyquist Sampling Encoding (MUSE)** also known as Hi-Vision was a early analogue high-defition television standard developed by NHK Science and Technical Research Laboratories. Replaced by digital ISDB broadcast since 2007.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7960000000,
"max_hz": 8040000000
},
{
"min_hz": 11940000000,
"max_hz": 12060000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 8000000,
"max_hz": 27000000
},
"modulations": [
"FM",
"DPCM",
"VSB"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_Sampling_Encoding_%28MUSE%29"
},
{
"id": "multiplexed-analogue-components-mac",
"name": "Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMultiplexed Analogue Components (MAC/packet) family was a analogue television broadcasting standard. Replaced by digital broadcast.\n# DETAILS\n**This Article is currently in stub process. Feel free to add on to it by adding accurate images, sound files, and IF-IQ, by hitting the \"Edit\" button above this page.**\n\n**Multiplexed Analogue Components (MAC/packet)** family was a analogue television broadcasting standard. Replaced by digital broadcast.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 53730000,
"max_hz": 54270000
},
{
"min_hz": 17910000000,
"max_hz": 18090000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 7800000,
"max_hz": 22000000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"VSB",
"FM",
"AM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components_%28MAC%29"
},
{
"id": "multitone-paging",
"name": "Multitone Paging",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMultitone Paging signal, developed by Multitone Electronics in the UK. Uses similar coding to POCSAG but the headers are different and only work with Multitone's range of paging products\n# DETAILS\n**Multitone Paging** signal, developed by [Multitone Electronics](http://www.multitone.com/) in the UK. Uses similar coding to POCSAG but the headers are different and only work with Multitone's range of paging products. The encoding uses POCSAG 1200 as a base. Speech may be heard occasionally on the same frequency depending on the setup. Multitone paging systems are usually installed in large hospitals and industrial sites. This is used in Multitone Mk. IV, V, VI, and VII pagers.\n\nSome feature a telephone type handset or a call point for 2 way communication via a PBX and this shares the same channel as the pagers. One way speech is stored in the encoder as a pre-recorded message and is triggered by a closing contact for events such as evacuations as most pagers support this feature.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 24875000,
"max_hz": 25125000
},
{
"min_hz": 53730000,
"max_hz": 54270000
},
{
"min_hz": 137000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 407000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Multitone_Paging"
},
{
"id": "natel",
"name": "NATEL",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNATEL is a 5-tone selcall mode defined by Scandinavian National Telephone recommendations.\n# DETAILS\n**NATEL** is a 5-tone selcall mode defined by Scandinavian National Telephone recommendations.\n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n\nNATEL has 15 tones to choose from, but can send at most 5 tones at a time. Each tone has a duration of 70 ms per tone. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission. \n\n| Digit | Hz | Digit | Hz |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| 0 | 1633 | 8 | 1336 |\n| 1 | 631 | 9 | 1477 |\n| 2 | 697 | A | 1633 |\n| 3 | 770 | B | 600 |\n| 4 | 852 | C | 1995 |\n| 5 | 941 | D | 2205 |\n| 6 | 1040 | E | 1805 |\n| 7 | 1209 | Tone Duration | 70 ms |",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NATEL"
},
{
"id": "nb-iot",
"name": "NB-IOT",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNarrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology standard developed by 3GPP to enable a wide range of cellular devices and services.\n# DETAILS\n**Narrowband Internet of Things** (NB-IoT) is a Low Power Wide Area Network (LPWAN) radio technology standard developed by 3GPP to enable a wide range of cellular devices and services. The specification was frozen in 3GPP Release 13 (LTE Advanced Pro), in June 2016. Other 3GPP IoT technologies include eMTC (enhanced Machine-Type Communication) and EC-GSM-IoT\n\nNB-IoT focuses specifically on indoor coverage, low cost, long battery life, and high connection density. NB-IoT uses a subset of the LTE standard, but limits the bandwidth to a single narrow-band of 200kHz. It uses OFDM modulation for downlink communication and SC-FDMA for uplink communications. \n\nThere are three primary configurations in which NB-IoT can be deployed: inband, guardband, and standalone. In the inband configuration, NB-IoT is located within the LTE carrier, utilizing a single resource block. Alternatively, NB-IoT can be deployed in the guardband configuration, where it is situated between or aside LTE carriers. Finally, NB-IoT can also be deployed in a standalone operation, where it is located in a frequency band without any LTE carriers, such as near GSM carriers. \n\nIn March 2019, the Global Mobile Suppliers Association announced that over 100 operators have deployed/launched either NB-IoT or LTE-M networks. This number had risen to 142 deployed/launched networks by September 2019.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 700000000,
"max_hz": 900000000
},
{
"min_hz": 1800000000,
"max_hz": 1900000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NB-IOT"
},
{
"id": "nfm-voice",
"name": "NFM Voice",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUsed in analog walkie-talkies and communication systems.\n# DETAILS\nUsed in analog walkie-talkies and communication systems. In addition, old cordless phones and baby monitors transmit unencoded NFM voice. These older devices are most commonly found in the 49 MHz Part 15 band 49.82 MHz \u2013 49.9 MHz region. FCC type accepted 25 channel analog cordless phones can be found in the 43-49.98 MHz range. They can also be found in the 27 MHz, 40 MHz, 864 MHz and 902-928 MHz regions.\n \nNewer devices utilize the [DECT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DECT) protocol, which is harder to decode.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 26865000,
"max_hz": 27135000
},
{
"min_hz": 161588000,
"max_hz": 163212000
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
},
{
"min_hz": 859680000,
"max_hz": 868320000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5000,
"max_hz": 30000
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NFM_Voice"
},
{
"id": "nml",
"name": "NML",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNaval Radio Transmitter Facility (NRTF) transmits encrypted commands to submerged US submarines.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 24200,
"max_hz": 26200
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NML"
},
{
"id": "noaa-direct-sounder-broadcast-dsb",
"name": "NOAA Direct Sounder Broadcast (DSB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Direct Sounder Broadcast (DSB) is an auxiliary telemetry downlink from NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), transmitted alongside Automatic Picture Transmission (APT) broadcasts.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Direct Sounder Broadcast (DSB)** is an auxiliary telemetry downlink from NOAA Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES), transmitted alongside [Automatic Picture Transmission (APT)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Picture_Transmission_%28APT%29) broadcasts. DSB in this context is not to be confused with Dual Side Band modulation. On August 19th 2025, the final satellite transmitting this mode (NOAA-15) was decommissioned at 15:26 UTC right before APT was shutdown shortly after. This mode is no longer in use.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137350000,
"max_hz": 137770000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 30150,
"max_hz": 36850
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NOAA_Direct_Sounder_Broadcast_%28DSB%29"
},
{
"id": "noaa-itos-high-resolution-picture-transmission-hrpt",
"name": "NOAA ITOS High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAn analog signal broadcast from NOAA ITOS polar satellites that transmitted images from the VHRR radiometer.\n# DETAILS\nThe NOAA ITOS (Improved TIROS Observation Satellite) series of satellites transmit high resolution pictures from the VHRR (main radiometer) and calibration/telemetry data over an **analog** HRPT link. Additionally, the same signal is used to transmit stored data.\n\nThe signal is an analog video signal, FM modulated, encoded over an FM link. The main payload of HRPT is VHRR data composed of two channels in the visible, and infrared spectrum; additionally, telemetry similar to APT is included in the image, and the data are transmitted at 360 lines per minute (LPM). \n\nThis signal is not to be confused with the more modern, digital [HRPT](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NOAA_POES_High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28HRPT%29) signal used by the ATN (POES) series of satellites, or with the [variant](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/METEOR-M_High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28HRPT%29) used by Russian METEOR-M satellites.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1689012500,
"max_hz": 1705987500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900000,
"max_hz": 1100000
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NOAA_ITOS_High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28HRPT%29"
},
{
"id": "noaa-poes-high-resolution-picture-transmission-hrpt",
"name": "NOAA POES High Resolution Picture Transmission (HRPT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA digital link to transmit images and other data collected from the satellite at a high resolution.\n# DETAILS\nThe NOAA POES series of satellites transmit high resolution pictures from the AVHRR (main radiometer) and additionally, data from AMSU (Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit), HIRS (High-resolution InfraRed Sounder), SEM (Space Environment Monitor) and, for NOAA 19 only, MHS (Microwave Humidity Sounder) instruments over an HRPT link. \n\nThe signal is PSK modulated at 665 kbit/s. \n\nThe main payload of HRPT is AVHRR data composed of six channels in the visible, near-infrared and infrared spectrum; only five of those can be transmitted together at a given time. \n\nThe data are digitized to 10-bit precision and transmitted at 360 lines per minute (LPM) at 665 kilobits per second (kbps). The HRPT data stream also includes non-imagery data from other instruments on board the spacecraft. \n\nNOAA-19 was decommissioned prematurely on August 12th 2025, leaving NOAA-15 as the last remaining satellite using this mode. It's L-band signal was much weaker compared to that of NOAA-19's which meant that it was practically no longer receivable for a lot of hobbyists. Finally on August 19th 2025, the final satellite transmitting this mode (NOAA-15) was decommissioned. This brought an end to multiple popular NOAA modes, including APT and DSB. This mode is no longer in use.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1698000000,
"max_hz": 2247500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700000,
"max_hz": 3300000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NOAA_POES_High_Resolution_Picture_Transmission_%28HRPT%29"
},
{
"id": "nov",
"name": "NOV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTACAMO (take charge and move out) is the back up communications system to the US nuclear submarine fleet in case an attack on land based transmitters disables them. A rotating fleet of Navy E6 jets equipped with 200 KW transmitters and two 2\u00bd-mile-long trailing wire antennas (TWA) at 35,000 ft altitude to provide 24/7 coverage. Short pings are transmitted every few seconds.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 25900,
"max_hz": 27900
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NOV"
},
{
"id": "npm",
"name": "NPM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNaval Radio Transmitting Facility (NRTF) sends encrypted commands to submerged US naval submarines in the Pacific.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 20400,
"max_hz": 22400
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NPM"
},
{
"id": "ntsc-broadcast",
"name": "NTSC Broadcast",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNational Television System Committee (NTSC) Television broadcast is an analogue television broadcast mode. Currently being phased out in parts of the world in favor of digital broadcast.\n# DETAILS\n**National Television System Committee (NTSC) Television** broadcast is an analogue television broadcast mode. Currently being phased out in parts of the world in favor of digital broadcast. The successor of NTSC is [ATSC](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ATSC_Broadcast).",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 53730000,
"max_hz": 54270000
},
{
"min_hz": 801970000,
"max_hz": 810030000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400000,
"max_hz": 6600000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"VSB"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NTSC_Broadcast"
},
{
"id": "nwc",
"name": "NWC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNaval Communication Station (NCS) Harold E. Holt. Used jointly by the Australian and United States navies to transmit encrypted orders to submerged submarines in the Pacific.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 18800,
"max_hz": 20800
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NWC"
},
{
"id": "narrow-bandwidth-television-nbtv",
"name": "Narrow-Bandwidth Television (NBTV)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNarrow-Bandwidth Television (NBTV).\n# DETAILS\n**Narrow-Bandwidth Television (NBTV)** is an open source analog TV mode developed for amateur radio by the Narrow-bandwidth Television Association.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1791000,
"max_hz": 1809000
},
{
"min_hz": 49750000,
"max_hz": 50250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11700,
"max_hz": 14300
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Narrow-Bandwidth_Television_%28NBTV%29"
},
{
"id": "near-field-communication-nfc",
"name": "Near Field Communication (NFC)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNear-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (11\u20442 in) or less.\n# DETAILS\nNear-field communication (NFC) is a set of communication protocols that enables communication between two electronic devices over a distance of 4 cm (11\u20442 in) or less. Like other \"proximity card\" technologies, NFC is based on inductive coupling between two so-called antennas present on NFC-enabled devices\u2014for example a smartphone and a printer\u2014communicating in one or both directions, using a frequency of 13.56 MHz in the globally available unlicensed radio frequency ISM band using the ISO/IEC 18000-3 air interface standard at data rates ranging from 106 to 424 kbit/s. \n\nReception note: The signal is very weak when received on a whip antenna at close range, leaving only a narrow part of it on the waterfall (like ADS-B). I used a coil of wire 40 meters long for reception of full signal(and 2-4 Msps samplerate) .",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 13492200,
"max_hz": 13627800
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1530000,
"max_hz": 1870000
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Near_Field_Communication_%28NFC%29"
},
{
"id": "near-instantaneous-companded-audio-multiplex-nicam",
"name": "Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex (NICAM)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNICAM is used to provide digital stereo audio alongside PAL video for television broadcasts.\n# DETAILS\n**Near Instantaneous Companded Audio Multiplex (NICAM)** is a digital encoding of stereo audio originally used for studio to studio links in the 1970s. From the early 1980s, NICAM was rolled out to public [PAL Broadcast](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAL_Broadcast) television for the first time in Europe, which went by the name **NICAM 728**.\n\nThe source audio is compressed using 14 bit pulse-code modulation at a sampling rate of 32 kHz. The bitstream is then transmitted over the air at 728 kbit/s using DQPSK RF modulation. \n\nAs of 2023, some countries that have not shut down analogue television broadcasts still utilise NICAM to deliver stereo audio. The signal itself can be found next to the analogue WFM audio carrier.\n\n**NICAM currently offers the following possibilities, autoselected by the inclusion of a 3-bit type field in the data-stream:**\n\n \u2022 One digital stereo sound channel.\n \u2022 Two completely different digital mono sound channels.\n \u2022 One digital mono sound channel and a 352Kbit/sec data channel.\n \u2022 One 704Kbit/sec data channel",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 173130000,
"max_hz": 174870000
},
{
"min_hz": 696500000,
"max_hz": 703500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 360000,
"max_hz": 440000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Near_Instantaneous_Companded_Audio_Multiplex_%28NICAM%29"
},
{
"id": "next-generation-digital-narrowband-nxdn",
"name": "Next Generation Digital Narrowband (NXDN)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNXDN is a digital narrowband trunked radio protocol used in commercial, business & industry, transport and Public Safety professional radio systems.\n# DETAILS\n**NXDN** is a digital narrowband trunked radio protocol developed by ICOM Inc. and JVCKENWOOD Co. The NXDN protocol is used in commercial, business & industry, transport and Public Safety professional radio systems. NXDN has recently been recognized by the ITU as an international digital radio communications standard. \n\nNXDN uses FDMA, and a NXDN channel be either 12.5 kHz or 6.25 kHz wide. 6.25 kHz dual-channel systems can be configured to fit within a 12.5 kHz channel. This effectively doubles the spectrum efficiency compared to an analog NFM system occupying a 12.5 kHz channel. The architecture of NXDN is such that two NXDN channels, within a 12.5 kHz channel for example, can be allocated as voice/voice, voice/data, or data/data. \n\nKenwood's brand for NXDN equipment is \"NEXEDGE\", while Icom's brand for NXDN equipment is \"IDAS\", or Icom Digital Advanced System.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 136000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 520000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6250,
"max_hz": 12500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Next_Generation_Digital_Narrowband_%28NXDN%29"
},
{
"id": "nissan-car-key",
"name": "Nissan Car Key",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWireless entry rolling code car key.\n# DETAILS\nWireless entry rolling code car key.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 301500000,
"max_hz": 433000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 36000,
"max_hz": 44000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Nissan_Car_Key"
},
{
"id": "nissan-qashqai-keyless-entry-lf-intelligent-key",
"name": "Nissan Qashqai Keyless Entry LF (Intelligent Key)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis signal is the Low Frequency (LF) interrogation ping from a Nissan Qashqai (Intelligent Key / Keyless Entry system). \n\nThe vehicle's Body Control Module (BCM) transmits short 125 kHz ASK-modulated pulses via internal and external antennas to detect the presence of the key fob. \n\nThe system operates on a trigger-based logic: a single short pulse is transmitted when any door is opened or closed. If the key fob is not detected inside the cabin after a door closes, the system switches to a continuous cycling search pattern accompanied by a dashboard warning and an interior buzzer until a timeout is reached.\n# DETAILS\nThis signal is the Low Frequency (LF) interrogation ping from a Nissan Qashqai (Intelligent Key / Keyless Entry system). \n\nThe vehicle's Body Control Module (BCM) transmits short 125 kHz ASK-modulated pulses via internal and external antennas to detect the presence of the key fob. \n\nThe system operates on a trigger-based logic: a single short pulse is transmitted when any door is opened or closed. If the key fob is not detected inside the cabin after a door closes, the system switches to a continuous cycling search pattern accompanied by a dashboard warning and an interior buzzer until a timeout is reached.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 124000,
"max_hz": 126000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Nissan_Qashqai_Keyless_Entry_LF_%28Intelligent_Key%29"
},
{
"id": "nokia-adaptive-message-terminal",
"name": "Nokia Adaptive Message Terminal",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Nokia Adaptive Message Terminal, also known as Nokia Adaptive Burst Modem and Kryapp 302, is a Finnish encrypted messaging system suggested to be used by Finnish Intelligence Services and Swedish Military.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Nokia Adaptive Message Terminal**, also known as Nokia Adaptive Burst Modem, is a Finnish encrypted messaging system suggested to be used by Finnish Intelligence Services.\n\nUsed by Swedish military under the name Kryapp 302 (kryptoapparat, krypteringsapparat). Colloquially known as MGK and MGKI, or just \"Kalle\" for short.\n\nSwedish military seems to have the following inventory codes for devices with that name:\n- M3858-302011 KRYAPP 302 MT1\n- M3858-302012 KRYAPP 302 MT2\n- M3858-302021 KRYAPP 302 PC /T1\n- M3858-302022 KRYAPP 302 PC /T2\n- M3858-302111 KRYAPP 3021 /T\n\nIn photos the Swedish model has Nokia Data labels over it and it looks quite similar to the Finnish Partiosanomalaite (PARSA) with a QWERTY keyboard, LED dot matrix display and a six AA battery container with the door on the left side. MGK has a four-row keyboard and a speaker next to the display; a PARSA only has three rows. Also, the location and type of external connectors seems to differ. Not sure about the software and interior. The 300 baud signal samples might be originating from Sweden, because Finnish SANLA/PARSA devices only offer 600 and 150 baud options to the end user.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1000,
"max_hz": 1600
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Nokia_Adaptive_Message_Terminal"
},
{
"id": "non-directional-beacon-ndb",
"name": "Non-Directional Beacon (NDB)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA Non-Directional Beacon (NDB) is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms.\n# DETAILS\nAn **NDB** or **Non-Directional Beacon** is a ground-based, low frequency radio transmitter used as an instrument approach for airports and offshore platforms.\n \nThe NDB transmits an omni-directional signal that is received by the ADF or Automatic Direction Finder, a standard instrument onboard aircraft. The pilot uses the ADF to determine the direction to the NDB relative to the aircraft. To navigate using the ADF, the pilot enters the frequency of the NDB and the compass card (or arrow) on the ADF will indicate the heading to the station. The signal is transmitted on an uninterrupted 24/7 basis. \n\nAn audible Morse Code call sign of one or more letters or numbers is used to identify the NDB being received. \n \nTypically NDBs have output power from 25 to 125 watts for reception up to approx. 100 NM. Higher power systems from 500 to 1000 Watts are used for longer range applications. Range depends on a number of factors such as output power, antenna, ground conductivity, frequency, site conditions, latitude, and the condition of the ADF receiver.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 189000,
"max_hz": 191000
},
{
"min_hz": 532325,
"max_hz": 537675
},
{
"min_hz": 1750000,
"max_hz": 1800000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Non-Directional_Beacon_%28NDB%29"
},
{
"id": "north-korean-diplo-fsk",
"name": "North Korean Diplo FSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNorth Korean Diplomatic FSK link, teletype radio diplomatic usage. Also known as DPRK-FSK, KRE-FSK, DPRK-ARQ, and KEGURI. Has a FEC stream mode and a burst ARQ mode.\n# DETAILS\n**North Korean Diplomatic FSK** link, teletype radio diplomatic usage. Also known as DPRK-FSK, KRE-FSK, DPRK-ARQ, and KEGURI. Has a FEC stream mode and a burst ARQ mode.\n\nThe ARQ FSK mode has two speeds, 600 Bd and 1200 Bd, and both have a 600 Hz shift. The 600 Bd FSK mode has a packet length of 217 ms (323 ms of pause), with 130 bits per packet. The 1200 Bd mode has a packet length of 210 ms (290 ms pause) with 264 bits per packet.\n\nThe FEC FSK continuous stream mode uses 600 Bd and 600 Hz shift. A reversal variant has also been seen.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 8955000,
"max_hz": 9045000
},
{
"min_hz": 28855000,
"max_hz": 29145000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1200,
"max_hz": 1400
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/North_Korean_Diplo_FSK"
},
{
"id": "north-korean-diplo-psk",
"name": "North Korean Diplo PSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNorth Korean Diplomatic PSK link. Also known as KRE-PSK. Four speed modes have been seen, 150 bd, 300 bd, 600 bd, and 1200 bd. All use BPSK modulation. The main identifying feature of this signal are the preambles and end of transmission patterns.\n# DETAILS\n**North Korean Diplomatic PSK** link. Used by North Korean Diplomatic Services Also known as KRE-PSK. Four speed modes have been seen, 150 bd, 300 bd, 600 bd, and 1200 bd. All use BPSK modulation. The main identifying feature of this signal are the preambles and end of transmission patterns.\n\n- 150 Bd signal has 300 Hz Bandwidth.\n- 300 Bd signal has 600 Hz Bandwidth\n- 600 Bd signal has 1200 Hz Bandwidth\n- 1200 Bd signal has 2400 Hz Bandwidth",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 8955000,
"max_hz": 9045000
},
{
"min_hz": 28855000,
"max_hz": 29145000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 300,
"max_hz": 2400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/North_Korean_Diplo_PSK"
},
{
"id": "north-korean-siren-jammer",
"name": "North Korean Siren Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe North Korean Siren Jammer is among the signal disruption techniques employed by North Korea, commonly targeting shortwave radio stations.\n# DETAILS\nNorth Korean Siren Jammer, as the name suggests, is one of the jamming methods that North Korea uses to jam signals. The jammer is typically used on shortwave radio stations that target North Korea. For example, news broadcasts.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4427750,
"max_hz": 4472250
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/North_Korean_Siren_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "north-korean-noise-jammer",
"name": "North Korean noise jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nNoise jammer with a carrier than tends to switch frequencies slightly lower and higher than the main signal frequency. Commonly found on 6.6 MHz\n# DETAILS\nSignal can be found overlapping South Korean broadcast stations. It is most commonly found on 6.6 MHz. It is a white noise jammer with a carrier than tends to switch frequencies slightly lower and higher than the main signal frequency.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 6567000,
"max_hz": 6633000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6300,
"max_hz": 7700
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/North_Korean_noise_jammer"
},
{
"id": "ofdm-nbtv",
"name": "OFDM NBTV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOFDM NBTV is an analog technique, in fact it is a true Fuzzy design as well. The transmission technique used is quite different from conventional TV\n# DETAILS\n'''OFDM NBTV is an analog technique, in fact it is a true Fuzzy design as well. The transmission technique used is quite different from conventional TV - each line is transmitted separately, but all lines are sent at the same time, on a slightly different frequency. Because the transmitter and receiver operate at precisely the same speed, controlled by the computer sound card, there is no need for any sync pulses to align the picture; in fact there is no automatic synchronizing mechanism at all - it simply isn't necessary.\n\nModulation on each of the many carriers is very narrow FM (a few Hz), for best noise rejection, and the overall transmission bandwidth is only 2kHz, so an SSB transmitter and receiver can be used.\nThese modes are Fuzzy Modes, which means that although the computer samples the images for transmission and display, the signals are essentially analog in nature, and at the receiver the images are presented without decoding decision or intepretation by the computer - they are interpreted by eye and brain at the receiver. This means that the signals are inherently very noise immune and continue to be useable despite interference and propagation effects until they fade into the noise.\n\nThe design is very versatile, and you can use still photographs (like a slide show), moving GIF images, AVI movies and many different types of live video, including 'web cams', video capture cards, digital cameras, screen shots from other software, and even live (fast scan) TV, although only one frame in many is transmitted in this case. A 'drag-and-drop' technique makes all this very easy. \n\nLimitations\n\nBecause of the low bandwidth, it is not possible to send moving pictures in real time. Each image frame takes from one second to nine seconds to transmit, depending on the mode used. However, the received signal can be recorded and later played back faster for a very realistic effect. Standard .AVI format files are used, and the transmitters can also retransmit previous recordings. The images can also be post-processed for noise reduction and smooth motion effect. The quality of moving images is such that you'd never believe that the pictures contain only 48 or 72 lines!\n\nOn lower HF bands, especially with NVIS conditions (strong fading and multi-path reception), performance suffers as noise and colour stripes invade the picture. The 96 x 72 pixel colour mode is most affected. However, on the higher bands and VHF, the pictures are superb.\n\nAnother limitation is that tuning requirements are fairly stiff - you CANNOT use a VFO rig - it simply isn't stable enough. Most modern synthesized transceivers are OK if used with care. Tuning needs to be within 1Hz of the transmission. On VHF the secret is to use FM transceivers, and thus avoid the problem completely. \n\nThe OFDM NBTV Modes\n\nThere are in total five modes, two black and white, and three colour. There is some compatibility between the B&W and Colour modes, so you can soon work out which is being transmitted. There are two different image resolutions, 48 x 48 pixel low resolution (which is faster and more robust), and 96 x 72 pixel modest resolution, which of course is slower, but gives more picture detail. A special compressed 96 x 72 pixel colour-only version is provided - this provides a frame rate twice as fast as the standard 96 x 72 colour mode, but is suited only to higher bands and VHF. The picture on the right below shows typical 48 x 48 colour reception.\n\n 48 x 48 Low resolution B&W and RGB colour for NVIS conditions\n 96 x 72 Modest resolution B&W and RGB colour for HF use\n 96 x 72 Modest resolution compressed RGGB colour for VHF '''",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 1003
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OFDM_NBTV"
},
{
"id": "ook-rc-car-remote-control",
"name": "OOK RC Car Remote Control",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCheap RC Cars with only for buttons (Forward, Reverse, Left, Right) Typically use 27Mhz or 49Mhz as the transmit frequency. There's typically no channel switching system on the remote control, which leads to interference with operating two RC vehicles at once.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 26865000,
"max_hz": 27135000
},
{
"min_hz": 48755000,
"max_hz": 49245000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1440,
"max_hz": 1760
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OOK_RC_Car_Remote_Control"
},
{
"id": "opera-beacon-and-data",
"name": "OPERA Beacon and Data",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOPERA Ad-Hoc Data/Beacon. The system is unique in that utilizes a serial data stream and Manchester coding, its therefore impossible to lose lock and its extremely robust in disturbed paths and heavy static.\n# DETAILS\n** OPERA ASK Beacon system**, operating on 136 kHz, 477 kHz, HF, VHF, UHF, up to 3 cm.\n\nThe system is unique in that utilizes a serial data stream and Manchester coding , its therefore impossible to lose lock and its extremely robust in disturbed paths and heavy static, experienced on 136/477 bands\n\nEarly versions carried 15 chars plain text 'Opera QSO mode' [v1-4-1] at -20 dB s/n\n\nThe currant version, contains the traditional 250 bit serial data transmission on all bands, the 136 and 477 Bands are provided with a 'second chance' correlation, single pass detector, providing -5/-6 db lower detection level. The 'Opera Dynamic' Call sign list is maintained, by either stand alone decodes [two the same]and/or web distributed decoded call's and from the software generated web TX beacon. \n\nNB: As correlation detections, always have valid calls. Should the PC be web linked, The system uses detection and decode time spots, in 'real time' to validate Dynamic spots. The recovered average audio frequency is also supplied for reference, which may assist authenticating 'single detections'\n\nOpera is an engineering beacon system, providing average s/n along the time line, average audio frequency of the signal and a % fade, which is graphically represented, by a decode line, a lost data bit, being set to + 3 dB above the minimum decode level, i.e., fade margin.\n\nDecode/Detection requirements, A minimum of 40% of the data, recovered, either in Blocks or Randomly along the timeline, i.e. ,there is no start, middle or end, just a 40%+ capture.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 135000,
"max_hz": 137000
},
{
"min_hz": 9950000000,
"max_hz": 10050000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OPERA_Beacon_and_Data"
},
{
"id": "otp-2-satellite-musical-beacon",
"name": "OTP-2 Satellite Musical Beacon",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMusical transmission originating from the OTP-2 Cubesat\n# DETAILS\nSignal now identified as OTP-2/Barry-2. (2025-052AB; 63235) Satellite will broadcast this tune in-between telemetry bursts. Song is the [Kerbal Space Program theme](https://youtu.be/-idB7XK2xI8?si=d1uN16s6_gYFhjYL)\n\nThumbnail image was created by slowing down playback with high waterfall speed. \n\n [I/Q on MEGA](https://mega.nz/file/0z1QCLpA#mtLZ6PL7HzepXB7na-os1f93jWVuoiqGf95uwLWpA4k)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 398499490,
"max_hz": 402504510
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3780,
"max_hz": 4620
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OTP-2_Satellite_Musical_Beacon"
},
{
"id": "olivia",
"name": "Olivia",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOLIVIA is an amateur digital teletype mode designed by Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC in 2005. Its goal was to be effective even in poor propagation conditions.\n# DETAILS\n**OLIVIA** is an amateur digital teletype mode designed by Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC in 2005. Its goal was to be effective even in poor propagation conditions. It can also decode well under other noise, QSB, QRM, flutter caused by polar path propagation and even auroral conditions. Olivia uses 7-bit ASCII alphabet. There are a handful of amateur digital modes that are derived from Olivia, including [RTTYM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RTTYM) and [PAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAX).\n\nOlivia is occasionally utilized during the Shortwave Radiogram transmissions, which run every weekend on WRMI and WINB (USA). See the [SW Radiogram](http://swradiogram.net/) website for the schedule.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 125,
"max_hz": 2000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia"
},
{
"id": "one-beep-two-beeps",
"name": "One Beep, Two Beeps",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOne Beep, Two Beeps is a nickname given to a signal emitted by the Norwegian Navy communications center in Bod\u00f8\n# DETAILS\n**One Beep, Two Beeps** is a nickname given to a signal emitted by the Norwegian Navy communications center in Bod\u00f8 (callsigns: LBA, LBJ, JWG, JWT, JWZ, JXU). As implied by the name, it consists of noise with occasional 760 Hz beeps, one or more at a time.\n\nThe signal sometimes appears on the Norwegian [STANAG 4285](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4285) channels.",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4500000,
"max_hz": 6429200
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/One_Beep%2C_Two_Beeps"
},
{
"id": "opensky",
"name": "OpenSky",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOpenSky is an encrypted TDMA protocol that is heavily used but is being phased out by the Pennsylvania State Police. No one other than the intended user has been able to decrypt the signal.\n# DETAILS\n**OpenSky**, created By HARRIS is a 2 slot IP TDMA Trunk System.\nOperations available on 700, 800 and 900MHz. \n\"Currently (May 2018), there are no scanners or software\nthat are capable of monitoring OpenSky transmissions.\" (information From www.RadioReference.com)\n\nOpenSky is encrypted and was also used as the Pennsylvania Statewide Radio Network\nfrom 2003-2022. as of 2017 the Pennsylvania Statewide Radio Network is working on\nmigrating to APCO 25 Phase 2 (P25 Phase 2,) with most to all the law enforcement\nagencies having full encryption enabled.\n\nAs of 2023 there are no towers actively transmitting.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"trunked radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 700000000,
"max_hz": 1000000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18063,
"max_hz": 22077
},
"modulations": [
"TDMA",
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OpenSky"
},
{
"id": "openway-centron-smart-meter",
"name": "OpenWay CENTRON Smart-Meter",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is a signal from a OpenWay Centron Electric 'Smart Meter'. Each house is now fitted with one of these, and they are strong - typically 50 dB above the atmospheric noise level.\n# DETAILS\nThis is a signal from a OpenWay CENTRON Smart-Meter in California. Each house is now fitted with one of these, and they are strong - typically 50 dB above the atmospheric noise level.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 902000000,
"max_hz": 928000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OpenWay_CENTRON_Smart-Meter"
},
{
"id": "orbcomm-mobile-telephony",
"name": "OrbComm Mobile Telephony",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOrbcomm digitized mobile satellite-based telephone signal intercepted over Hawaii, preceding NOAA 19 pass.\n# DETAILS\nSee also: [Orbcomm](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Orbcomm)",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137200000,
"max_hz": 137460000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/OrbComm_Mobile_Telephony"
},
{
"id": "orbcomm",
"name": "Orbcomm",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOrbcomm satellites are used for monitoring and sending short text messages.\n# DETAILS\n**Orbcomm** satellites are used for monitoring and sending short text messages. Uses SDPSK (Symmetric Differential Phase Shift Keying) for Subscribers, and OQPSK for ground station links.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"satellite"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 137000000,
"max_hz": 150000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"SDPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Orbcomm"
},
{
"id": "p03-numbers-station",
"name": "P03 numbers station",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEnigma designation P03 is a family of digital PSK modes, used by the \"Polish 11\" numbers station operator, which is likely a Polish intelligence agency.\n# DETAILS\n**P03** is a family of digital PSK modes that are used by the \"Polish 11\" numbers station operator. This operator is likely a Polish intelligence agency.\n\nP03 has at least 8 sub-modes, P03e to P03l. P03 modes use very narrow bandwidth so transmissions can be hard to notice and may be mistaken with QRM. \n\nP03 is closely related to [F03](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/F03_numbers_station) which is used by the same operator. P03 and F03 are the successors of [Polish Intelligence 100bd 625 Hz FSK](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Polish_Intelligence_100bd_625Hz_FSK), also known as F11. \n\n| Mode | Modulation | Baud Rate | Center freq | Period |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| P03e | QPSK | 100 bd | +1000 Hz | 488 bits |\n| P03f | QPSK | 200 bd | +1000 Hz | 496 bits |\n| P03g | BPSK | 50 bd | +1000 Hz | 464 bits |\n| P03h | BPSK | 100 bd | +1000 Hz | 512 bits |\n| P03i | BPSK | 62.5 bd | +1000 Hz | 464 bits |\n| P03j | QPSK | 100 bd | +1000 Hz | 504 bits |\n| P03k | BPSK | 100 bd | +1000 Hz | 480 bits |\n| P03l | QPSK | 100 bd | +1000 Hz | 464 bits |",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3980000,
"max_hz": 4020000
},
{
"min_hz": 20895000,
"max_hz": 21105000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 220
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/P03_numbers_station"
},
{
"id": "p07-numbers-station",
"name": "P07 numbers station",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nEnigma designation P07 is a custom digital mode used by the \"Russian 7\" numbers station operator which is likely a major Russian intelligence agency.\n# DETAILS\n**P07** is a custom digital mode which is used by the \"Russian 7\" numbers station operator. This operator is probably a major Russian intelligence agency. Transmissions are known to happen on Wednesdays and Sundays. There are normally 6 transmissions per day with 10 minute intervals, each on a lower frequency with respect to the previous one.\n\nP07 transmission consists of FSK and BPSK intro sections and a QPSK OFDM data section. \n\nP07 is closely related to [F07](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/F07_number_station) which is used by the same operator.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4577000,
"max_hz": 4623000
},
{
"min_hz": 10397750,
"max_hz": 10502250
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3150,
"max_hz": 3850
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"BPSK",
"QPSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/P07_numbers_station"
},
{
"id": "packet",
"name": "PACKET",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPacket, also known as FSK300, AFSK1200, BPSK300, QPSK600, BPSK1200, QPSK2400, AX.25 and IL2P, is a packet based protocol derived from X.25 and HDLC computer network protocols. Packet radio is a synchronous system in which data is transmitted in frames.\n# DETAILS\n[PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET) - [Robust PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Robust_PACKET)\n\nPacket, also known as FSK300, AFSK1200, BPSK300, QPSK600, BPSK1200, QPSK2400, AX.25 and IL2P, is a packet based protocol derived from X.25 and HDLC computer network protocols. Packet radio is a synchronous system in which data is transmitted in frames.\n \nThere are a number of variants that exist. For HF, FSK300, BPSK300 and QPSK600 are typically used, while at VHF and above, AFSK1200, BPSK1200, and QPSK2400 are typically used, though these are by no means set.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 657,
"max_hz": 803
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET"
},
{
"id": "pactor-i",
"name": "PACTOR I",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPACTOR-I is a digital data protocol combining elements of PACKET and AMTOR ARQ.\n# DETAILS\nPACTOR Series: [PACTOR I](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_I) - [PACTOR II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_II) - [PACTOR III](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_III) - [PACTOR IV](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_IV) \n\n**PACTOR-I** is a digital data protocol combining elements of PACKET and AMTOR ARQ.\n \nPACTOR-I is used by many groups, including [Sailmail](http://www.sailmail.com/) for mariners to send and receive emails. It is also used by Ham Radio operators, Governmental and Diplomatic agencies, and even NGO's. PACTOR-I is also used as a [Selcall](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selcall) protocol to establish connections with other PACTOR modems. PACTOR-II, III, and IV modems all use PACTOR-I for selcalling. \n\nPACTOR I has 200 Bd rate, Huffman compression technique, uses 2 FSK tones with a shift of 200Hz, and true binary data transfer capability. Created by Ulrich Strate (DF4KV) and Hans-Peter Helfert (DL6MAA) in 1990.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_I"
},
{
"id": "pactor-ii",
"name": "PACTOR II",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPACTOR II is an advancement of PACTOR I. It is up to 8 times faster than PACTOR I.\n# DETAILS\nPACTOR Series: [PACTOR I](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_I) - [PACTOR II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_II) - [PACTOR III](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_III) - [PACTOR IV](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_IV) \n\n**PACTOR II** is an advancement of PACTOR I. It is up to 8 times faster than PACTOR I.\n \nPACTOR is used by many groups, including [Sailmail](http://www.sailmail.com/) for mariners to send and receive emails. It is also used by Ham Radio operators, Governmental and Diplomatic agencies, and even NGO's. \n\nPACTOR II has a 450Hz bandwidth. This is a proprietary standard developed by SCS GmbH & Co. KG, Hanau, Germany. \n\nUses 2 DPSK tones. PACTOR I SELCALL is used when establishing an initial connection between two operators.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 405,
"max_hz": 495
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_II"
},
{
"id": "pactor-iii",
"name": "PACTOR III",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPACTOR III introduces 6 speed levels that provide higher throughput and improved robustness compared to PACTOR I and II. PACTOR III is on average 3.5 times faster than PACTOR II. With optimal conditions, PACTOR III becomes over 5 times faster.\n# DETAILS\nPACTOR Series: [PACTOR I](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_I) - [PACTOR II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_II) - [PACTOR III](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_III) - [PACTOR IV](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_IV) \n\n**PACTOR III** introduces 6 speed levels that provide higher throughput and improved robustness compared to PACTOR I and II. PACTOR III is on average 3.5 times faster than PACTOR II. With optimal conditions, PACTOR III becomes over 5 times faster.\n \nPACTOR III has a maximum bandwidth of 2400 Hz. This is a proprietary standard developed by SCS GmbH & Co. KG, Hanau, Germany. \n\nPactor III has 6 speed modes, made up of 2, 6, 14, 16, and 18 tone modulations, with each tone spaced 120Hz apart. \n\nDuring a standard transmission connection between two operators, PACTOR III Modems will transmit a PACTOR I SELCALL to determine the optimal mode and speed to establish between the two operators.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 400,
"max_hz": 2400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_III"
},
{
"id": "pactor-iv",
"name": "PACTOR IV",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPACTOR IV is the newest iteration of the PACTOR series, advancing from PACTOR I-III. It is 1.5x-3x faster than PACTOR III, and has 10 speed levels.\n# DETAILS\nPACTOR Series: [PACTOR I](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_I) - [PACTOR II](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_II) - [PACTOR III](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_III) - [PACTOR IV](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_IV) \n\n**PACTOR IV** is the newest iteration of the PACTOR series, advancing from PACTOR I-III. It is 1.5x-3x faster than PACTOR III, and has 10 speed levels. \n \nThis is a proprietary standard developed by SCS GmbH & Co. KG, Hanau, Germany. This mode is used exclusively in SCS's P4dragon series of shortwave data modems. The P4dragon series modems are all backwards compatible with PACTOR I-III, and, like PACTOR II and III, uses PACTOR I SELCALL to establish connections with other modems. \n\nPACTOR is used by many groups, including [Sailmail](http://www.sailmail.com/) for mariners to send and receive emails. It is also used by Ham Radio operators, Governmental and Diplomatic agencies, and even NGO's. \n\n| PACTOR IV's 10 Speed Modes | PACTOR IV's 10 Speed Modes | PACTOR IV's 10 Speed Modes | PACTOR IV's 10 Speed Modes |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Speedlevel | Modulation | Gross rate | Net rate [bps] |\n| 1 | 2-Tone-Chirp | 113 | 46,9 |\n| 2 | DQPSK, Spread-16 | 225 | 85,32 |\n| 3 | DQPSK, Spread-16 | 225 | 147,2 |\n| 4 | DQPSK, Spread-8 | 450 | 300,8 |\n| 5 | BPSK | 1800 | 433,1 |\n| 6 | BPSK | 1800 | 1096,5 |\n| 7 | QPSK | 3600 | 2199,5 |\n| 8 | 8-PSK | 5400 | 3304,5 |\n| 9 | 16-QAM | 7200 | 4407,5 |\n| 10 | 32-QAM | 9000 | 5512,5 |",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 300,
"max_hz": 2400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_IV"
},
{
"id": "pal-broadcast",
"name": "PAL Broadcast",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPhase Alternating Line (PAL) Analogue Television Broadcast. Now phased out in most of the world.\n# DETAILS\n**Phase Alternating Line (PAL) Analogue Television Broadcast**. Now phased out in most of the world. Replaced by DVB-T. Used Quadrature Amplitude Modulation for transmitting video. Uses CCIR System B.\n\nHas a Field Rate of 50 Hz, 625 lines per frame, and a Gamma of 2.8.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 46765000,
"max_hz": 47235000
},
{
"min_hz": 857690000,
"max_hz": 866310000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6000000,
"max_hz": 8000000
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"VSB",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAL_Broadcast"
},
{
"id": "pax",
"name": "PAX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPAX and PAX2 are developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE in 2005, and was derived from Olivia. It utilizes the AX.25 protocol that PACKET uses, and had a minimum SNR of -10dB. Can transmit APRS frames.\n# DETAILS\nOLIVIA based Modes: [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia) - [Contestia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Contestia) - [RTTYM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RTTYM) - [PAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAX) - [VOICE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VOICE)\n\n**PAX** and **PAX2** are developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE in 2005, and was derived from [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia). It utilizes the AX.25 protocol that [PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET) uses, and had a minimum SNR of -10dB. Can transmit APRS frames.\n\nPAX has a baudrate of 62.5 Bd at 59 wpm and uses 8MFSK with 62.5 Hz shift between tones in a bandwidth of 500 Hz.\n\nPAX2 is twice as fast as PAX and has a baudrate of 125 Bd at 117 wpm and uses 8MFSK with 125 Hz shift between tones in a bandwidth of 1000 Hz.\n\nBoth PAX modes use 6-bit ASCII encoding alphabet. PAX is more robust compared to [PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3572050,
"max_hz": 3607950
},
{
"min_hz": 7042000,
"max_hz": 14075000
},
{
"min_hz": 143896900,
"max_hz": 145343100
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 450,
"max_hz": 550
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAX"
},
{
"id": "pi4",
"name": "PI4",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPI4 (PharusIgnis4) is a 4-MFSK mode designed for amateur radio beacons. It is designed to work via different propagation modes.\n# DETAILS\n**PI4** (**PharusIgnis4**) is a 4-MFSK mode designed for amateur radio beacons. It is based on [JT4](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JT4). PI4 is specifically designed to work via different propagation modes and on all amateur radio bands up to at least 10 GHz. \n\nSpacing of the MFSK tones is most commonly about 234 Hz which results in about 709 Hz bandwidth. Total USB bandwidth is about 1510 Hz with typical 800 Hz offset for the first tone. Other spacing options of 469 Hz, 563 Hz and 703 Hz can be used. One transmission takes 24.333 seconds. PI4 is theoretically decodable with signal-to-noise ratio of -22.2 dB. \n\nPI4 beacons commonly transmit other modes in addition to PI4, typically [CW or FSK-CW](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Morse_Code_%28CW%29). \n\nThe name PI4 is short for PharusIgnis4 which comes from Latin \"pharus\" (\"lighthouse\") and \"ignis\" (\"fire\"), and 4 refers to the four MFSK tones.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 28000000,
"max_hz": 70000000
},
{
"min_hz": 143280000,
"max_hz": 144720000
},
{
"min_hz": 220890000,
"max_hz": 223110000
},
{
"min_hz": 429840000,
"max_hz": 434160000
},
{
"min_hz": 1289520000,
"max_hz": 1302480000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 639,
"max_hz": 779
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PI4"
},
{
"id": "pluto-ii-oth-radar",
"name": "PLUTO II OTH Radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPLUTO II is an Over The Horizon Radar located in the Sovereign Base Area just outside RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus. PLUTO II is very active in Europe.\n# DETAILS\n**PLUTO II** is an Over The Horizon Radar located in the UK Sovereign Base Area just outside the [RAF Akrotiri](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Akrotiri) base in Cyprus. Uses FMCW (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave). PLUTO has been seen with sweeprates of 25 and 50 sweeps/sec even sometimes 12.5 sweeps/sec.\n\n50 sweeps/sec with 20 kHz bandwidth is the most commonly used mode. 25 sweeps/sec with 20 kHz bandwidth is quite often used when propagation conditions are good, especially on higher frequencies. 12.5 sweeps/sec mode is rare and it is usually used with 40 kHz bandwidth. Other sweep rates, bandwidths and their combinations may exist.\n\nLike some other OTH radars, PLUTO II can operate multiple beams simultaneously on multiple frequencies.\n\nPLUTO II can be confused with the [29B6 'Kontayner\" radar](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/29B6_%27Kontayner%27_OTH_Radar) but can be differentiated by its wider bandwidth, different sweep rate and \"smoother\" sound. Signal analysis will reveal FMCW operation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 7960000,
"max_hz": 8040000
},
{
"min_hz": 37810000,
"max_hz": 38190000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 20000,
"max_hz": 40000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PLUTO_II_OTH_Radar"
},
{
"id": "pocsag-2",
"name": "POCSAG",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPOCSAG (Post Office Code Standardisation Advisory Group), also known as Super-POCSAG, Radio Paging Code No. 1 or RPC1, is a one-way 2FSK paging protocol that supports 512, 1200, and 2400 bps.\n# DETAILS\n**POCSAG** (**Post Office Code Standardisation Advisory Group**), also known as Super-POCSAG, Radio Paging Code No. 1 or RPC1, is a one-way 2FSK paging protocol that supports 512, 1200, and 2400 bps. POCSAG transmissions of different speeds and different paging protocols (e.g. [FLEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FLEX)) on the same paging channel are supported. POCSAG's official designation is \"*CCIR Recommendation 584, Radio Paging Code No. 1*\". \n\nThe Post Office Code Standardisation Advisory Group was from the British Post Office, which used to run nearly all telecommunications in Britain before privatization.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 24875000,
"max_hz": 25125000
},
{
"min_hz": 927340000,
"max_hz": 936660000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 8100,
"max_hz": 9900
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/POCSAG"
},
{
"id": "pol-arq",
"name": "POL-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPOL-ARQ was a duplex ARQ system used by Polish and Italian diplomatic services. This system uses the CCIR 476-4 alphabet with polatiry retained. No longer in use.\n# DETAILS\n**POL-ARQ** is a duplex ARQ system used by Polish and Italian diplomatic services. This system uses the CCIR 476-4 alphabet with polatiry retained. No longer in use.\n\nPOL-ARQ is typically found at 100 Bd, but it is less frequently found at 200 Bd. POL-ARQ uses 300 Hz shift.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/POL-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "prc-16",
"name": "PRC-16",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPRC-16 is a Chinese sourced PSK data link, traced to Shanghai. Suspected user Chinese Military.\n# DETAILS\n**PRC-16** is a Chinese sourced PSK data link, traced to Shanghai. Suspected user Chinese Military. A woman speaking Chinese has been heard on this frequency before.\n\nAn idle tone that repeats every 720ms is possibly a marker to keep the channel free from interfering operators. The data portion of the signal always occurs in a burst, and follows a very similar format to [MIL-STD-188-110 App.A 16-tone OFDM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Appendix_A_16-Tone), only lacking the pilot tone. PRC-16 has been seen using BPSK modulation in its subcarriers at 75bd each. Each burst lasts about 1150 ms (600ms for preamble, 550ms for the 16x75 BPSK waveform). An interesting characteristic is the 4xBPSK mode right after the toned preamble but before the 16x75 waveform.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 14228500,
"max_hz": 14371500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1980,
"max_hz": 2420
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PRC-16"
},
{
"id": "proba-1-2-downlink",
"name": "PROBA 1/2 Downlink",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nDump of satellite data to Redu, Belgium ground station from the PROBA (Project for On-Board Autonomy) 1, 2, and V ESA satellites.\n# DETAILS\nThe PROBA (**Pr**oject for **O**n-**B**oard **A**utonomy) 1, 2 and V are advanced minisatellites that perform very different tasks on the same architecture.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2223825000,
"max_hz": 2246175000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3600000,
"max_hz": 4400000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PROBA_1/2_Downlink"
},
{
"id": "psk-paging-link",
"name": "PSK Paging link",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAlso known as PSK paging, is a signal that allows side-by-side PSK to exist in AFSK paging links, allowing for more dynamically processed DSP available.\n# DETAILS\nThis signal has been found at: 454.475 MHz In Chicago, IL. The input signal rests on 158.1 MHz. The cause of the DSP is unknown, but the transmitter rests on top of Chicago's Oglive Transport center. However, it acts as a normal paging license. The license is unknown because of the input of 158.1 MHz. FCC databases unfortunately do not list a license under these two frequencies. However, it could be possible that KSA810 is the license, but the license does not include 158.1 on the list of frequencies.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 467650000,
"max_hz": 472350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PSK_Paging_link"
},
{
"id": "psk-am",
"name": "PSK-AM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPSK-AM is an amateur digital mode developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE in 2002/2003, and incorporates FEC interleaving. PSK-AM uses the modulation of PSK10/31 with the FEC of SITOR-B.\n# DETAILS\n**PSK-AM** is an amateur digital mode developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE in 2002/2003, and incorporates FEC interleaving. PSK-AM uses the modulation of [PSK10/31](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PSK) with the FEC of [SITOR-B](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SITOR-B). each character is transmitted twice at an interval of five characters (example: A * B * C A D B E C\u2026).\n\nThere are three speed modes for PSK-AM. PSK-AM 10, PSK-AM 31, and PSK-AM 50. All three use DBPSK.\n\n- PSK-AM 10 transmits at 10 Bd, ~40 Hz bandwidth. \n- PSK-AM 31 transmits at 31 Bd, ~110 Hz bandwidth.\n- PSK-AM 50 transmits at 50 Bd, ~180 Hz bandwidth",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 10148000,
"max_hz": 14075000
},
{
"min_hz": 143896900,
"max_hz": 145343100
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 40,
"max_hz": 180
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PSK-AM"
},
{
"id": "psk2k",
"name": "PSK2K",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPSK2K is a meteor scatter type of mode written by DJ5HG Using a modulation scheme of BPSK at 2000 Bd.\n# DETAILS\n**PSK2K** is a meteor scatter type of mode written by DJ5HG Using a modulation scheme of BPSK at 2000 Bd. Every codeword of PSK2k has 258 bits. Since the Baudrate is 2000, a codeword is transmitted in 129 ms. Identical code words are transmitted continuously.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 50108200,
"max_hz": 50611800
},
{
"min_hz": 143638200,
"max_hz": 145081800
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PSK2K"
},
{
"id": "pager-pocsag-1200",
"name": "Pager (POCSAG 1200)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n[POCSAG 1200]\nUsed in places like hospitals and other areas.\nTransmits at 1200 bps.\n# DETAILS\n#REDIRECT [POCSAG](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/POCSAG)",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 152583250,
"max_hz": 154116750
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Pager_%28POCSAG_1200%29"
},
{
"id": "panther-h-modem",
"name": "Panther-H Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPanther-H is an intelligent frequency hopping transceiver developed by Racal (now Thales Group). Has a signature 8-burst SOC (Start Of Conversation) sync procedure. Used in Panther-2000H radios\n# DETAILS\n**Panther-H** is an intelligent frequency hopping transceiver developed by Racal (now Thales Group). Has a signature 8-burst SOC (Start Of Conversation) sync procedure.\n\nThis transceiver, when in frequency hopping mode, will begin with the 8-burst SOC. After a SOC, the modem will begin sending data using frequency hopping, typically covering a bandwidth of 64kHz, 128kHz, or 256kHz, but it can cover up to 2 MHz. The SOC bursts each last 95ms, and the data bursts in freq hopping mode last about 121ms each. The SOC bursts stay on the same frequency for 8 bursts; they don't frequency hop. Frequency hopping begins when a connection is established between two parties and data begins to transmit. \n\nThe modem uses QPSK at 2400 Bd. For frequency hopping, the standard speed is 10 hops/s.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1492500,
"max_hz": 1507500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Panther-H_Modem"
},
{
"id": "phase-shift-keying-psk",
"name": "Phase Shift Keying (PSK)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPSK is a digital teletype mode based on Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) modulation. The most popular amateur radio PSK mode is PSK 31.\n# DETAILS\n**PSK** is a digital amateur radio mode based on Phase-Shift Keying (PSK) modulation. Most commonly used in HF, rarely seen at higher frequencies.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1828810,
"max_hz": 1847190
},
{
"min_hz": 3562100,
"max_hz": 3597900
},
{
"min_hz": 7035000,
"max_hz": 28120000
},
{
"min_hz": 50038550,
"max_hz": 50541450
},
{
"min_hz": 143423280,
"max_hz": 144864720
},
{
"min_hz": 220959650,
"max_hz": 223180350
},
{
"min_hz": 430039000,
"max_hz": 434361000
},
{
"min_hz": 904455000,
"max_hz": 913545000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10,
"max_hz": 1000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Phase_Shift_Keying_%28PSK%29"
},
{
"id": "piccolo",
"name": "Piccolo",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPiccolo was a MFSK system developed by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) to communicate with foreign embassies and UK military stations around the world. No longer used.\n# DETAILS\n**Piccolo** was a MFSK system developed by the UK Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) to communicate with foreign embassies and UK military stations around the world. No longer used.\n\nTwo Types:\n\n- MK6: 180 Hz wide 6-tone MFSK version of Piccolo. Uses [ITA-2](http://www.wavecom.ch/content/ext/decoder-online-help/default.htm#!worddocuments/ita2alphabet.htm) encoding for alphanumeric text.\n\n- MK12: 300 Hz wide 12-tone MFSK version of Piccolo. Uses [ITA-5](http://www.wavecom.ch/content/ext/decoder-online-help/default.htm#!worddocuments/ita5alphabet.htm) encoding for alphanumeric text.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 300
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Piccolo"
},
{
"id": "podsolnukh-sunflower-radar",
"name": "Podsolnukh 'Sunflower' Radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA Russian over the horizon radar, also known as \"Sunflower\"\n# DETAILS\nThe name \"**Podsolnukh**\" (Russian for \"**Sunflower**\") is widely used in amateur monitoring and open-source communities, likely inspired by the large, multi-element antenna array that resembles a sunflower.\n\nPodsolnukh is an HF over-the-horizon (OTH) radar system reportedly employed by Russian forces for long-range maritime and air surveillance. The radar transmits frequency-agile FMCW-like signals with an estimated bandwidth of 50 kHz in 4 minute long bursts. Transmission often occurs on multiple nearby frequencies.\n\nObserved sweep rates include approximately 20, 30, 43, & 87 Hz, with 43 Hz being the most common. Unlike some other OTH radars, Podsolnukh does not appear to transmit a pre-burst tone. Some sources describe the radar as using pulsed modulation, but this seems to be a misinterpretation of the frequency-agile burst structure, unless there exists a variant that transmits in true pulses.\n\nThe Russian made \u041f\u043e\u0434\u0441\u043e\u043b\u043d\u0443\u0445-\u042d (Sunflower-E, export version) HF over-the-horizon surface wave radar (OTH-SW) is produced in part by the Scientific Research Institute for Long-Distance Communications NIIDAR (\u041d\u0430\u0443\u0447\u043d\u043e-\u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0442 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u041d\u0418\u0418\u0414\u0410\u0420) and RTI Systems (\u0420\u0422\u0418 \u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b). The system is a bi-static HF surface wave radar developed to detect sea surface and air targets within a range of 15 to 450 kilometers and with a 120 degrees target area.",
"categories": [
"radar",
"military",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3482500,
"max_hz": 3517500
},
{
"min_hz": 7960000,
"max_hz": 8040000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 45000,
"max_hz": 55000
},
"modulations": [
"FMOP"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Podsolnukh_%27Sunflower%27_Radar"
},
{
"id": "polish-intelligence-100bd-625hz-fsk",
"name": "Polish Intelligence 100bd 625Hz FSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAlso known as F11, this is a one-way broadcast system that was used by one of Polish intelligence agencies for delivery of messages to their operatives abroad on fixed schedules.\n# DETAILS\nAlso known as **F11**, this is a one-way broadcast system that was used by \"Polish 11\", one of Polish intelligence agencies, for delivery of messages to their operatives abroad on fixed schedules. This mode has not been active since 2018. Its successors are [F03](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/F03_numbers_station) and [P03](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/P03_numbers_station).\n\nThis mode has very close ties to the analogue broadcasts from the same agency, known by their ENIGMA codes [E11](http://priyom.org/number-stations/english/e11), [S11a](http://priyom.org/number-stations/slavic/s11a), and [M03](http://priyom.org/number-stations/morse/m03). It was always sent 15/20 minutes before them, delivering the *same* message that would later be sent by analogue means, on a nearby frequency. The digital broadcast also used to repeat 5 minutes after the first one, on the same frequency.\n\nHowever, not every analogue schedule had a digital equivalent.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3980000,
"max_hz": 4020000
},
{
"min_hz": 19900000,
"max_hz": 20100000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3150,
"max_hz": 3850
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Polish_Intelligence_100bd_625Hz_FSK"
},
{
"id": "portable-traffic-lights",
"name": "Portable Traffic Lights",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSignals sent from portable traffic lights that are often used at roadworks.\n# DETAILS\nSignals sent from portable traffic lights that are often used at roadworks.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 153690685,
"max_hz": 155235315
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Portable_Traffic_Lights"
},
{
"id": "positive-train-control-ptc",
"name": "Positive Train Control (PTC)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPositive train control (PTC) is a system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements as an attempt to provide increased safety.\n# DETAILS\n**Positive train control (PTC)** is a system of functional requirements for monitoring and controlling train movements as an attempt to provide increased safety. PTC is currently being implemented in the United States on freight, intercity, and commuter rail lines.\n\nPTC can have various implementations, including ACSES and I-ETMS. TDMA is used in this particular sample recorded.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 218900000,
"max_hz": 221100000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Positive_Train_Control_%28PTC%29"
},
{
"id": "possible-quarry-telemetry",
"name": "Possible quarry telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\npossible quarry telemetry observed on 462.775, appears to pulse every second\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 460461125,
"max_hz": 465088875
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 7200,
"max_hz": 8800
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Possible_quarry_telemetry"
},
{
"id": "primary-aeronautical-surveillance-radar",
"name": "Primary Aeronautical Surveillance Radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA Primary radar (PSR Primary Surveillance Radar) is a conventional radar sensor that illuminates a large portion of space with an electromagnetic wave and receives back the reflected waves from targets within that space.\n# DETAILS\nA Primary radar (PSR Primary Surveillance Radar) is a conventional radar sensor that illuminates a large portion of space with an electromagnetic wave and receives back the reflected waves from targets within that space. The term thus refers to a radar system used to detect and localize potentially non-cooperative targets. It is specific to the field of air traffic control where it is opposed to the secondary radar which receives additional information from the target's transponder.",
"categories": [
"radar",
"commercial",
"navigation",
"analogue",
"aviation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1215000000,
"max_hz": 1400000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700000,
"max_hz": 3300000
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Primary_Aeronautical_Surveillance_Radar"
},
{
"id": "primex-wireless-time-sync",
"name": "Primex Wireless Time Sync",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPrimex Wireless Time Sync is a VHF Time Synchronization signal used in Primex Wireless's XR Series.\n# DETAILS\n**Primex Wireless Time Sync** is a VHF Time Synchronization signal used in Primex Wireless's XR Series. Has data rate of 2 KBps. Uses BPSK modulation (possible Offset mode).",
"categories": [
"time",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 72020000,
"max_hz": 72980000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000,
"max_hz": 22000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Primex_Wireless_Time_Sync"
},
{
"id": "provoice",
"name": "ProVoice",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nProVoice is a digital voice mode used in EDACS trunked systems.\n# DETAILS\nProVoice is a digital voice mode used in [EDACS](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/EDACS) trunked systems. It is transmitted using GFSK modulation at 9.6 kbit/s.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"trunked radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 159200000,
"max_hz": 160800000
},
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
},
{
"min_hz": 700000000,
"max_hz": 941000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ProVoice"
},
{
"id": "project-25-p25",
"name": "Project 25 (P25)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nProject 25 (P25 or APCO-25) is a trunked radio standard developed by The Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International (APCO-25) for use with public safety organizations around the world.\n# DETAILS\n- Not to be confused with Yaesu [C4FM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Yaesu_System_Fusion)*\n\n**Project 25 (P25 or APCO-25)** is a trunked radio standard developed by The Association of Public Safety Communications Officials International (APCO-25) for use with public safety organizations around the world. P25 supports encrypted voice.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 136000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 380000000,
"max_hz": 512000000
},
{
"min_hz": 769000000,
"max_hz": 939000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"C4FM",
"TDMA"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Project_25_%28P25%29"
},
{
"id": "pulse-coded-modulated-pcm-rc-toy",
"name": "Pulse Coded Modulated (PCM) RC Toy",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSignal used for remote control (RC) Toys.\n# DETAILS\nSignal used for remote control (RC) Toys.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 27009275,
"max_hz": 27280725
},
{
"min_hz": 48755000,
"max_hz": 49245000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"PCM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Pulse_Coded_Modulated_%28PCM%29_RC_Toy"
},
{
"id": "pursuit-wireless-car-key",
"name": "Pursuit Wireless Car Key",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nPursuit series wireless car alarm entry key, for use on vehicles equipped with Pursuit Series Car Alarm System.\n# DETAILS\n**Pursuit series wireless car alarm** entry key, for use on vehicles equipped with Pursuit Series Car Alarm System. The transmitting key fob's are manufactured by Nutek Corporation in Taiwan.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 301500000,
"max_hz": 434000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 36000,
"max_hz": 44000
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Pursuit_Wireless_Car_Key"
},
{
"id": "q-mac-hf-modem",
"name": "Q-MAC HF Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Q-MAC HF Modem is a military modem developed by Q-MAC (acquired by Barrett Communications). It uses OFDM with a BPSK sync channel in a gap of the signal.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Q-MAC HF Modem** is a military modem developed by Q-MAC (acquired by Barrett Communications). It uses OFDM with a BPSK sync channel in a gap of the signal. This mode is used in Q-MAC modems and transceivers and supports the transmission of encrypted data and digital voice.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Q-MAC_HF_Modem"
},
{
"id": "q15x25",
"name": "Q15X25",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nQ15X25, also known as NEWQPSK, is an experimental amateur radio packet modem developed by Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC. Q15X25 is a OFDM QPSK implementation of the AX.25 Packet protocol used in PACKET.\n# DETAILS\n**Q15X25**, also known as **NEWQPSK**, is an experimental amateur radio packet modem developed by Pawel Jalocha SP9VRC. Q15X25 is an OFDM QPSK implementation of the AX.25 Packet protocol used in [PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET). Q15X25 uses ARQ and FEC and performs just like a packet radio terminal.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3567075,
"max_hz": 3602925
},
{
"min_hz": 6999825,
"max_hz": 7070175
},
{
"min_hz": 14038455,
"max_hz": 14179545
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1950,
"max_hz": 2350
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Q15X25"
},
{
"id": "q65",
"name": "Q65",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nQ65 is a 65-FSK extreme weak-signal mode which is designed for Earth-Moon-Earth communications and fast-fading propagation modes such as tropospheric scatter, rain scatter and trans-equatorial propagation. It offers a variety of submodes. Q65 is part of the WSJT-X software.\n# DETAILS\n**Q65** is a 65-FSK extreme weak-signal communications mode which is designed for Earth-Moon-Earth communications and fast-fading propagation modes such as tropospheric scatter, rain scatter and trans-equatorial propagation. It is part of the WSJT-X software. Like other WSJT-X modes such as [FT8](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FT8) and [JT65](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/JT65), Q65 only carries the minimal amount of information needed to make contacts (QSO's). \n\nQ65 offers a variety of submodes with different tone spacing, and transmit/receive slot lengths from 15 to 300 seconds. The default submode is Q65-30A. Q65 decoder can average over several receive windows to decode weak signals.\n\n| Submode | Symbol length | Tone spacing | Bandwidth | Transmission duration | Minimum SNR for decoding |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Q65-15A | 0.15 s | 6.67 Hz | 433 Hz | 12.8 s | -22.2 dB |\n| Q65-15B | 0.15 s | 13.33 Hz | 867 Hz | 12.8 s | -22.2 dB |\n| Q65-15C | 0.15 s | 26.67 Hz | 1733 Hz | 12.8 s | -22.2 dB |\n| Q65-30A | 0.30 s | 3.33 Hz | 217 Hz | 25.5 s | -24.8 dB |\n| Q65-30B | 0.30 s | 6.67 Hz | 433 Hz | 25.5 s | -24.8 dB |\n| Q65-30C | 0.30 s | 13.33 Hz | 867 Hz | 25.5 s | -24.8 dB |\n| Q65-30D | 0.30 s | 26.67 Hz | 1733 Hz | 25.5 s | -24.8 dB |\n| Q65-60A | 0.60 s | 1.67 Hz | 108 Hz | 51.0 s | -27.6 dB |\n| Q65-60B | 0.60 s | 3.33 Hz | 217 Hz | 51.0 s | -27.6 dB |\n| Q65-60C | 0.60 s | 6.67 Hz | 433 Hz | 51.0 s | -27.6 dB |\n| Q65-60D | 0.60 s | 13.33 Hz | 867 Hz | 51.0 s | -27.6 dB |\n| Q65-60E | 0.60 s | 26.67 Hz | 1733 Hz | 51.0 s | -27.6 dB |\n| Q65-120A | 1.33 s | 0.75 Hz | 49 Hz | 113.3 s | -30.8 dB |\n| Q65-120B | 1.33 s | 1.50 Hz | 98 Hz | 113.3 s | -30.8 dB |\n| Q65-120C | 1.33 s | 3.00 Hz | 195 Hz | 113.3 s | -30.8 dB |\n| Q65-120D | 1.33 s | 6.00 Hz | 390 Hz | 113.3 s | -30.8 dB |\n| Q65-120E | 1.33 s | 12.0 Hz | 780 Hz | 113.3 s | -30.8 dB |\n| Q65-300A | 3.46 s | 0.29 Hz | 19 Hz | 293.8 s | -33.8 dB |\n| Q65-300B | 3.46 s | 0.58 Hz | 38 Hz | 293.8 s | -33.8 dB |\n| Q65-300C | 3.46 s | 1.16 Hz | 75 Hz | 293.8 s | -33.8 dB |\n| Q65-300D | 3.46 s | 2.31 Hz | 150 Hz | 293.8 s | -33.8 dB |\n| Q65-300E | 3.46 s | 4.63 Hz | 301 Hz | 293.8 s | -33.8 dB |\n\nNote that submodes Q65-15D, Q65-15E and Q65-30E do not exist.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 50275000,
"max_hz": 50305000
},
{
"min_hz": 143449150,
"max_hz": 144890850
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 19,
"max_hz": 1733
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Q65"
},
{
"id": "qo-100-modem",
"name": "QO-100-modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nHigh speed modem for QO-100 (Es'hail 2) amateur satellite narrow transponder.\n# DETAILS\nThe purpose of this project is to transfer data (pictures...) via a 2.7 kHz SSB channel on the narrow-band transponder as fast as possible. Now includes a RTTY mode.\n\nA characteristic feature of the signal is the presence of a 100 Hz carrier for fine tuning (not visible on the webSDR waterfall).",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"satellite",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 10489500000,
"max_hz": 10490000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2430,
"max_hz": 2970
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"BPSK",
"APSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/QO-100-modem"
},
{
"id": "quadcopter-telemetry-signal",
"name": "Quadcopter Telemetry Signal",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis signal originates from the Silicon Instruments Si1000 Software Defined Radio (SDR) that is a component of the 3DR Telemetry Radio, sold for use as a data link between a computer ground station and a UAV \"a drone\".\n# DETAILS\nThis signal originates from the Silicon Instruments Si1000 Software Defined Radio (SDR) that is a component of the 3DR Telemetry Radio, sold for use as a data link between a computer ground station and a UAV \"a drone\".\n\nIt is typically sold configured for use on one of three ISM bands (433, 868, 915 MHz) However, as it is an SDR, a licenced radio amateur may set it to operate on other frequencies, and adjust the power level. You may see this signal in different forms on many bands, as the Si1000 SOC Radio is used for MANY MANY different applications. Shown in the image is only the default configuration for FHSS-TDM. This SDR can be programmed to send its telemetry (or other) data using BPSK, 8-PSK, and QAM at various constellation sizes.\n\nNote that these values and uses are only in reference to the Si1000's minor use as a toy helicopter radio, the Si1000 and similar chips are not only highly adaptive but have the possibility of having custom, novel modulation schemes created by the end user(s). As such this chip and others of the same type or better now have uses such as Passive RADAR and Long Range Telemetry, Even Active RADAR in the hands of the general population. SDR SoC's have found military use for at least twice the time the public has been aware of them, as a consequence, mature integrated radio systems and technologies are flooding the market (one can purchase an SDR with a USB port and 2.8 MHz bandwidth for US$10)",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 414000000,
"max_hz": 433000000
},
{
"min_hz": 930325000,
"max_hz": 939675000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"BPSK",
"QAM",
"D8PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Quadcopter_Telemetry_Signal"
},
{
"id": "quansheng-uvk5-digital-text-message",
"name": "Quansheng UVK5 Digital Text Message",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA digital text message protocol included in the stock firmware of some Quansheng brand handheld radios to send up to 30 characters in a short packet type message.\n# DETAILS\nThrough the use of custom firmware, this text message mode can support 256-bit encryption. It is derived from the 10 characters password (80 bits) set by the user in the EncKey menu item and is stored in the EEPROM memory of the device.\n\nThe key derivation function provides 256 bit encryption key by combining 4 x 64 bit hashes of the same (80 bits) password. Each hash is generated with a different 64 bit salt. The encryption key is stored in the RAM memory of the device and is lost once the device is powered down. (From [NuNu Firmware by Kamilsss655](https://github.com/kamilsss655/uv-k5-firmware-custom/wiki/44-%E2%80%90-Encryption#details)) It also can support different FSK speeds and, even stock, can do rudimentary mesh networking through each radio repeating a received message so it can be received further from the original sender's position. Transmission length is more or less the same regardless of message length. It is somewhat similar visually and audibly to APRS but is not cross compatible. Each message can contain up to 30 characters including alphabetical and most symbols.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 136315000,
"max_hz": 137685000
},
{
"min_hz": 477600000,
"max_hz": 482400000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10800,
"max_hz": 13200
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Quansheng_UVK5_Digital_Text_Message"
},
{
"id": "rac-arq",
"name": "RAC-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRAC-ARQ, also known as MEROD and RACAL-ARQ, is a teleprinter system by Racal, used in MEROD devices. MEROD stands for Message Entry and Read Out Device. Hasn't been seen since 2010.\n# DETAILS\n**RAC-ARQ**, also known as MEROD and RACAL-ARQ, is a teleprinter system by Racal, used in MEROD devices. MEROD stands for Message Entry and Read Out Device. Hasn't been seen since 2010.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1000,
"max_hz": 1300
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RAC-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "rbu",
"name": "RBU",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRBU is a time code radio station located in Moscow. It transmits a continuous 10 kW time code on 66.66 kHz.\n# DETAILS\n**RBU** is a time code radio station located in Moscow. It transmits a continuous 10 kW time code on 66\u2154 kHz.\n\nThere are 2 main tones AM modulated onto sidebands, 100 Hz and 312.5 Hz. 100 Hz denotes a \"0\" bit, whereas 312.5 Hz denotes a \"1\". These are used to sync clocks and give the exact time.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 65660,
"max_hz": 67660
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 585,
"max_hz": 715
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RBU"
},
{
"id": "rdl-vlf",
"name": "RDL VLF",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRDL is a Russian VLF station located in Krasnodar. It is one of the few VLF stations that changes modes during routine transmissions.\n# DETAILS\nRDL is one of the most interesting VLF stations due to its variety of modes and intermittent, but frequent operation.\n\nThe station has two modes of operation:\n- Fast FSK, used most of the time\n- Slow Morse FSK, cleartext. Usually broadcasts the callsign, followed by some numbers, and finishing with the time of the transmission.\n\nThe transmissions will cease, or switch to a very low power when the message is sent.\nThe duration of the transmission is very variable, from less than a minute to more than ten.",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 18100,
"max_hz": 27300
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"CWFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RDL_VLF"
},
{
"id": "rf-heating-and-welding-interference",
"name": "RF heating and welding interference",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio frequency heating and welding equipment may radiate interference which can be picked up by radio receivers. On a waterfall display, it usually appears as wobbly peaks that rapidly drift downwards in frequency.\n# DETAILS\nThis type of signals is believed to originate from radio frequency heating and welding applications. RF heating is used in industry for drying wood products, welding plastics and for other purposes. Such heating equipment may radiate RF interference which can be picked up by radio receivers. During good propagation conditions, such interference may be hearable over long distances. \n\nOn a waterfall spectrum display, RF heating interference typically appears as wobbly peaks that drift downwards in frequency and last for some seconds. These are also called **hooks**, **fish hooks** and **sweepers**. The peaks may drift over several hundred kilohertz but sometimes stable peaks are seen as well. \n\nAntenna tuning operation of amateur radio transceivers can produce signals that look similar on the waterfall and can be confused with this kind of interference. However, these tuning signals typically sweep through frequencies in a more controlled manner, often up and down, and do not produce a \"wobbling\" sound.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 24000000,
"max_hz": 30000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"CW",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RF_heating_and_welding_interference"
},
{
"id": "rfid",
"name": "RFID",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically-stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves.\n# DETAILS\nRadio-frequency identification (RFID) uses electromagnetic fields to automatically identify and track tags attached to objects. The tags contain electronically stored information. Passive tags collect energy from a nearby RFID reader's interrogating radio waves. Active tags have a local power source such as a battery and may operate at hundreds of meters from the RFID reader. Unlike a barcode, the tag need not be within the line of sight of the reader, so it may be embedded in the tracked object. RFID is one method for Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 124000,
"max_hz": 126000
},
{
"min_hz": 13492200,
"max_hz": 13627800
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2970,
"max_hz": 3630
},
"modulations": [
"ASK",
"FSK",
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RFID"
},
{
"id": "ros",
"name": "ROS",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nROS is an amateur radio teletype free running QSO mode designed for low signal/high noise conditions.\n# DETAILS\n**ROS** is an amateur radio teletype free running QSO mode designed for low signal/high noise conditions. ROS was designed by Jos\u00e9 Alberto Nieto Ros EA5HVK. \n\nROS implements a combination of FHSS (Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum), DSSS (Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum) and 2G (Second Generation) CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), The modem deployed's a 144 MFSK phase continuous single tone, modulation scheme, ROS may be amplified by non-linear Tx path. Class c/d/e.\n\nThe unique deployment of 2G technology, similar to mobile phones, allows multiple simultaneous access to a single channel. The provision of the \u2018decode from\u2019 function, providing selection of a single call-sign only for RX,A QSO may take place, isolated from the channel traffic, at the rated sensitivity for the selected speed, similar to the connected state of a packet QSO.\n\nROS provides efficient use of channel capacity and Data rate/power ratio and is exceptionally robust, being well suited to QRP Dx, low power chat and disturbed paths, i.e., Polar and NVIS 5 MHz, where conventional data modes are unable to provide communication's.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1791000,
"max_hz": 1809000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"DSSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ROS"
},
{
"id": "rttym",
"name": "RTTYM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRTTYM, developed by Nick Fedoseev (UT2UZ) in 2005, is a digital mode derived from Olivia. It aims to deliver a compromise of speed and performance. RTTYM is about 4x faster than Olivia, but trades the speed for reduced robustness and sensitivity.\n# DETAILS\nOLIVIA based Modes: [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia) - [Contestia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Contestia) - [RTTYM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RTTYM) - [PAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAX) - [VOICE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VOICE)\n\n**RTTYM**, developed by Nick Fedoseev (UT2UZ) in 2005, is a digital mode derived from [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia). It aims to deliver a compromise of speed and performance. RTTYM is about 4x faster than Olivia, but trades the speed for reduced robustness and sensitivity.\n\nCompared to Olivia, RTTYM has +3 dB minimum signal to noise ratio compared to Olivia. RTTYM uses a block size of 16 where Olivia uses a block size of 64. RTTYM uses a slightly modified [RTTY](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RTTY) Baudot 5-bit alphabet encoding.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 150,
"max_hz": 2000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RTTYM"
},
{
"id": "rum-fec",
"name": "RUM-FEC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRUM-FEC, also known as ROU-FEC and SAU-FEC, is a FSK FEC system used by Romanian diplomatic services. This is no longer used today, replaced by MIL-STD 188-110 Serial.\n# DETAILS\n**RUM-FEC**, also known as ROU-FEC and SAU-FEC, is a FSK FEC system used by Romanian diplomatic services. This is no longer used today, replaced by [MIL-STD 188-110 Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial).\n\nTwo speeds have been known to exist for RUM-FEC, 164.5 Bd and 218.3 Bd, both with ~450 Hz shift. Known to use bitmasking, with values of 10, 15, 24, and 31. This system has a bit spread of 128 bits with each new character starting every 16 bits.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 675,
"max_hz": 825
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RUM-FEC"
},
{
"id": "rum-moi-fec",
"name": "RUM-MOI FEC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRUM-MOI FEC, also known as RUM-MIL 115.76 Bd, is a FSK FEC mode used by the Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs, supposedly under military use. This is no longer used today, replaced by MIL-STD 188-110 Serial.\n# DETAILS\n**RUM-MOI FEC**, also known as RUM-MIL 115.76 Bd, is a FSK FEC mode used by the [Romanian Ministry of Internal Affairs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Romania)), supposedly under military use. This is no longer used today, replaced by [MIL-STD 188-110 Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial).\n\nRUM-MOI uses ~412 FSK shift with 115.76 Bd speed.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RUM-MOI_FEC"
},
{
"id": "rwm",
"name": "RWM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRWM is a Russian shortwave time signal station.\n# DETAILS\n**RWM** is a Russian shortwave time signal station. Unlike other time signal stations, RWM only transmits time intervals, it does not tell you the time of day or month nor year.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4971020,
"max_hz": 5020980
},
{
"min_hz": 9946020,
"max_hz": 10045980
},
{
"min_hz": 14921020,
"max_hz": 15070980
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4,
"max_hz": 6
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RWM"
},
{
"id": "radar-altimeter",
"name": "Radar altimeter",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAircrafts radar altimeter.\n# DETAILS\nA radar altimeter (RA), also called a radio altimeter (RALT), electronic altimeter, reflection altimeter, or low-range radio altimeter (LRRA), measures altitude above the terrain presently beneath an aircraft or spacecraft by timing how long it takes a beam of radio waves to travel to ground, reflect, and return to the craft. This type of altimeter provides the distance between the antenna and the ground directly below it, in contrast to a barometric altimeter which provides the distance above a defined vertical datum, usually mean sea level.\n\nReceived on a regular C-band LNB, the signal is very wide, 20+ MHz, differs in frequency and shape depending on the manufacturer. It is better to receive the edge of the signal to distinguish different ones, about 910 MHz IF is a good starting point. \nAirplanes fly with the altimeter constantly on, even at high altitudes outside its operating range.",
"categories": [
"radar",
"aviation",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4200000000,
"max_hz": 4300000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18000000,
"max_hz": 22000000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radar_altimeter"
},
{
"id": "radio-data-link-access-procedure-rd-lap",
"name": "Radio Data Link Access Procedure (RD-LAP)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMotorola's Radio Data Link Access Procedure (RD-LAP) is a 1G protocol that was used in ARDIS and DataTAC Networks, and is still used in some MDT's, as well as gas companies, police departments, fire departments, financial companies, etc.\n# DETAILS\nMotorola's **Radio Data Link Access Procedure (RD-LAP)** is a 1G protocol that was used in ARDIS/Motient and DataTAC Networks, and is still used in some MDT's, as well as gas companies, police departments, fire departments, financial companies, etc. Its use has been on the decline as faster cellular networks are adopted and P25 used for public safety.\n\nThis format was developed from MDT4800 (4.8kbps). RD-LAP has faster data rates (9.6kbps/19.2kbps). The majority of deployments used the 19.2kbps mode.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 845750000,
"max_hz": 854250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Data_Link_Access_Procedure_%28RD-LAP%29"
},
{
"id": "radio-data-system-rds",
"name": "Radio Data System (RDS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio Data System (RDS) and its North American variant, Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS), are data modes transmitted on subcarriers of commercial FM radio station transmissions.\n# DETAILS\n**Radio Data System (RDS)** and its North American variant, **Radio Broadcast Data System (RBDS)**, are data modes transmitted on subcarriers of [commercial FM radio station transmissions](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FM_Broadcast_Radio). Both RDS and RBDS are identical modulation wise but they have some differences in the format of the data sent. RDS is published worldwide as IEC standard 62106.\n\nThe RDS system is Dual Side Band modulated onto the 57 kHz subcarrier of a commercial FM transmitter. The RDS mode transmitted is actually one PSK signal identically duplicated and mirrored across the 57 kHz carrier for robustness and redundancy. This individual PSK signal is about 2.2 kHz wide, and the combined DSB modulation of RDS is about 4 kHz. \n\nThe RDS system uses Binary PSK, with a data rate of 1187.5 bps. RDS is used to send data such as time, text data on radio programming, programming type, alternative frequencies, and traffic information.\n\nRDS-2 has been announced and is set to replace RDS.\n\nThe RDS subcarrier can be seen at 57 kHz subcarrier on this multiplex demodulated sideband of a commercial FM broadcast.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 64675000,
"max_hz": 65325000
},
{
"min_hz": 107460000,
"max_hz": 108540000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3600,
"max_hz": 4400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Data_System_%28RDS%29"
},
{
"id": "radio-navigation-satellite-system-rnss",
"name": "Radio Navigation Satellite System (RNSS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nGeneric positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) signals transmitted by global/regional navigation satellite system (GNSS/RNSS) and Satellite-Based Augmentation System (SBAS) constellations such as GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, BeiDou, QZSS, and IRNSS.\n# DETAILS\nRadio Navigation Satellite System (RNSS) signals are transmitted by multiple satellite constellations, typically multiplexed (transmitted on the same frequency as each other), using generic modulation techniques such as CDMA, FDMA, and BOC. They are intended to be used for positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) and are typically derived from on-board atomic clocks for nanosecond-level precision. There are currently a couple constellations maintained by various nations:\n- The United States of America's \"Navstar\" Global Positioning System (GPS)\n- The Russian Federation's Global Navigation Satellite System (\u0413\u041b\u041e\u041d\u0410\u0421\u0421/GLONASS)\n- The European Union's Galileo\n- The People's Republic of China's BeiDou Navigation Satellite System\n- Japan's Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS)\n- The Republic of India's Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)\n\nTraditional receivers have multiple 'channels' tracking multiple satellites (a minimum of 3 are needed for a coarse 2D fix, 4 for a 3D fix, and 5 or more for enhanced accuracy/precision/integrity). Each channel starts in the 'acquisition' phase where it searches across doppler/phase parameters to detect the presence of a satellite's signal. After acquisition, the channel enters the 'tracking' phase where it follows the signal's doppler, phase, and any other quantities of interest (such as telemetry, which is usually encoded into the signal). The channel stays in the 'tracking' phase until the signal is eventually lost or otherwise problematic (low elevation, unhealthy status, detected jamming/spoofing, etc.)\n\nThe receiver can then use the observables from the channels to assemble navigation messages (telemetry data), correct for errors (such as clock bias, ionospheric delay, etc.), and eventually calculate a Position, Velocity, Time (PVT) solution. 'Raw' observables can also be used to enhance the precision/accuracy of other receivers, such as Real-Time Kinematics (RTK).\n\nThere are also multiple Satellite-Based Augmentation Systems (SBAS), which typically use similar modulation as the other RNSS signals, but on a different frequency (like the -1 MHz 1574.42 MHz of Wide-Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the US Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)'s SBAS).",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"satellite",
"digital",
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1176450000,
"max_hz": 1575420000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22000000,
"max_hz": 25000000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK",
"QAM",
"DSSS",
"BOC",
"TMBOC"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Navigation_Satellite_System_%28RNSS%29"
},
{
"id": "radio-telephone-network-c-c-netz",
"name": "Radio Telephone Network C (C-Netz)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Radio Telephone Network C (German: Funktelefonnetz-C, abbreviated as C-Netz), was a first generation analog cellular phone system deployed and operated in Germany (at first West Germany) by DeTeMobil (formerly of Deutsche Bundespost Telekom, currently Deutsche Telekom).\n# DETAILS\nIt utilized the C450 standard,[1] originally developed by Siemens AG, and was the third and last update of a series of analog mobile phone systems used primarily within Germany, superseding the B-Netz and the A-Netz before it. It has been decommissioned, replaced by both the newer D-Netz and E-Netz systems, both based on GSM standards (which are digital) and operating on 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands respectively.\n\nC-Netz was active from 1985 to 2000, with certain areas until 2001. Since then, all consumer cellular phone services in Germany are digital-only.\n\nThe dialing code for the C-Netz was 0161, which is no longer in use. As a result, users were not able to transfer their numbers to GSM networks when the C-Netz was shut down. \n\nThe C-Netz was officially introduced in 1985 (with unofficial trials in 1984) to replace the existing B-Netz/B2-Netz system used in Germany at the time. Due to problems with the B-Netz mobile networks, early adoption of C-Netz was very high, especially in rural areas which had lacked prior B-Netz coverage. However, like other first-generation analog systems, it suffered from poor call quality and was susceptible to eavesdropping. The system was built up in West Germany and West Berlin, but following German reunification in 1990, was rapidly built up in the new German states.\n\nBy December 1988, the service had grown to nearly 100,000 customers, and reached a peak user base of around 800,000 in the early 1990s. It remained popular throughout the decade as a preferred system for mobile car phones, particularly rural taxi services, where it enjoyed an advantage in reception. However, it was inferior in all other ways to the newer GSM networks, and by the late 1990s Deutsche Telekom stopped accepting new customers. Its user base dropped rapidly; in 1999, it went from 230,000 customers in October to 210,000 customers in November.[2] The C-Netz service was shut down on December 31, 2000. Some cells near the German-Dutch border remained active for several more months but were eventually discontinued as well.\nFuture use\nThe C-Netz radio spectrum in Germany (two 6 MHz wide frequency bands) was reallocated for use with Flarion's Flash-OFDM mobile networking standard which launched in 2005.[3] It was primarily used to service Germany's rail service with Internet connectivity under the name Railnet.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Telephone_Network_C_%28C-Netz%29"
},
{
"id": "radio-teletype-rtty",
"name": "Radio Teletype (RTTY)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRTTY (Also known as Baudot or ITA2) uses the Baudot 5-bit alphabet with FSK to send text messages over the shortwave. This mode is gradually dying out in favor of more robust modes like PSK31 in the amateur service.\n# DETAILS\n**RTTY** (Also known as Baudot or ITA2) uses the Baudot 5-bit alphabet with FSK to send text messages over the shortwave. This mode is gradually dying out in favor of more robust modes like PSK31 in the amateur service. Uses the ITA-2 alphabet (Commonly known as Baudot, derived from the Murray code). Apart from occasional ham use, the only other known user is the Deutscher Wetterdienst (German Meteorological Service).\n\nThere are many modes that sound like Baudot, but in fact aren't. For example, the Russians use a 50 baud /200 Hz system that to the ear, sounds like Baudot. Closer examination with tools for viewing waveforms and other data will show this clearly.\n\nAmong amateur radio, the most common default mode of RTTY is 170 Hz with 45.45Bd.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 146300,
"max_hz": 148300
},
{
"min_hz": 3570000,
"max_hz": 14467300
},
{
"min_hz": 28009250,
"max_hz": 28290750
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 85,
"max_hz": 850
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Teletype_%28RTTY%29"
},
{
"id": "radio-relay-link",
"name": "Radio-relay link",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA radio\u2011relay (microwave) link using small parabolic antennas is a short\u2011range, high\u2011capacity point\u2011to\u2011point microwave connection commonly deployed when fiber is unavailable or too expensive to build.\n# DETAILS\n**Radio-relay link** transmits data through highly directional beams between two fixed antennas. Because the wavelength is short, the antennas can be physically small while still achieving strong directivity and high throughput.\n\nKey characteristics\n\nTypically operates in licensed microwave bands from 6 to 40\u202fGHz, with 38\u202fGHz being one of the most widely used for dense urban links. Uses compact parabolic dishes (often 20\u201360\u202fcm) that provide high gain and narrow beams, reducing interference and allowing many links to coexist in the same area. Supports high data rates, often hundreds of Mbps to several Gbps, depending on channel width and modulation. Range is usually 1\u20135\u202fkm at 38\u202fGHz due to atmospheric attenuation; lower bands (6\u201313\u202fGHz) can reach much farther. Requires clear line\u2011of\u2011sight. Higher frequencies are more sensitive to rain fade, so link budgets must include fade margins. Frequently used for last\u2011mile wireless backhaul, connecting buildings, towers, or remote sites \u201cthrough the air\u201d to the nearest operator\u2019s network.\n\nTypical use cases\n\nConnecting businesses or base stations where fiber is unavailable\nTemporary or rapid\u2011deployment connectivity\nRedundant backup paths for critical infrastructure\nUrban microwave backhaul in dense operator networks",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000000,
"max_hz": 6030000000
},
{
"min_hz": 37810000000,
"max_hz": 38190000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3500000,
"max_hz": 800000000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio-relay_link"
},
{
"id": "radioteknicheskaya-systema-dalney-navigatsii-rsdn-20",
"name": "Radioteknicheskaya Systema Dalney Navigatsii (RSDN-20)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRSDN-20, also known as Alpha, is a Russian hyperbolic radio navigation system. Presumed to be used for Russian ships, submarines and aircraft in the northern hemisphere, possibly worldwide.\n# DETAILS\n**Radioteknicheskaya Sistema Dal'ney Navigatsii**, also known as **RSDN-20** and with the designation **Alpha**, is a Russian hyperbolic radio navigation system. Presumed to be used for Russian ships, submarines and aircraft in the northern hemisphere, possibly worldwide. These transmissions are among the lowest-frequency man made transmissions in the world. The Russian name means \"Radiotechnical long-range navigation system\". The RSDN-20 system is said to have a range of 10000 km and a position error of 2.5 to 7 km.\n\nRSDN-20 transmitters are located in Novosibirsk, Krasnodar, and Khabarovsk in Russia. Two other transmitters exist in Revda and Seyda, but they are no longer operational.",
"categories": [
"navigation",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 11910,
"max_hz": 14880
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18,
"max_hz": 22
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radioteknicheskaya_Systema_Dalney_Navigatsii_%28RSDN-20%29"
},
{
"id": "rain-master-sprinkler-control",
"name": "Rain Master sprinkler control",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nControl signal for grass sprinkler watering system\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 153827000,
"max_hz": 155373000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10800,
"max_hz": 13200
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Rain_Master_sprinkler_control"
},
{
"id": "reflex",
"name": "ReFLEX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nReFLEX is a two-way paging variant of FLEX.\n# DETAILS\n**ReFLEX** is a two-way paging variant of [FLEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/FLEX).\n\nPotentially also ReFLEX or another variant: [LINK](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Unknown_paging_940p862)",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 896000000,
"max_hz": 941000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 36000,
"max_hz": 44000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ReFLEX"
},
{
"id": "redundant-digital-file-transfer-rdft",
"name": "Redundant Digital File Transfer (RDFT)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRDFT is an amateur radio digital mode used to transmit files.\n# DETAILS\n**RDFT** is an amateur radio digital mode used to transmit files invented by Barry Sanderson, KB9VAK. Uses DPSK.\n\nRDFT was designed for radio amateurs to send files, primarily pictures, known as Digital SSTV, although it was not very popular. Now it is used almost exclusively by the Cuban Number Station (HM01).\n\nOriginal applications for coding, modulating, demodulating and decoding, which use DSP techniques to work with PC soundcard, were written by Barry Sanderson, KB9VAK. \nThe only GUI application (which utilizes applications written by KB9VAK) known to copy the files (but not necessarily decrypt them) is DIGTRX made by Roland Zurmely, PY4ZBZ.\n\nThis software has been long abandoned for other modes and has been replaced by HamDRM and other similar digital SSTV software.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"numbers stations",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9065000,
"max_hz": 9240000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1620,
"max_hz": 1980
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Redundant_Digital_File_Transfer_%28RDFT%29"
},
{
"id": "relocatable-over-the-horizon-radar-rothr",
"name": "Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar (ROTHR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRelocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar (ROTHR), also known as AN/TPS-71, is an OTH Radar used by the United States Navy that uses bistatic ionospheric backscattering for wide area surveillance.\n# DETAILS\n**Relocatable Over-the-Horizon Radar (ROTHR)**, also known as AN/TPS-71, is an OTH Radar used by the United States Navy that uses bistatic ionospheric backscattering for wide area surveillance. The Radar system was developed by the US Navy with assistance from Raytheon. Three ROTHR systems are in use, in Virginia, Texas and Puerto Rico.\n\nThe radar uses FMCW transmission and can use different bandwidths. Lower bandwidth transmissions are easier to receive in distant locations such as Europe. Transmission happens in bursts and a couple of successive bursts are often transmitted. After transmitting a burst sequence, the radar may change its frequency slightly, making it harder to follow compared to other OTH radars. Sweep rate is often changed between successive bursts. The bursts are most commonly transmitted without intro tone, and sometimes a three-part intro tone is used. This three-part intro tone is a characteristic feature of this radar.\n\nROTHR can be confused with the [JORN radar](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Jindalee_Operational_Radar_Network_%28JORN%29), but can be differentiated by its different bandwidth and three-part intro tone or lack of intro tone.",
"categories": [
"radar",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4975000,
"max_hz": 5025000
},
{
"min_hz": 27860000,
"max_hz": 28140000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4000,
"max_hz": 100000
},
"modulations": [
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Relocatable_Over-the-Horizon_Radar_%28ROTHR%29"
},
{
"id": "road-coordination-maintenance-telemetry",
"name": "Road Coordination/Maintenance Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA sort of SCADA signaling method used to cooordinate traffic or other road works using external NFM transmitters. Can also be shared with road commission vehicles and related things.\n# DETAILS\n{{#tag:html5media|File:SDRSharp_20171204_074409Z_151010000Hz_AF.wav}}\n\n- [Roads Department License](https://wireless2.fcc.gov/UlsApp/UlsSearch/license.jsp?licKey=1199540)",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 150254950,
"max_hz": 151765050
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6030,
"max_hz": 7370
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Road_Coordination/Maintenance_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "robust-packet",
"name": "Robust PACKET",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRobust PACKET, also known as HF-APRS, RPR, Winlink RMS, and APRSlink, is an OFDM version of the amateur mode PACKET which is optimized for shortwave use. This mode was developed by Spezielle Communications Systeme GmbH & Co. KG (SCS).\n# DETAILS\n[PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET) - [Robust PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Robust_PACKET)\n\n**Robust PACKET**, also known as HF-APRS, RPR, Winlink RMS, APRSlink, RPR-HF-APRS, and SCS Robust Packet, is an OFDM version of the amateur mode [PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET) optimized for shortwave use. This mode was developed by [Spezielle Communications Systeme GmbH & Co. KG (SCS)](http://www.p4dragon.com/en/Home.html), who developed the [PACTOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACTOR_III) protocol. \n\nRobust PACKET uses 500 Hz of bandwidth with 60 Hz spacing between carriers, and uses OFDM with 8 DBPSK or DQPSK carriers. On 200 bps mode, it uses BPSK. For 600 bps mode, DQPSK is used. For both modes, each subcarrier runs at a constant rate of 50 Bd. \n\nLike [PACKET](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PACKET), Robust PACKET uses the AX-25 frame protocol for transmitting data. Compared to PACKET, Robust PACKET has better resistance against multipath propagation and fading. In addition, Robust PACKET takes less total bandwidth, with sidebands only extending out to 500 Hz, where with PACKET, the sidebands produced from the 300 Bd FSK extend as far as 730 Hz.\n\nThis mode is available only on SCS's ' [Tracker / DSP TNC](http://www.p4dragon.com/en/Modems.html#widget4)'",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3591950,
"max_hz": 3628050
},
{
"min_hz": 7047300,
"max_hz": 14103300
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 450,
"max_hz": 550
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Robust_PACKET"
},
{
"id": "russian-diplo-vft-psk-64bd",
"name": "Russian Diplo VFT PSK 64Bd",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRussian Diplomatic 3 channel VFT PSK running at 64 Bd. Enigma M42 designation\n# DETAILS\n**Russian Diplomatic 3 channel VFT** PSK running at 64 Bd. Enigma M42 designation. Also known as CIS 3xPSK. Using 3 channels of BPSK.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4001890,
"max_hz": 4042110
},
{
"min_hz": 23015345,
"max_hz": 23246655
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_Diplo_VFT_PSK_64Bd"
},
{
"id": "russian-intelligence-200bd-1000hz-fsk-f06",
"name": "Russian Intelligence 200bd 1000Hz FSK (F06)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAlso known as F06, this is a one-way error-correcting broadcast system, used by one of Russian intelligence agencies for delivery of messages to their operatives abroad on fixed schedules.\n# DETAILS\nThis mode is also known by designation **F06**, and formerly also as **FSK 42d** [LINK](http://www.signalshed.com/docs/ENIGMA%202000%20Active%20Stations%20List%20V1.3.pdf.) It is a one-way error-correcting broadcast system, used by one of Russian intelligence agencies for delivery of messages to their operatives abroad on fixed schedules.\n\nTwo submodes of this system are known - **F06** and **F06a**. F06 conveys messages that consist of 5-digit groups while F06a carries a named file. The contents of these messages and files are encrypted, but header data such as message serial number, length, recipient ID and date can be decoded. Not all transmissions contain actual messages, and some transmission may contain more than one message.\n\nThis mode sends on fixed schedules, consisting of three broadcasts spaced 10 minutes apart for F06, and 15 minutes apart for F06a. Each subsequent broadcast sends on a frequency 500 kHz to 3 MHz higher or lower, typically lower. Each transmission lasts 6-8 minutes, repeating the data continuously, and each repeat is followed by 256 zero bits.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3980000,
"max_hz": 4020000
},
{
"min_hz": 22885000,
"max_hz": 23115000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 900,
"max_hz": 1100
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_Intelligence_200bd_1000Hz_FSK_%28F06%29"
},
{
"id": "russian-intelligence-200bd-500hz-fsk-f01",
"name": "Russian Intelligence 200bd 500Hz FSK (F01)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAlso known as F01, this is a digital FSK mode used by Russian intelligence to deliver encrypted messages to their operatives abroad. Transmissions usually happen on fixed schedules.\n# DETAILS\nThis is a digital FSK mode used by the \"Russian 6\" numbers station operator which is likely a major Russian intelligence agency. It is also known as **F01** and it is technically similar to [RTTY](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Radio_Teletype_%28RTTY%29). The message contents are encrypted but header data such as serial numbers can be identified.\n\nFrequency shift is 500 Hz and symbol rate is 200 bd. F01 transmissions happen on a fixed schedule and sometimes sporadically. Typical F01 schedules have 2 or 3 transmissions 10 minutes apart and each 1 to 3 MHz lower or higher in frequency.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3980000,
"max_hz": 4020000
},
{
"min_hz": 22885000,
"max_hz": 23115000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 450,
"max_hz": 550
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_Intelligence_200bd_500Hz_FSK_%28F01%29"
},
{
"id": "russian-mfsk-ofdm-chirp-hybrid-modem",
"name": "Russian MFSK-OFDM-chirp hybrid modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA supposedly Russian HF data mode with MFSK, OFDM and frequency sweeps, resulting in an interesting spectrogram and sound.\n# DETAILS\nThis is an interesting data mode that is believed to be used by Russian military or other agencies. The official name, purpose and equipment used to transmit this signal are not known, and there doesn't seem to be a commonly agreed name among amateur listeners. \n\nThe signal is transmitted in bursts. Each bursts starts with a pilot tone and a couple of irregular frequency sweeps, then follows a short MFSK part and then a data transmission which apparently consists of OFDM blocks and which is periodically interrupted by upward frequency sweeps, two in this case. The burst ends with a series of frequency sweeps. Frequency sweeps may also be transmitted before the OFDM part begins. \n\nPurpose of the different modulation techniques is not known. In this sample case there is also a continuous carrier slightly below the burst transmission. It's not always seen and it may or may not belong to this transmission. \n\nBandwidth of this sample is about 3 ... 3.2 kHz but this signal has been seen with much higher bandwidths of 12, 24, 48 and 96 kHz as well, see the links and video examples below. Bandwidth of 6 kHz has been seen in assumed test transmissions.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 12176000,
"max_hz": 16259000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3000,
"max_hz": 96000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"OFDM",
"FM",
"FMCW"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_MFSK-OFDM-chirp_hybrid_modem"
},
{
"id": "russian-oth-ghadir-type",
"name": "Russian OTH 'Ghadir' type",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nOver The Horizon radar with a very similar signal structure as Ghadir. Operating in west Russia.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 28457000,
"max_hz": 28743000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_OTH_%27Ghadir%27_type"
},
{
"id": "russian-military-20bd-7khz-fsk",
"name": "Russian military 20bd 7kHz FSK",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSlow 20-baud FSK signal with very large 7 kHz frequency shift. Used by Russian military.\n# DETAILS\nThis is a slow 20-baud FSK mode used by Russian military, with unusual 7 kHz frequency shift. Due to such a large frequency shift, it may be confused as being two [CW](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Morse_Code_%28CW%29) transmissions on nearby frequencies. Tranmissions have been heard on the 40-meter amateur radio band, usually but not always, on two frequencies simultaneously.\n\nAt least one source of the signal has been traced to Crimea, close to Sevastopol, where the Russian Black Sea Fleet base is located.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 6941000,
"max_hz": 7062500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6300,
"max_hz": 7700
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_military_20bd_7kHz_FSK"
},
{
"id": "russian-overhead-power-line-telemetry-system",
"name": "Russian overhead power line telemetry system",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRussian telemetry system, transmitted over the overhead power lines.\n# DETAILS\nA system for transmitting telemetry and telemechanics commands through overhead high-voltage lines.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 49000,
"max_hz": 51000
},
{
"min_hz": 995000,
"max_hz": 1005000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 360,
"max_hz": 440
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Russian_overhead_power_line_telemetry_system"
},
{
"id": "s-band-jammer",
"name": "S-Band Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThis is what the signal of a military S-Band (In this case 2.4 GHz) RADAR and WiFi intentional interference (Jamming) device looks like. This signal is generated by a DDS system and is then used to modulate the output of a 2.45 GHz magnetron (The same as in a microwave oven).\n# DETAILS\nAs stated above this signal is used to jam S-Band RADAR and is also used to jam S-Band communications technology, such as WiFi, Bluetooth, LoRa, etc.. The signal shown in the attached image is of the device running in WiFi jamming mode, the wide-band signal you see is only one of many harmonic signals generated using resonating cavities and specially designed waveguide geometries, the source of the RF energy for the waveguide-cavity system is an off-the-shelf 2.45 GHz magnetron, sold for large industrial ovens, and rated at 20 kW with forced-air cooling, 35 kW with water-cooling. A computer system contains many stored wave-forms and employs Direct Digital Synthesis (DDS) technology, the signals are then applied to a modulator tube then the magnetron to effect intentional interference to targeted systems, In this case the system is jamming WiFi signals outside of a military base in Canada, however it is capable of generating many other signals including micro-second pulses designed to interfere with RADAR systems, it can also generate powerful CW output in excess of 15kW and can be directed using an electromagnetic lens to physically destroy enemy electronic systems by inducing fatally high voltages and currents on the systems cabling and other metal parts. (Think putting a cellphone in a microwave oven) Because of its versatility, devices such as this can disrupt or otherwise interfere with any radio system in their range of frequencies, and can even physically destroy some systems.",
"categories": [
"military",
"commercial",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2388000000,
"max_hz": 2412000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 100000,
"max_hz": 100000000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/S-Band_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "sas-src",
"name": "SAS/SRC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSwedish navy transmitter for submarine communication. It shares the antenna with SAQ (Grimeton Radio)\n# DETAILS\nSAS is the military part of the Varberg site. It shares the antenna with SAQ (Grimeton Radio) [LINK](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Grimeton_Radio_(SAQ)). \n\nSo if SAQ is going to start one of its rare transmissions, SAS is turned off one or two days before.\n\nSwedish MSK transmitters can easily be identified in the waterfall diagram by their fishbone-like modulation pattern. This seems to belong to the idle phases while the pattern becomes more random while transmitting data.",
"categories": [
"military",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 39400,
"max_hz": 41400
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SAS/SRC"
},
{
"id": "sas2",
"name": "SAS2",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSwedish navy transmitter for submarine communication. It shares the antenna with SAQ (Grimeton Radio) and is activated less often as the other Swedish transmitters used for VLF submarine communication. Usually, it works with reduced power.\n# DETAILS\nSAS2 is activated less often as the other Swedish transmitters used for VLF submarine communication. Usually, it works with reduced power.\n\nSwedish MSK transmitters can easily be identified in the waterfall diagram by their fishbone-like modulation pattern. This seems to belong to the idle phases where no data are transmitted. \n\nThe fishbone pattern is even audible as a characteristic modulation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 41500,
"max_hz": 43500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SAS2"
},
{
"id": "sas3",
"name": "SAS3",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSwedish navy transmitter for submarine communication. It shares the antenna with SAQ (Grimeton Radio).\n# DETAILS\nSAS3 is one of the transmitters with the \"Swedish sound\". \n\nSwedish MSK transmitters can easily be identified in the waterfall diagram by their fishbone-like modulation pattern. This seems to belong to the idle phases where no data are transmitted. \n\nThe fishbone pattern is even audible as a characteristic modulation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 43200,
"max_hz": 45200
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SAS3"
},
{
"id": "secam",
"name": "SECAM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSequential Colour with Memory (SECAM) Analogue Television Broadcast. Now phased out in most of the world.\n# DETAILS\n**Sequential Colour with Memory (SECAM) Analogue Television Broadcast**. Now phased out in most of the world. Replaced by DVB-T. Used Frequency Modulation for transmitting video. Uses CCIR System B.\n\nHas a Field Rate of 50 Hz, 625 lines per frame, and a Gamma of 2.8.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 46765000,
"max_hz": 47235000
},
{
"min_hz": 857690000,
"max_hz": 866310000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6000000,
"max_hz": 8000000
},
"modulations": [
"VSB",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SECAM"
},
{
"id": "secor-4-egrs-4",
"name": "SECOR 4 (EGRS 4)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSECOR 4 (''COSPAR ID: 1965-027B'') was a SEquential COllation of Range series satellite, and is occasionally active when receiving adequate solar power on it's panels. It is not consistent, likely owing to a tumbling or rotating motion.\n# DETAILS\n**SECOR 4** (NORAD 01315) is one of many \"zombie satellites\" that will occasionally power back on and begin transmitting it's telemetry signal. \n\n\"Geodetic SECOR (*Sequential Collation of Range*) was an all-weather geodetic survey system which was in operational use for several years, establishing a global survey network. It used the successive positions of artificial satellites in space to determine locations on the earth's surface with exactness over long distances. The system consisted of a satellite and four ground stations. Three at geographical points where the co-ordinates had been surveyed accurately and the fourth at an unknown location. Radio waves were flashed from the ground stations to the satellite and returned. The position of the satellite at any time was fixed by the measured ranges from the three known stations. Using these precisely established satellite positions as a base, ranges from the satellite to the unknown station were used to compute the position of the unknown station. Geodetic SECOR allows continents and islands to be brought within the same geodetic global grid. Each ground station was entirely portable and contained three units: a radio frequency shelter, a data handling shelter and a storage shelter. Lighter weight, solid-state equipment was developed to replace the initial units. The satellite had a mass of 18 kg and contained a transponder, a telemetry system to monitor temperature and operating voltages, and a power unit comprised of solar panels and batteries.\" -",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"military",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 136845000,
"max_hz": 136845200
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800,
"max_hz": 2200
},
"modulations": [
"IRIG"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SECOR_4_%28EGRS_4%29"
},
{
"id": "shr",
"name": "SHR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSwedish navy transmitter for submarine communication. It shares the antenna with SAQ (Grimeton Radio).\n# DETAILS\nSwedish MSK transmitters can easily be identified in the waterfall diagram by their fishbone-like modulation pattern. This seems to belong to the idle phases while the pattern seems to become more random while transmitting data.\n\nThe data section in the transmission presented here for SHR is quite similar to that of SAS at the same time. Both transmitters appear to be synchronized.",
"categories": [
"military",
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 37000,
"max_hz": 39000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SHR"
},
{
"id": "si-arq",
"name": "SI-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSI-ARQ, also known as ARQ-S and ARQ-1000S, is a simplex ARQ system designed by Siemens formerly used by Austrian and Indonesian diplomatic services. No longer used today.\n# DETAILS\n**SI-ARQ**, also known as ARQ-S and ARQ-1000S, is a simplex ARQ system designed by Siemens formerly used by Austrian and Indonesian diplomatic services. No longer used today.\n\nSI-ARQ typically used 96, 144, 192 and 200 bd. SI-ARQ uses 170 Hz shift.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SI-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "si-fec",
"name": "SI-FEC",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSI-FEC, also known as FEC-S, FEC 1000 Simplex, and FEC-1000S, was the FEC variant of SI-ARQ, and was only used under extremely poor propagation conditions. SI-FEC was developed by Siemens and was used by Austrian and Indonesian diplomatic services.\n# DETAILS\n**SI-FEC**, also known as FEC-S, FEC 1000 Simplex, and FEC-1000S, was the FEC variant of [SI-ARQ](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SI-ARQ), and was only used under extremely poor propagation conditions. SI-FEC was developed by Siemens and was used by Austrian and Indonesian diplomatic services. No longer used today.\n\nSI-FEC typically uses baudrates of 96, 192 or 200 Bd using the ITA-3 alphabet. During idle mode this system is the same as [CCIR 242 (ARQ-M2)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ARQ-M2-242).",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 252,
"max_hz": 308
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SI-FEC"
},
{
"id": "sigfox",
"name": "SIGFOX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSIGFOX is a IoT wireless network system utilizing ETSI's specification for Low Throughput Networks (LTN) and Ultra Narrow-Band (UNB) modulation.\n# DETAILS\n**SIGFOX** is an IoT wireless network system utilizing ETSI's specification for Low Throughput Networks (LTN) and Ultra Narrow-Band (UNB) modulation.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 868000000,
"max_hz": 868600000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SIGFOX"
},
{
"id": "simone-meteor-radar",
"name": "SIMONe meteor radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe SIMONe radar is a meteor detection system that is operated in multiple research sites around the world. It uses continuous spread-spectrum coded transmissions which gives it an unusual sound when demodulated into audio. It can be received over long distances during sporadic-E and other special propagation conditions.\n# DETAILS\nThe **SIMONe** radar, short for **Spread spectrum Interferometric multistatic Meteor radar Observing Network**, is a meteor detection system that is operated in multiple sites around the world, currently mainly in Europe and South America Leibniz-Institut f\u00fcr Atmosph\u00e4ren Physik: SIMONe systems - [LINK](https://www.iap-kborn.de/forschung/abteilung-radarsondierungen/instrumente/meteorradare/simone-radar-networks/.) The SIMONe radar networks implement the **MMARIA** research concept (**Multistatic Multifrequency Agile Radar for Investigations of the Atmosphere**). Each network consists of multiple transmitters and receivers in different locations, with all transmitters sharing the same frequency. The radar uses spread-spectrum technology with pseudo-random phase modulated coding to identify the sources of the received signals. Huyghebaert et al.: Multiple E-Region Radar Propagation Modes Measured by the VHF SIMONe Norway System During Active Ionospheric Conditions - [LINK](https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/astronomy-and-space-sciences/articles/10.3389/fspas.2022.886037/full)\n\nCode repetition interval of the transmission is 10 ms which gives the signal a 100 Hz tone when it's demodulated into audio as AM or FM. Symbol length is 10 \u00b5s. Nominal bandwidth of the signal is 100 kHz but in practice it spreads a bit more. It may have been defined as -3 dB bandwidth or in a similar way.\n\nThe SIMONe radar can be identified based on the unusual sound with 100 Hz tone, lack of pulsed or FMCW signal structure, bandwidth, and the transmission frequency of 32.55 MHz which is used by most transmitters. Under normal propagation conditions, SIMONe can't usually be received beyond line of sight, but special propagation modes such as sporadic E sometimes allow reception much further away. Reception of the signal reflections from meteors may be possible by using sensitive equipment and a good antenna.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 32387250,
"max_hz": 32712750
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 126000,
"max_hz": 154000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"DSSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SIMONe_meteor_radar"
},
{
"id": "sitor-a",
"name": "SITOR-A",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSITOR-A (Also known as AMTOR-A) is one of two modes of SITOR, which stands for Simplex Teletype Over Radio.\n# DETAILS\n**SITOR-A** is one of two modes of SITOR, which stands for Simplex Teletype Over Radio. Based on CCIR 476-4. It was formerly used to transmit maritime short messages, however the maritime industry is gradually moving away from using this mode in favor of PACTOR. AMTOR is a type of SITOR used by amateur radio operators.\n\nSITOR-A has been seed with shifts of 170 Hz, 300 Hz, 400 Hz, and 850 Hz. SITOR-A is most commonly used with 170 Hz shift and 100 Bd.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SITOR-A"
},
{
"id": "sitor-b",
"name": "SITOR-B",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSITOR-B is one of two modes of SITOR (Simplex Teletype Over Radio).\n# DETAILS\n**SITOR-B** is one of two modes of SITOR (Simplex Teletype Over Radio). NAVTEX and AMTOR-FEC/AMTOR-B uses the SITOR-B protocol. Based on CCIR 625\n \nThis mode is often used in broadcasts of navigational and other warnings from maritime stations. However, not all broadcasts are in English - for example, Istanbul Radio broadcasts in Turkish, while Olympia Radio may broadcast in Greek. This can confuse newcomers to think that their decoder is malfunctioning. See the frequencies section below for a website that lists some of these stations.\n\nIn addition, the Czech intelligence services, as well as the Egyptian diplomatic service has been known to use this mode.\n\nCompared to SITOR-A, SITOR-B doesn't use ARQ. Instead, it uses FEC by sending each character twice during transmission.",
"categories": [
"marine"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 315,
"max_hz": 385
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SITOR-B"
},
{
"id": "skiymet-meteor-radar",
"name": "SKiYMET meteor radar",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSKiYMET is a meteor detection radar which is used by many research institutes around the world. It can use different transmission parameters and can be received over long distances during sporadic-E and other special propagation conditions.\n# DETAILS\nThe **All-Sky Interferometric Meteor Radar** or **SKiYMET**, is a meteor detection radar, developed by Genesis Software and MARDOC Inc., and operated by many research institutes around the world.\n\nThe SKiYMET radar can operate on the high HF and low VHF bands. It transmits a pulsed signal and can use different pulse repetition frequencies (PRF). A characteristic feature is the spectrum which shows side lobes around the main lobe when the signal is strong. Because of this, it is hard to determine bandwidth. Width of the main lobe can be tens of kHz but when the side lobes are counted it can be more than 100 kHz or 200 kHz and over 1 MHz has also been stated [LINK](https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2006RS003551.) Under normal propagation conditions, SKiYMET usually can't be received beyond line of sight, but special propagation modes such as sporadic-E sometimes allow reception much further away. Using sensitive equipment, it may also be possible to receive signal reflections from meteors. \n\nThe sample shown here was spotted in northern Europe on 29th of June 2024 during good sporadic E conditions, on 36.2 MHz. It uses a 625 Hz pulse frequency. Based on these parameters it is the SKiYMET radar in Collm, Germany. [LINK](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0273117721001411) Bandwidth is more than 100 kHz but it's hard to determine accurately as the spectrum edges are smooth and the spectrum forms \"lobes\" as can be seen in the picture.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29000000,
"max_hz": 40000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 144000,
"max_hz": 176000
},
"modulations": [
"PULSE"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SKiYMET_meteor_radar"
},
{
"id": "snotel-snow-telemetry",
"name": "SNOTEL (Snow Telemetry)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSNOTEL stations are a set of precipitation and other sensors spread across the mountains of the United States by the Department of Agriculture through the National Resources Conservation Service.\n# DETAILS\nSNOTEL stations are a set of precipitation and other sensors spread across the mountains of the United States by the United States Department of Agriculture through the National Resources Conservation Service. The SNOTEL website can be found [here](https://nwcc-apps.sc.egov.usda.gov/imap/#version=169&elements=&networks=SNTL&states=!&counties=!&hucs=&minElevation=&maxElevation=&elementSelectType=any&activeOnly=true&activeForecastPointsOnly=false&hucLabels=false&hucIdLabels=false&hucParameterLabels=true&stationLabels=&overlays=&hucOverlays=2&basinOpacity=75&basinNoDataOpacity=25&basemapOpacity=100&maskOpacity=0&mode=data&openSections=dataElement,parameter,date,basin,options,elements,location,networks&controlsOpen=true&popup=&popupMulti=&popupBasin=&base=esriNgwm&displayType=station&basinType=6&dataElement=WTEQ&depth=-8&parameter=PCTMED&frequency=DAILY&duration=I&customDuration=&dayPart=E&monthPart=E&forecastPubDay=1&forecastExceedance=50&useMixedPast=true&seqColor=1&divColor=7&scaleType=D&scaleMin=&scaleMax=&referencePeriodType=POR&referenceBegin=1991&referenceEnd=2020&minimumYears=20&hucAssociations=true&relativeDate=-1&lat=42.300&lon=-114.300&zoom=4.5) and includes a map of all of the stations.\n\nThe signal itself uses very short bursts of BPSK data at 4000 bits per second. Since the stations are in remote locations, sometimes in deep mountain valleys, they use meteor scatter propagation to best get their data back to a base station.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 40466650,
"max_hz": 40873350
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 8100,
"max_hz": 9900
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SNOTEL_%28Snow_Telemetry%29"
},
{
"id": "solrad-7b-cospar-id-1965-016d",
"name": "SOLRAD 7B (COSPAR ID: 1965-016D)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSOLRAD-7B is one of the many \"zombie satellites\" in orbit and is an artifact of the mid 1960's US space program. It occasionally will become active again when illuminated by sunlight due to the satellite bus having several small, semi-circular solar panels.\n# DETAILS\n**SOLRAD-7B** (NORAD ID: *1291*) is one of the 10 satellites of it's type that reached orbit. The SOLRAD series was created to measure radiation as a result of solar activity in space, and to help determine what was needed to protect both humans and spacecraft, while also being utilized by NRO under the cover name *GRAB* (Galactic Radiation and Background) to record the transmitted wavelength of Soviet anti-aircraft radar sites to optimize bomber flight paths during the cold war. It is a roughly 1 foot, spherical satellite carrying several small solar panels with 2 antennas on either side. When it gains enough power from the sun, it will begin transmitting a relatively strong center carrier as well as weak sidebands that are likely where modulated data should be. \n\n\"The telemetry is a multiplex of six [IRIG](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRIG_timecode)-106 7.5% bandwidth sub carrier oscillators, linearly added and amplitude modulate the RF carrier. IRIG 3 (730 Hz centre frequency) and IRIG 4 (960 Hz cf) vary in step over 3.6 second with 8 periods of 450 millisecond each. IRIG 5 (1300 Hz cf), IRIG 6 (1700 Hz cf) and IRIG 7 (2300 Hz cf) are all fixed at their lower deviation limit of 1202 Hz, 1572 Hz and 2127 Hz respectively. IRIG 8 (3000 Hz) drifts from the the lower limit, 2775 Hz, to the upper limit, 3225 Hz, over time.\" - from [Mike Kenny's site](https://emitters.space/Emitters.html#2).\n\nOn Sunday May 31st, 2026, at around 1:15 PM EST, SOLRAD 7B was [observed to be partially modulating data](https://imgur.com/a/pWX6RyK) onto several of its subcarriers for around 15-20 seconds.\n \nIn comparison to period audio recordings from the *\"Sounds from Space 1962-1966\"* segment at the website of [Mattias Bopp](https://www.dd1us.de/), this appears to represent that the telemetry system is still partially functional - albeit missing parts from other segments of the system that are still only carrier tones. Observations [like this one from SatNOGS](https://network.satnogs.org/observations/14111733/) show similar activity on these carriers.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 1136
},
{
"min_hz": 136121970,
"max_hz": 137490030
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"IRIG"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SOLRAD_7B_%28COSPAR_ID:_1965-016D%29"
},
{
"id": "sp-14-xp",
"name": "SP-14 (XP)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSP-14 (XP) was a 14 tone MFSK mode with origins from the Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry. Also known as NUM-13. Inactive since 2005, superseded by XPA.\n# DETAILS\n**SP-14 (XP)** was a 13 tone MFSK mode with origins from the Russian Intelligence and Foreign Ministry. Also known as NUM-13. Inactive since 2005, superseded by [XPA](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS_20-MFSK_XPA).\n\nXP was in use from 1993 - 2005. It has a 1 baud intro, which includes a 3-digit ID and the number of messages to be sent, and then two tones at 7.5Bd alternating 20 times, before the 5-digit numeric groups begin to send at 7.5Bd. Just like XPA, there is a distinct sync tone at the lowest tone of the MFSK signal, repeated every 5 MFSK tones, which denotes a space. At the end of the transmission, 319 Hz and 511 Hz tones alternate 20 times, denoting the end of the transmission. The bandwidth of the AM signal was about 1200 Hz, but the individual sideband bandwidth was around 250 Hz. \n \nXP also had some variants, XPH, XPM, and XPL. XPH used higher tones, where XPM uses mid tones, and XPL using low tones. The most common recordings found were on XPH, with very little on XPM and XPL.",
"categories": [
"numbers stations",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9000000,
"max_hz": 12000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1080,
"max_hz": 1320
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SP-14_%28XP%29"
},
{
"id": "spread",
"name": "SPREAD",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSPREAD, also known as AUTOSPEC Mk2, SPREAD-11, SPREAD-21, and SPREAD-51, was a FEC system used by Romanian diplomatic stations and the Brazilian Navy and shore stations. SPREAD is considered the successor to AUTOSPEC.\n# DETAILS\n**SPREAD**, also known as AUTOSPEC Mk2, SPREAD-11, SPREAD-21, and SPREAD-51, was a FEC system used by Romanian diplomatic stations and the Brazilian Navy and shore stations. SPREAD is considered the successor to [AUTOSPEC](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/AUTOSPEC), and like AUTOSPEC, used the 10-bit Bauer code. SPREAD is named so because it spreads bits after the 10-bit bauer code.\n\nThree variants of SPREAD exist, SPREAD-11, SPREAD-21, and SPREAD-51. \n- For SPREAD-11, after each bit of the 10-bit Bauer code, 10 data bits from other characters are sent.\n- For SPREAD-21, after each bit of the 10-bit Bauer code, 20 data bits from other characters are sent.\n- For SPREAD-51, after each bit of the 10-bit Bauer code, 50 data bits from other characters are sent.\n\nThe spreading of bits helps to improve the data transfer reliability.\n\nSPREAD uses a 410 Hz FSK shift, and had been mostly seen at 68.5 Bd, 102.7 Bd and 137 Bd with 218 Bd seen seldomly.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SPREAD"
},
{
"id": "stanag-4197",
"name": "STANAG 4197",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 4197 is a NATO QPSK OFDM signal used in ANDVT modems that transmit encrypted digital voice over HF.\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 4197** is a NATO QPSK OFDM signal used in Advanced Narrowband Digital Voice Terminal (ANDVT or AN/DVT)modems that transmit encrypted digital voice over HF. These modems include the ANDVT MINTERM KY-99A modem.\n\nSTANAG 4197 is defined as \"Modulation and coding characteristics that must be common to assure interoperability of 2400 bps linear predictive encoded digital speech transmitted over HF radio facilities\". This signal utilizes similar waveforms to the [MIL-STD-188-110A/B Appendix B](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Appendix_B_39-Tone) waveform but this does not utilize the 393.75 Hz pilot tone, and has a unique preamble that differs from the App. B waveform. \n \nThe preamble starts similarly to how 110A/B App. B 39-Tone OFDM starts, but the signal begins with a 16 tone data header before going into the 39 tone data payload. This signal is predominantly used for digital voice, so encrypted digital voice will be the payload in the 39 tone segment.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2070,
"max_hz": 2530
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4197"
},
{
"id": "stanag-4285",
"name": "STANAG 4285",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 4285 is specified by the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military Agency for Standardization in \"Characteristics of 1200 / 2400 / 3600 Bits per Second Single Tone Modulators / Demodulators for HF Radio Links\"\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 4285** is specified by the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military Agency for Standardization in \"Characteristics of 1200 / 2400 / 3600 Bits per Second Single Tone Modulators / Demodulators for HF Radio Links\". This data modem is very similar to [MIL-STD-188-110 Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial).",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1880550,
"max_hz": 1899450
},
{
"min_hz": 22586500,
"max_hz": 22813500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2475,
"max_hz": 3025
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4285"
},
{
"id": "stanag-4415",
"name": "STANAG 4415",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 4415 is a NATO standard for robust, non-hopping digital data communication, used on severely degraded HF channels with large Doppler and multipath spreads.\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 4415** is a NATO standard for robust, non-hopping digital data communication, used on severely degraded HF channels with large Doppler and multipath spreads. It is equivalent to the 75 bps variant of the [MIL-STD-188-110 Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial) mode.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2475,
"max_hz": 3025
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4415"
},
{
"id": "stanag-4481",
"name": "STANAG 4481",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 4481, also known as CRATT, Link-4, and NATO-75, is specified by the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military Agency for Standardization as a \"Minimum technical equipment standards for naval HF shore-to-ship broadcast system\"\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 4481**, also known as CRATT, Link-4, and NATO-75, is specified by the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military Agency for Standardization as a \"Minimum technical equipment standards for naval HF shore-to-ship broadcast system\"",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2815000,
"max_hz": 3046000
},
{
"min_hz": 8986000,
"max_hz": 11213000
},
{
"min_hz": 17925920,
"max_hz": 18106080
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1500,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4481"
},
{
"id": "stanag-4529",
"name": "STANAG 4529",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 4529 a modification of STANAG 4285 to deliver data and voice in 1240 Hz of bandwidth at rates of up to 1800 bps.\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 4529** a modification of [STANAG 4285](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4285) to deliver data and voice in 1240 Hz of bandwidth at rates of up to 1800 bps. STANAG 4529 is officially specified by the NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) Military Agency for Standardization in \"Characteristics of Single Tone Modulators / Demodulators for Maritime HF Radio Links with 1240 Hz Bandwidth\".\n \nSTANAG 4529 has data rates ranging from 75 to 1800 bit/s. Uses BPSK, QPSK, and 8PSK modulations, similar to that of STANAG 4285. The modulation speed (symbol rate) is always 1200 Bd. Through the use of different M-PSK modulation formats and FEC (Forward Error Correction) coding rates, serial binary user information (raw data) can be transmitted at different user data rates.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 9820650,
"max_hz": 9919350
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1116,
"max_hz": 1364
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"BPSK",
"QPSK",
"D8PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4529"
},
{
"id": "stanag-4539",
"name": "STANAG 4539",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 4539 or MIL-STD-188-110B/C Appendix C is a HDR (110B) / MDR (110C) serial PSK/QAM signal that can reach speeds up to 9600 bps (12800 bps with no interleaving).\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 4539** or **MIL-STD-188-110B/C Appendix C** is a HDR (110B) / MDR (110C) serial PSK/QAM signal that can reach speeds up to 9600 bps (12800 bps with no interleaving). In 110B, this was designated as High Data Rate, but in 110C, this mode was recategorized Medium Data Rate. It is officially designated as \"HF data waveforms for data rates above 2400 bps in 3 kHz channels.\" \n \nHas similar operation and parameters as the mandatory [MIL-STD-188-110 Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial) mode, but uses different modulations and higher speeds. In addition, each speed except for 12800 bps has 6 different interleaving modes. Ultra Short, Very Short, Short, Medium, Long, and Very Long.\n\n| Data Rate (bps) | Bits per Symbol (Modulation) | FEC Encoding Rate |\n| --- | --- | --- |\n| 12800 bps | 6 (64QAM) | None |\n| 9600 bps | 6 (64QAM) | 3/4 |\n| 8000 bps | 5 (32QAM) | 3/4 |\n| 6400 bps | 4 (16QAM) | 3/4 |\n| 4800 bps | 3 (8PSK) | 3/4 |\n| 3200 bps | 2 (QPSK) | 3/4 |",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM",
"QPSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4539"
},
{
"id": "stanag-5065",
"name": "STANAG 5065",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTANAG 5065 is defined as \"Minimum Standards for Naval Low Frequency (LF) Shore-To-Ship Surface Broadcast Systems\", with two primary protocols, FSK75 and MSK300.\n# DETAILS\n**STANAG 5065** is defined as \"Minimum Standards for Naval Low Frequency (LF) Shore-To-Ship Surface Broadcast Systems\", with two primary protocols, FSK75 and MSK300.\n\nFSK75 uses a 85 Hz shift at 75 Bd. The upper frequency tone is the space, and the lower frequency tone is the mark.\n\nMSK300 uses a 150 Hz shift at 300 Bd, MSK modulation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 49000,
"max_hz": 51000
},
{
"min_hz": 159000,
"max_hz": 161000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 235,
"max_hz": 360
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"MSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_5065"
},
{
"id": "stp403-bus-pit-system",
"name": "STP403 Bus PIT System",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSTP403 is a bus PIT system used to update digital displays at bus stops. STP403 was developed by French companies INEO and CESATEC.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"utility",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 163180000,
"max_hz": 164820000
},
{
"min_hz": 466145063,
"max_hz": 470829937
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 7200,
"max_hz": 8800
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STP403_Bus_PIT_System"
},
{
"id": "swed-arq",
"name": "SWED-ARQ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSWED-ARQ, also known as ARQ-SWE, was a Swedish simplex ARQ system used by Swedish diplomatic services. This protocol supported three packet lengths and was able to change packet length mid-transmission. No longer used today.\n# DETAILS\n**SWED-ARQ**, also known as ARQ-SWE, was a Swedish simplex ARQ system used by Swedish diplomatic services. This protocol supported three packet lengths and was able to change packet length mid-transmission. No longer used today.\n\nSWED-ARQ had 400 Hz Shift and typically ran at 100 Bd. The three packet lengths it used are:\n\n- 3 character block, 210 ms\n- 9 character block, 630 ms\n- 22 character block, 1540 ms\n\nFor all three packet lengths, the time between packets is 240 ms. When SWED-ARQ is running at 3 character block packet size, it is identical to [SITOR-A](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SITOR-A).",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 540,
"max_hz": 660
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SWED-ARQ"
},
{
"id": "saab-grintek-mhf-50-mfsk-modem",
"name": "Saab Grintek MHF-50 MFSK Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe MHF-50 MFSK Modem by Saab Grintek Technologies in South Africa is a data modem that utilizes RTTY, 2-FSK, and 33-MFSK to transmit data\n# DETAILS\nThe **MHF-50 MFSK Modem** by Saab Grintek Technologies in South Africa is a data modem that utilizes RTTY, 2-FSK, and 33-MFSK to transmit data. The unique format of the signal makes it easy to identify. The preamble consists of an RTTY 50Bd with 170 Hz shift followed by a long tone, then a 2-FSK starter with 390 Hz shift and 54.4 Bd. Then, the main data portion of the signal is a 2200 Hz wide 33-MFSK signal, with a 3-tone sequence to mark the end of the transmission. \n \nThe primary user of this modem is the South African Navy.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4245000,
"max_hz": 12982000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1980,
"max_hz": 2420
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Saab_Grintek_MHF-50_MFSK_Modem"
},
{
"id": "samsung-washing-machine-interference",
"name": "Samsung Washing Machine Interference",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nInterference from a samsung washing machine. Manifests as lines and bulb-looking patterns across the spectrum.\n# DETAILS\nInterference from a samsung washing machine. Manifests as lines and bulb-looking patterns across the spectrum. Discovered when the washing machine was started while listening to shortwave.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000,
"max_hz": 6030000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 13500,
"max_hz": 16500
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Samsung_Washing_Machine_Interference"
},
{
"id": "schneider-trio-e-series-modem",
"name": "Schneider Trio E-Series Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSchneider Trio E-Series Modems are industrial modems used for SCADA, telemetry, and other ASCII-based messaging applications.\n# DETAILS\n**Schneider Trio E-Series Modems** are industrial data modems used for SCADA, telemetry, and other ASCII-based messaging applications. These modems were originally developed by Trio Datacom Pty Ltd and sold under their name. In 2011 Trio Datacom, along with Control Microsystems, were acquired by Schneider Electric and were rebranded into Telemetry and Remote SCADA Solutions within Schneider's Industry Business.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 370000000,
"max_hz": 518000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 12500,
"max_hz": 25000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK",
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Schneider_Trio_E-Series_Modem"
},
{
"id": "secondary-surveillance-radar-ssr",
"name": "Secondary surveillance radar (SSR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSecondary surveillance radar (SSR)is a radar system used in air traffic control. A surveillance radar system which uses transmitters/receivers (interrogators) and transponders.\n# DETAILS\nSecondary surveillance radar (SSR)is a radar system used in air traffic control (ATC), that unlike primary radar systems that measure the bearing and distance of targets using the detected reflections of radio signals, relies on targets equipped with a radar transponder, that reply to each interrogation signal by transmitting encoded data such as an identity code, the aircraft's altitude and further information depending on its chosen mode. SSR is based on the military identification friend or foe (IFF) technology originally developed during World War II, therefore the two systems are still compatible. \n\nThe need to be able to identify aircraft more easily and reliably led to another wartime radar development, the IFF system, which had been created as a means of positively identifying friendly aircraft from unknowns. This system, which became known in civil use as secondary surveillance radar (SSR), or in the US as the air traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS), relies on a piece of equipment aboard the aircraft known as a \"transponder.\" The transponder is a radio receiver and transmitter pair which receives on 1030 MHz and transmits on 1090 MHz. The target aircraft transponder replies to signals from an interrogator (usually, but not necessarily, a ground station co-located with a primary radar) by transmitting a coded reply signal containing the requested information.",
"categories": [
"radar",
"commercial",
"aviation",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1024850000,
"max_hz": 1035150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700000,
"max_hz": 3300000
},
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Secondary_surveillance_radar_%28SSR%29"
},
{
"id": "sensus-water-meter-acquisition-units",
"name": "Sensus Water meter (Acquisition units)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThese are samples from the Sensus Water meters. They are a FHSS ASK encoded data transmission for purposes of providing municipalities water meter telemetry (for billing how much water you use).\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 902000000,
"max_hz": 927000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 157500000,
"max_hz": 192500000
},
"modulations": [
"ASK",
"FHSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Sensus_Water_meter_%28Acquisition_units%29"
},
{
"id": "serdolik",
"name": "Serdolik",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSerdolik is a MFSK signal used by the Russian diplomatic service.\n# DETAILS\n**Serdolik** is a MFSK signal used by the Russian diplomatic service.\n \nThis signal consists of a 34-tone MFSK signal at 40 bd. This mode is currently mainly used for link establishment, whereas the actual traffic is passed using an OFDM waveform.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1260,
"max_hz": 1540
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Serdolik"
},
{
"id": "siemens-1-5t-mri-scanner",
"name": "Siemens 1.5T MRI Scanner",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio signal used by MRI machines to excite protons and obtain their response.\n# DETAILS\nAn MRI machine uses kilowatts of radio frequency to excite protons and obtain their response, not only a strong magnetic field. My signals were recorded within <50m from the MRI clinic. Most of the radio frequency field is probably concentrated inside the device, and the room can also be shielded.\n\n**We can't reconstruct images from these because the response signal is extremely weak.** We also can't exactly extract the sounds of MRI from it's radio signal - they are emitted by gradient coils, not an RF coil.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 63680000,
"max_hz": 64320000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Siemens_1.5T_MRI_Scanner"
},
{
"id": "siemens-chx-200-fsk-modem",
"name": "Siemens CHX-200 FSK Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCHX200, also known as Siemens CHP200 and PRC-921/GY, is a backpack HF ECCOM transceiver, designed and built by Siemens.\n# DETAILS\n**CHX200**, also known as Siemens CHP200 and PRC-921/GY, is a backpack HF ECCOM transceiver, designed and built by Siemens.\n\n- PRC = Portable Radio Communications\n- ECCOM = Emergency Communications\n- HF = High Frequency\n\nThe Siemens CHX200 F1-Modem Military manpack is used for ECCOM, with production started in 1981. This modem operates at 250 Bd, with a FSK shift of 170 Hz. \n \nThe modem uses a CHP-200 processor, which allows for encryption and frequency hopping. The modem can also transmit in simplex and ARQ mode.\n\nThis radio transceiver was built in Germany by Siemens, & was under license in Indonesia (for domestic use).\n\nParts of the radio transceiver:\n- Receiver / exciter CHX200RX / TX\n- Power amplifier CHX200PA400\n- F1 modem CHX200F1\n- The antenna control CHO902\n- Power supply 24 V / 230 V AC adapter / charger CHX200PS400",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1492500,
"max_hz": 1507500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Siemens_CHX-200_FSK_Modem"
},
{
"id": "single-sideband-voice",
"name": "Single Sideband Voice",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSingle-sideband voice is a subtype of AM voice modulation. It is used in HF amateur bands and for weak signal VHF and UHF voice, as well as aircraft weather reports.\n# DETAILS\n**Single-sideband voice** is a subtype of amplitude-modulated voice which only uses one sideband and typically lacks a reference carrier as well\u2014this case is referred to as single-sideband suppressed carrier (SSB-SC). The sideband used may be either the lower or upper sideband\u2014lower sideband is typically used by amateurs for voice below 10 MHz, and USB by amateurs for voice above 10 MHz. SSB is utilized heavily for amateur HF voice communications as well as VHF and UHF weak signal voice communications. Single-sideband uses less power than full amplitude modulation, as it omits the carrier and duplicate sideband, both being superfluous to adequate voice communication in many situations. It is also more spectrally efficient than full AM, as the omission of a carrier and duplicate sideband considerably decreases the utilized bandwidth. This comes at the expense of lower audio fidelity, as well as the need more careful receiver tuning due to the lack of a reference carrier signal. An improperly tuned SSB signal may sound distorted\u2014either too high or too low in pitch. This is corrected by fine tuning adjustment. Some rigs have a \"clarifier,\" also known as a receiver incremental tuner (RIT), which when used will only adjust the receive frequency and leave the transmit frequency as is. This feature can help avoid repeated adjustments for both sides of an amateur contact, and can also be used in nets to hear a slightly off-frequency operator with less hassle.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1710,
"max_hz": 2090
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Single_Sideband_Voice"
},
{
"id": "single-frequency-russian-overhead-power-line-telemetry-syste",
"name": "Single frequency russian overhead power line telemetry system",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRussian telemetry system, transmitted over the overhead power lines.\n# DETAILS\nA system for transmitting telemetry through overhead high-voltage lines, probably for fault protection.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 49000,
"max_hz": 51000
},
{
"min_hz": 995000,
"max_hz": 1005000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 270,
"max_hz": 330
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Single_frequency_russian_overhead_power_line_telemetry_system"
},
{
"id": "siriusxm-satellite-radio",
"name": "SiriusXM Satellite Radio",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSiriusXM Satellite Radio: Terrestrial Repeater Signal\n# DETAILS\n**SiriusXM Satellite Radio**: Terrestrial Repeater Signal.\n\nThese 2 pair signals are the pair of terrestrial repeaters for SiriusXM Satellite Radio, TerrA and TerrB.",
"categories": [
"satellite",
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2332500000,
"max_hz": 2345000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250000,
"max_hz": 13750000
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SiriusXM_Satellite_Radio"
},
{
"id": "skyofdm",
"name": "SkyOFDM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nData transmission mode developed by SkySweep Technologies in Finland. Probably used by Finnish MFA\n# DETAILS\nSkyOFDM is a high speed modem based on the OFDM and turbo coding technologies. It offers several baud rates (300-9600 bps) and two different interleaving options (short and long). Also there are two bandwidth options: 2000Hz (OFDM 22 tones) and 2400 Hz (OFDM 28 tones).\n\nAt least two times the signal has been able to locate it to Southern Finland.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2000,
"max_hz": 2400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SkyOFDM"
},
{
"id": "slow-scan-television-sstv",
"name": "Slow-Scan Television (SSTV)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSlow-scan television (SSTV) is a method for picture transmission used by amateur radio operators to transmit and receive images.\n# DETAILS\n**Slow-scan television (SSTV)** is a method for picture transmission used by amateur radio operators to transmit and receive images. A technical term for SSTV is narrowband television. The most popular modes of SSTV are Robot, Scottie, and Martin.\n\nCommercial analog television signals require 6 to 8 MHz of bandwidth, because it transmits 25 or 30 picture frames per second (in the [NTSC](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/NTSC_Broadcast), [PAL](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAL_Broadcast) or SECAM color systems), but SSTV usually only takes up a maximum of 3 kHz of bandwidth. It is a much slower method of still picture transmission, usually taking from about eight seconds to a couple of minutes, depending on the mode used, to transmit one image frame.\n \nSSTV uses analog frequency modulation, in which every different value of brightness in the image gets a different audio frequency. In other words, the signal frequency shifts up to create brighter pixels and shifts down to create darker pixels. Color is achieved by sending the brightness of each color component (usually red, green and blue) separately.\n\nSync is 1100 to 1300 Hz; channel information is 1500 to 2300 Hz.\n\nSSTV has been used in popular culture, including secret easter eggs in the video games Portal and Portal 2 by Valve. It was also used in the famous entertainment site Newgrounds, for their opensource video game Friday Night Funkin. << The mode used for the resulting image was Scottie 2, and decodes to a note made by the author about how the internet has evolved along with its culture, how it was formed, etc. \n\nThe reddit article to prove this image here: [LINK](https://www.reddit.com/r/FridayNightFunkin/comments/kk9j1v/the_possible_friday_night_funkin_arg/)",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Slow-Scan_Television_%28SSTV%29"
},
{
"id": "smart-tv-interference",
"name": "Smart TV Interference",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nInterference from Smart TV units\n# DETAILS\n<gallery>\nFile:528_Mhz.png|Interference from a Master-G TV unit.\n\n{{Gallery||cg1|center|<gallery widths=200px>\nImage: |Description here \nImage:528.400.png |Another interfering signal<html5media width=\"300\">File: SDRSharp_20200812.wav</html5media>",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 525360000,
"max_hz": 530640000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 75600,
"max_hz": 92400
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Smart_TV_Interference"
},
{
"id": "snap-circuits-scrov-10-remote-control",
"name": "Snap Circuits SCROV-10 Remote Control",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA remote control transmission from the controller from an Elenco Snap Circuits SCROV-10 kit.\n# DETAILS\nThe remote transmits an idle signal, even when no buttons are being pressed.\nThe remote also has a \"channel\" switch to move between 3 different channels.\n\nChannel A:\n\nChannel B:\n\nChannel C:",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 27009275,
"max_hz": 27280725
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Snap_Circuits_SCROV-10_Remote_Control"
},
{
"id": "sonne",
"name": "Sonne",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSonne (Called Consol by the Britons) was a low-frequency radio range based radio navigation system used for long range navigation.\n# DETAILS\n**Sonne** (Called Consol by the Britons) was a low-frequency radio range based radio navigation system used for long range navigation. The system was derived from the United States based Elektra system, and was developed by the Germans during WWII. The theoretical accuracy was 0.6 degrees of arc, or 3 miles at 1000 miles. The system proved so simple and effective that it was implemented all over Europe and even into the US until the early 90's when newer systems like LORAN-C and GPS became more affordable.",
"categories": [
"marine",
"aviation",
"navigation",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 250000,
"max_hz": 350000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"OOK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Sonne"
},
{
"id": "soyuz-ms-spacecraft-telemetry",
"name": "Soyuz-MS spacecraft telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRussian spacecraft telemetry system.\n# DETAILS\nAn old and widely used in the USSR/Russia telemetry system for spacecraft. Currently used on the Russian segment of the ISS, Soyuz/Progress spacecraft, and Meteor meteorological satellites. Telemetry transmission is usually switched on only within the visibility range of Russian tracking stations; in the case of the ISS, streams may not be active from every module at the same time.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 165170000,
"max_hz": 166830000
},
{
"min_hz": 626000000,
"max_hz": 634000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 225000,
"max_hz": 275000
},
"modulations": [
"PCM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Soyuz-MS_spacecraft_telemetry"
},
{
"id": "spectrum-painting",
"name": "Spectrum Painting",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA form of SSTV that directly modulates an image to IQ by scanning across it so it shows up when viewed using a waterfall.\n\nUsed by Hams for experimentation methods.\n# DETAILS\nSpectrum Painting, also known as RF paint, is a form of SSTV that uses an input image directly modulated to IQ over the RF spectrum to produce a raw result, instead of a modulated scanline sequence in the form of an actual analog signal (Robot, Martin, Scottie, PD) or digital bitstream (FSK, PSK, etc).",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1990000,
"max_hz": 2010000
},
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3600,
"max_hz": 4400
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Spectrum_Painting"
},
{
"id": "superdarn-super-dual-auroral-radar-network",
"name": "SuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network) is an international radar network used for scientific purposes. The network is used to study plasma convection in the upper atmosphere.\n# DETAILS\n**SuperDARN (Super Dual Auroral Radar Network)** (sometimes known as *The Grasshopper*) is an international radar network used for scientific purposes. The network is used to study plasma convection in the upper atmosphere. All worldwide sites are operated by various research organizations and universities.",
"categories": [
"radar"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 8955000,
"max_hz": 9045000
},
{
"min_hz": 15920000,
"max_hz": 16080000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5400,
"max_hz": 6600
},
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/SuperDARN_%28Super_Dual_Auroral_Radar_Network%29"
},
{
"id": "supervisory-control-and-data-acquisition-scada",
"name": "Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSupervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA) is a control system architecture that is used in industrial applications for computerized automated systems. Wireless telemetry is used on RTU's to send data to control units for operators to utilize.\n# DETAILS\n**Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA)** is a control system architecture that is used in industrial applications for computerized automated systems. Wireless telemetry is used on RTU's to send data to control units for operators to utilize. The SCADA concept was developed as a universal means of remote access to a variety of local control modules, which could be from different manufacturers allowing access through standard automation protocols. In practice, large SCADA systems have grown to become very similar to distributed control systems in function, but using multiple means of interfacing with the plant. They can control large-scale processes that can include multiple sites, and work over large distances.\n----\nThere are also many proprietary standards that can be used for acquisition/distribution, such as Motorola's MOSCAD telemetry, as well as short AFSK bursts. Water systems also utilize their own standards, as well. Electricity and gas can also be an important part too.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 413000000,
"max_hz": 450000000
},
{
"min_hz": 945250000,
"max_hz": 954750000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10800,
"max_hz": 13200
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Supervisory_Control_And_Data_Acquisition_%28SCADA%29"
},
{
"id": "switching-electronic-interference",
"name": "Switching Electronic Interference",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nCommonly experienced interfering RF emissions from switching electronics (i.e. switched-mode power supplies, power converters, digital electronics, etc.) which use inductors (coils) that unintentionally act as antennas.\n# DETAILS\nUnfortunately for analog enthusiasts, switching electronics (i.e. switched-mode power supplies, power converters, digital electronics, etc.) use inductors (coils) that unintentionally act as antennas. Common examples include inverters, AC adaptors, computers, monitors/TVs, fluorescent/energy efficient LED lighting, battery chargers of all sizes, etc. Due to the energy efficiency and thermal issues facing Linear power supplies, switching electronics are now found inside virtually everything that isn't a \"dumb\" resistive or inductive load (i.e. this usually does NOT include: stoves, toasters, mains-powered fans/motors, old-style incandescent/halogen lighting, etc.)\n\nManufacturers of electronic devices are required to keep RF emissions below a certain threshold set by EMC standards, however, many of the cheap ones never go through proper EMC testing and are sold (illegally, in most jurisdictions manufacturers can be fined for failing to meet these guidelines). Even when devices meet EMC standards, they can still cause significant interference when poorly placed. Unshielded, switching electronics can be the cause of egregious amounts of electromagnetic interference (EMI).\n\nThis kind of noise typically appears on the spectrum as peaks that are slightly unstable in frequency. Often, these peaks appear evenly spaced on a certain frequency range, and this spacing can often reveal the operating frequency of the switch-mode converter. Changes in load can change the noise characteristics, and as the converter warms up, the peaks often slowly drift in frequency. These peaks are sometimes confused with actual signals. Bandwidth and shape of these peaks can vary greatly, from less than 1 kHz to tens of kHz or more. \n\nDemodulated audio from these peaks often sounds \"noisy\" or \"dirty\" and it may include mains frequency component or other tones. \n\nThere are different means to mitigate it, such as placing ferrite cores around power supply cables, replacing low-quality power supplies with better ones, replacing switch-mode power supplies with linear ones (if energy efficiency or thermal issues are not a problem), and shutting down unneeded equipment. Using a directional antenna can help when there is strong noise coming from a well defined direction. Certain antennas such as \"miniwhip\" active antennas are susceptible to conducted noise and may require special procedures to avoid excessive interference.",
"categories": [
"interfering"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
{
"min_hz": 199000000,
"max_hz": 201000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Switching_Electronic_Interference"
},
{
"id": "tdf",
"name": "TDF",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTDF, also known as ALS162, is a time signal transmitted on the former carrier of France's '''France Inter''' longwave AM radio station on 162 kHz.\n# DETAILS\n**TDF**, also known as **ALS162**, is a time signal transmitted on the former carrier of France's **France Inter** longwave AM radio station on 162 kHz. The carrier is phase modulated in 0.1 second every second, except for the 59th second of each minute. The data encoded in this signal is similar to [DCF77](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DCF77), except for bit 13 and 14, which are set for holidays.\n\nAs of January 1st, 2017, France Inter's LW radio channel has ceased, but the TDF time signal carrier remains at 162 kHz.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 161000,
"max_hz": 163000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/TDF"
},
{
"id": "thor",
"name": "THOR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTHOR is an adaptation of DominoEX with MFSK16 binary varicode and FEC.\n# DETAILS\nDomino Series: [DominoF](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoF) -> [DominoEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/DominoEX) -> [THOR](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/THOR) \n\n**THOR** is the advancement and adaptation of DominoEX with MFSK16 binary varicode and FEC. THOR was made by Dave W1HKJ. THOR is considered superior to DominoEX for it's improved FEC capability and performance.\n\nThe default mode is THOR 11.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 173,
"max_hz": 524
},
"modulations": [
"IFK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/THOR"
},
{
"id": "throb",
"name": "THROB",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTHROB is a unique data mode that relies heavily on DSP techniques, using MFSK and AM modulation techniques together.\n# DETAILS\n**THROB** is a unique data mode that relies heavily on DSP techniques. THROB was created by Lionel Sear, G3PPT.\n\nTHROB uses 9 tones, spaced 8 or 16Hz. THROBX, an evolution of THROB, uses 11 tones spaced 7.8125 or 15.625Hz.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 72,
"max_hz": 188
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/THROB"
},
{
"id": "tt2300",
"name": "TT2300",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTT2300, also known as TT2300B, TT2300-ARQ, TRA-2300, and TPLEX, is an 8MFSK synchronous system developed by Thrane & Thrane of Denmark (acquired by UK defense firm Cobham in 2012).\n# DETAILS\n**TT2300**, also known as TT2300B, TT2300-ARQ, TRA-2300, and TPLEX, is an 8MFSK synchronous system developed by Thrane & Thrane of Denmark (acquired by UK defense firm Cobham in 2012). TT2300 was used by French diplomatic services, UK Civil Aviation Authority (National Air Traffic System/NATS datalink, Prestwick/Reykjavik), and Algerian oil companies. Thrane & Thrane's name for this protocol/coding is TPLEX, not to be confused with [TWINPLEX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/TWINPLEX).",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5028700,
"max_hz": 5109700
},
{
"min_hz": 7716700,
"max_hz": 7719700
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1600,
"max_hz": 1700
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/TT2300"
},
{
"id": "tv-satellite-telemetry",
"name": "TV Satellite Telemetry",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThese signals are narrowband technical carriers transmitted by the Thor\u20115 satellite in the Ku\u2011band, close to 11700\u202fMHz. They are part of the satellite\u2019s TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking and Command) and beacon system.\n# DETAILS\n**Thor\u20115 Transponder Telemetry / Beacon Carriers**\nThese signals are narrowband technical carriers transmitted by the Thor\u20115 satellite in the Ku\u2011band, close to 11700\u202fMHz. They are part of the satellite\u2019s TT&C (Telemetry, Tracking and Command) and beacon system.\n\nKey characteristics\nType of signal: CW or narrowband FSK \nThe carriers are transmitted as continuous\u2011wave (CW) tones or very lightly modulated narrowband FSK. They do not use DVB\u2011S or DVB\u2011S2 modulation and carry no broadcast content.\n\nPurpose: TT&C and antenna alignment \nThese carriers support satellite control functions, including telemetry downlink, frequency reference, and precise antenna pointing for ground stations.\n\nStability: highly frequency\u2011stable \nThe tones are generated by the satellite\u2019s internal reference oscillators and are designed to remain stable for long\u2011term tracking and monitoring.\n\nVisibility: always-on technical signals \nThey are transmitted continuously and independently of commercial transponder activity, making them reliable markers for identifying the satellite.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 11700000000,
"max_hz": 11702000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [
"CW",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/TV_Satellite_Telemetry"
},
{
"id": "twinplex",
"name": "TWINPLEX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTWINPLEX, also known as F7B4 and TWINPLEX-SITOR, was a diplex 4-FSK ARQ mode developed by Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, based in New York City, in the early 1950's. TWINPLEX was used by Interpol, the United Nations, and other diplomatic services.\n# DETAILS\n**TWINPLEX**, also known as F7B4 and TWINPLEX-SITOR, was a diplex 4-FSK ARQ mode developed by Mackay Radio and Telegraph Company, based in New York City, in the early 1950s. This mode was used by Interpol, the United Nations, and many government diplomatic services all over the world, including Australia, Denmark, The Netherlands, Norway, Pakistan and Spain. \n\nTWINPLEX was developed to try to double the throughput of a single telegraph channel while still staying within a single channel's bandwidth. Two separate channels can be transmitted simultaneously using TWINPLEX; the two channels can even be at different data rates.'",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 450,
"max_hz": 950
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/TWINPLEX"
},
{
"id": "tactical-air-navigation-system-tacan",
"name": "Tactical Air Navigation System (TACAN)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadio navigation technology that measures the slant range (distance) between an aircraft and a ground station by timing the propagation delay of radio signals.\n# DETAILS\nIn aviation, distance measuring equipment (DME) is a radio navigation technology that measures the slant range (distance) between an aircraft and a ground station by timing the propagation delay of radio signals in the frequency band between 960 and 1215 megahertz (MHz). Line-of-visibility between the aircraft and ground station is required. An interrogator (airborne) initiates an exchange by transmitting a pulse pair, on an assigned 'channel', to the transponder ground station. The channel assignment specifies the carrier frequency and the spacing between the pulses. After a known delay, the transponder replies by transmitting a pulse pair on a frequency that is offset from the interrogation frequency by 63 MHz and having specified separation.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"navigation",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 960000000,
"max_hz": 1213000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"PAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Tactical_Air_Navigation_System_%28TACAN%29"
},
{
"id": "terrestrial-trunked-radio-tetra",
"name": "Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTETRA is a professional mobile radio and two-way transceiver (walkie-talkie) specification\n# DETAILS\n**TETRA** is a professional mobile radio and two-way transceiver (walkie-talkie) specification. Formerly known as Trans-European Trunked Radio. Used extensively in Europe, especially Great Britain and Germany. Modulated with \u03c0/4 DQPSK. Runs on 18000 baud with 36000 bps maximum user bitrate. TETRA is not to be confused with [Tetrapol](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Tetrapol).\n\nSeveral levels of encryption are offered, however, many networks are unencrypted. For unencrypted networks, several software projects (see links below) exist allowing decoding of low-level signaling and full voice decode. There is also a basic Wireshark GSMTAP dissector and on some networks SDSs (short data messages) can be decoded.\n\nEncryption specification is available only with NDA from ETSI [link](http://www.etsi.org/standards-search#page=1&search=101%20053&title=0&etsiNumber=1&content=0&version=0&onApproval=1&published=1&historical=0&startDate=1988-01-15&endDate=2015-08-07&harmonized=0&keyword=&TB=&stdType=&frequency=&mandate=&sort=1) (requires JavaScript)",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 378100000,
"max_hz": 381900000
},
{
"min_hz": 855700000,
"max_hz": 864300000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio_%28TETRA%29"
},
{
"id": "tetrapol",
"name": "Tetrapol",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTetrapol is a digital professional mobile radio standard for digital voice and data communication used by public safety and military throughout Europe. Tetrapol was originally developed by Matra Communication (Currently part of EADS/Airbus Group) in France in the 1980's.\n# DETAILS\n**Tetrapol** is a digital professional mobile radio standard for digital voice and data communication used by public safety and military throughout Europe. Tetrapol was originally developed by Matra Communication (Currently part of EADS/Airbus Group) in France in the 1980s. At the time, the system was known as \"Matracom 9600\".\n\nThe first Tetrapol customers were the Gendarmerie (mid-1992) and the police (early 1995) in France. Today, Tetrapol technology is\nsupported and is being further developed by two organisations: the Tetrapol Forum (predominantly manufacturers) and the Tetrapol User's Club (user organisations). Tetrapol is not to be confused with the similar sounding [TETRA](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Terrestrial_Trunked_Radio_%28TETRA%29) system.",
"categories": [
"trunked radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 370000000,
"max_hz": 400000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 10000,
"max_hz": 12500
},
"modulations": [
"GMSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Tetrapol"
},
{
"id": "thales-salamandre-hfxl",
"name": "Thales SALAMANDRE (HFXL)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThales SALAMANDRE (using HFXL waveform) uses up to 16 separate contiguous or not-contiguous narrowband HF channels for high datarate military and tactical communications. Operates on a modified STANAG-4539 platform.\n# DETAILS\n**Thales SALAMANDRE** (using **HFXL** waveform) uses uses up to 16 separate contiguous or not-contiguous narrowband HF channels for high datarate military and tactical communications. Operates on a modified STANAG-4539 platform.\n\n- Credits to ANgazu, Antonio, and KarapuZ for the find and analysis.*",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 135000,
"max_hz": 165000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_SALAMANDRE_%28HFXL%29"
},
{
"id": "thales-syst-me-3000-hf-modem",
"name": "Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000 HF Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThales Syst\u00e8me 3000 is a HF modem capable of many different modes of transmission. It has a unique preamble and format to it's signals.\n# DETAILS\n**Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000** is a HF modem capable of many different modes of transmission. It has a unique preamble and format to its signals. This modem is equipted on TRC-3600 and TRC-1752 transceivers developed by [Thales](https://www.thalesgroup.com/en) in France. The modem supports ciphered voice as well as data transmission. Digital voice is also available as per STANAG 4479 standards with 800 bps w/ interleaving, or 2400 bps according to STANAG 4198, without interleaving. \n\nThis modem has two primary modes of operation. Standard and [Skyhopper](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_Syst%C3%A8me_3000_Skyhopper). The wide range of abilities to transmit gives it high robustness in transmitting and receiving communications in any propagation situation. \n \nThis modem can use a low-rate robust 8-MFSK mode at 375 bps uncoded, 100bps user data rate. For higher rates, 2-PSK, 4-PSK, or 8-PSK is used. With FEC, 5400 bps uncoded throughput. In ARQ mode, 4875 bps is possible. At the end of each transmission, an ALE is transmitted, 8-MFSK with 250 Hz spacing between tones. \n\nThe Syst\u00e8me 3000 supports and is interoperable with [STANAG 4481](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4481), [STANAG 4285](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4285), STANAG 5000, DCS100 (KG-84C), KY99, and [MIL-STD-188-141A (2G ALE)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Automatic_Link_Establishment_%282G_ALE%29).",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1492500,
"max_hz": 1507500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2000,
"max_hz": 3000
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_Syst%C3%A8me_3000_HF_Modem"
},
{
"id": "thales-syst-me-3000-skyhopper",
"name": "Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000 Skyhopper",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThales Syst\u00e8me 3000 Skyhopper is the frequency hopping mode of the Syst\u00e8me 3000 Modem. Characterized by it's very short bursts and frequency hopping behavior.\n# DETAILS\n**Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000 Skyhopper** is the frequency hopping mode of the [Syst\u00e8me 3000 Modem](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_Syst%C3%A8me_3000_HF_Modem). Characterized by its very short bursts and frequency hopping behavior.\n\nThe Skyhopper mode supports wide-band hopping up to 2 MHz wide. ALE and PSK burst data can be sent using Skyhopper mode.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1492500,
"max_hz": 1507500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2000,
"max_hz": 2600
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_Syst%C3%A8me_3000_Skyhopper"
},
{
"id": "thales-syst-me-3000-voice-scrambler",
"name": "Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000 Voice Scrambler",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVoice Scrambling mode from Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000 HF Modem. Has characteristic PSK and MFSK bursts at the beginning and end of a voice transmission.\n# DETAILS\nVoice Scrambling mode from [Thales Syst\u00e8me 3000 HF Modem](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_Syst%C3%A8me_3000_HF_Modem). Has characteristic PSK and MFSK bursts at the beginning and end of a voice transmission. The Syst\u00e8me 3000 is used in the TRC-3600 transceiver produced by [Thales](https://www.thalesgroup.com/en) in France.\n\nThe PSK preamble lasts 150ms, and the PSK end of transmission burst lasts 100ms. In between the bursts, there is a very brief MFSK burst right after the preamble, and right before the end of transmission PSK burst. The MFSK is likely 8-MFSK.",
"categories": [
"military",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1492500,
"max_hz": 1507500
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Thales_Syst%C3%A8me_3000_Voice_Scrambler"
},
{
"id": "the-air-horn",
"name": "The 'Air Horn'",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\"The Air Horn\" is a Russian military commandment network serving the Western Military District, which also serves the same purpose as the buzzer. It was first heard in 2017, broadcasting on 4020 kHz. 2 years later, in 2019, it changed to broadcast instead on 4070 kHz (for about 2 months). A few months later, it was temporarily active on 3510 kHz, before moving permanently to 3510 in October 2019. In December 2019, the channel marker broke down, and remained inactive until January 2020, broadcasting back on 3510 kHz. In September 2022, it moved to 4930 kHz, while broadcasting its first known voice messages almost a week after. After December 2023, the channel marker was replaced by The Goose's channel marker. It has not been heard since most likely December 2023 or very early 2024. The stations' last message was broadcasted in July 2023.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4905350,
"max_hz": 4954650
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 6300,
"max_hz": 7700
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/The_%27Air_Horn%27"
},
{
"id": "the-alarm",
"name": "The Alarm",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nChannel marker of a Russian military station nicknamed \"The Alarm\". \"The Alarm\" is a Russian military commandment network serving the Western Military District. So far, apart from test counts, it has not been heard with any actual traffic.\n# DETAILS\n[LINK](https://priyom.org/military-stations/russia/the-alarm)",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4746150,
"max_hz": 4793850
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2160,
"max_hz": 2640
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/The_Alarm"
},
{
"id": "the-buzzer-zhuoz-mdzhb-uzb76",
"name": "The Buzzer (ZhUOZ MDZhB UZB76)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Buzzer, call-sign NZhTI (formerly ANVF, ZhUOZ, MDZhB and UZB-76), is a Russian Military Commandment system signal used to broadcast diplomatic ciphered messages known as \"monolit\" to the russian navy. If there is no message to broadcast, its \"homing\" signal is a loud ship-horn buzzing sound. It is believed to serve a similar purposes to The Alarm and The Air Horn.\n# DETAILS\n**The Buzzer**, call-sign **\u041d\u0416\u0422\u0418 (NZhTI)**, nicknamed \u0416\u0443\u0436\u0436\u0430\u043b\u043a\u0430, formerly known by its previous callsigns **\u0410\u041d\u0412\u0424 (ANVF)**, **\u0416\u0423\u041e\u0417 (ZhUOZ)**, **\u041c\u0414\u0416\u0411 (MDZhB)** and **\u0423\u0417\u0411-76 (UZB-76)**, is a Russian-based military station that frequently broadcasts * [Monolit](http://priyom.org/military-stations/russia/monolyth-messages-description)* format messages in Russian. Its official name is actually \u0432\u0443\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d (Vulkan, Volcano in English). Its trademark buzzer is constantly transmitted while there is no message to broadcast. Active since the late 1970s.\n\nNZhTI is an analogue [Upper Side Band](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Single_Sideband_Voice) voice signal. It has an active carrier at 4625 kHz. It is believed that the buzzer is not directly modulated but actually recorded by an active microphone, as there have been reports of hearing background chatter while the buzzer was on.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"military",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4601875,
"max_hz": 4648125
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2520,
"max_hz": 3080
},
"modulations": [
"USB"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/The_Buzzer_%28ZhUOZ_MDZhB_UZB76%29"
},
{
"id": "the-goose",
"name": "The Goose",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\"The Goose\" is a Russian military commandment network serving the Western Military District. It broadcasts on 4310 kHz during daytime, changing to 3243 kHz for nighttime.\n# DETAILS\nThe channel marker for the Russian military station is nicknamed \"The Goose\" due to its distinctive sound. It currently operates on 3243 kHz at night and on 4310 kHz during the day. Before finalizing these frequencies, the station was tested on various others, including 4770 kHz.\n\n**History of The Goose**\n\nThe Goose began operations on April 11, 2017, initially broadcasting on 4770 kHz during the daytime and 3012 kHz at night. The daytime frequency underwent several changes over time, while the nighttime frequency remained constant. The changes to the daytime frequency are outlined below:\n\n- April 15, 2017: Changed to 6360 kHz\n- April 14, 2018: Changed to 3750 kHz\n- June 17, 2018: Changed to 4310 kHz\n\nOn May 14 and 15, 2019, the station briefly resumed broadcasting on its original frequency, 4770 kHz, for both daytime and nighttime, before reverting to the previous combination of 4310 kHz during the day and 3012 kHz at night. The Alarm station began operations on 4770 kHz the following day.\n\nThe nighttime frequency was also modified later on. Here are the changes:\n\n- October 29, 2019: Changed to 3162 kHz\n- November 16, 2019: Changed to 3243 kHz\n\nOn March 4, 2020, the daytime frequency briefly switched from 4310 kHz to 5360 kHz from 0951 to 0954 UTC, before returning to 4310 kHz. On December 30, 2022, it operated during the daytime on 4050 kHz instead of 4310 kHz.\n\nOn January 21, 2023, during a moment of technical difficulties when the channel marker was down, the marker for The Alarm could be faintly heard on the channel, suggesting a connection between the two stations.\n\nOn April 20, 2024, all stations in The Goose network, including The Goose itself, were turned off. However, The Goose returned on June 27, 2024, broadcasting on the frequencies 4310 kHz and 3243 kHz. Subsequently, from July 19, 2024, The Goose changed its frequencies multiple times:\n\n- July 19, 2024: Daytime on 6780 kHz\n- July 24, 2024: Nighttime on 4110 kHz\n- July 25, 2024: Daytime on 6515 kHz\n- August 1, 2024: Daytime on 6222 kHz\n\nAfter August 1, 2024, The Goose went off the air and has not been seen since.",
"categories": [
"military",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3243000,
"max_hz": 4310000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2790,
"max_hz": 3410
},
"modulations": [
"AM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/The_Goose"
},
{
"id": "the-pip",
"name": "The Pip",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Pip is the nickname given by radio listeners to a shortwave radio station that broadcasts on the frequency 5448 kHz by day, and 3756 kHz during the night. It broadcasts short, repeated beeps at a rate of around 50 per minute, for 24 hours per day. The beep signal is occasionally interrupted by voice messages in Russian. The Pip has been active since around 1986 when its distinctive beeping sound was first recorded by listeners. While its official name or callsign is not known, some of the voice transmissions begin with the code 8S1Shch (Cyrillic: 8\u04211\u0429), which is generally considered to be the name of the station. However, this code may not be a callsign, but instead, serve some other purpose. Radioscanner.ru identifies the owner of this station as a North-Caucasian military district communication center with callsign \"Akacia\" (ex-72nd communication center, Russian \"72 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0421\u041a\u0412\u041e\")\n# DETAILS\nThe Pip is the nickname given by radio listeners to a shortwave radio station that broadcasts on the frequency 5448 kHz by day, and 3756 kHz during the night. It broadcasts short, repeated beeps at a rate of around 50 per minute, for 24 hours per day. The beep signal is occasionally interrupted by voice messages in Russian. The Pip has been active since around 1986 when its distinctive beeping sound was first recorded by listeners.\n\nThe station is commonly referred to as \"The Pip\" among English-speaking radio listeners. In Russia, it is known as \u041a\u0430\u043f\u043b\u044f (Kaplya) \"the drop\". While its official name or callsign is not known, some of the voice transmissions begin with the code 8S1Shch (Cyrillic: 8\u04211\u0429), which is generally considered to be the name of the station. However, this code may not be a callsign, but instead, serve some other purpose. Radioscanner.ru identifies the owner of this station as a North-Caucasian military district communication center with callsign \"Akacia\" (ex-72nd communication center, Russian \"72 \u0443\u0437\u0435\u043b \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0430\u0431\u0430 \u0421\u041a\u0412\u041e\")",
"categories": [
"military",
"numbers stations"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 3756000,
"max_hz": 5448000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/The_Pip"
},
{
"id": "tire-pressure-monitoring-system-tpms",
"name": "Tire Pressure Monitoring System (TPMS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTPMS (Tire-Pressure Monitoring System), more specifically Direct TPMS (dTPMS), is a system that uses pressure sensors to monitor tire pressure on vehicles.\n# DETAILS\n**TPMS (Tire-Pressure Monitoring System)**, more specifically **Direct TPMS (dTPMS)**, is a system that uses pressure sensors to monitor tire pressure on vehicles. This is the RF signal that is transmitted from wireless TPMS pressure sensor variants of TPMS, as there are mechanical, electrical, and magnetic variants which do not employ RF transmission of data to the car. Each tire outfitted with this system contains a pressure sensor that may also monitor temperature. Data is constantly being fed from the sensors to the car's receiver.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 315000000,
"max_hz": 434000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 90000,
"max_hz": 110000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Tire_Pressure_Monitoring_System_%28TPMS%29"
},
{
"id": "total-access-communication-system-tacs",
"name": "Total Access Communication System (TACS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA first generation analogue mobile cellular system which operated in the United Kingdom and a handful of other countries in Europe. It is also the EU's form of AMPS.\n# DETAILS\nThe Total Access Communication System (TACS) was an analogue cellular voice communications system. It was introduced to the United Kingdom in 1982 before expanding to Europe, Hong Kong and a few countries in the Middle East.\n\nSignalling (for connecting voice and data calls) was conducted using FSK at a speed of 8 kbit/s.\n\nExtended TACS (ETACS) was introduced to expand the allocated spectrum to increase the amount of available channels.\n\nTACS and ETACS were discontinued in the UK in 2001, and cellular services have been replaced by [GSM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/GSM).",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 872000000,
"max_hz": 960000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"FM",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Total_Access_Communication_System_%28TACS%29"
},
{
"id": "toyota-car-key",
"name": "Toyota Car Key",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWireless entry rolling code car key.\n# DETAILS\nWireless entry rolling code car key.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 315000000,
"max_hz": 433000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 36000,
"max_hz": 44000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Toyota_Car_Key"
},
{
"id": "traffic-light-control-r09",
"name": "Traffic Light Control R09",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAFSK Modulated signal with 2400Baud for traffic light control. Contains R09.16 telegrams as specified per VDV Standard 420.\n# DETAILS\nAFSK Modulated signal with 2400Baud for traffic light control. Contains R09.16 telegrams as specified per [VDV Standard 420](https://knowhow.vdv.de/documents/420/).\nOne Half Wave of a 1200Hz tone is a 1.\nOne Full Wave of a 2400Hz tone is a 0.\n\nThe sample was received at 170.81 MHz.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 68000000,
"max_hz": 87500000
},
{
"min_hz": 146000000,
"max_hz": 174000000
},
{
"min_hz": 450000000,
"max_hz": 470000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Traffic_Light_Control_R09"
},
{
"id": "transit-5b-5",
"name": "Transit 5B-5",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTransit 5B-5, a former TRANSIT navigation satellite, is the oldest satellite known to still transmit a signal. Considered \"dead\" because its navigational systems failed after 19 days of operation, it still emits a telemetry signal when illuminated.\n# DETAILS\nTransit 5B-5 (COSPAR object 1964-083D), a former TRANSIT navigation satellite, is the oldest satellite known to still transmit a signal. Considered \"dead\" for many years because its navigational systems failed after nineteen days of operation, it still emits a telemetry signal on 136.658MHz when illuminated by the sun. The signal is similar to that used by later TRANSIT satellites, but with some differences, presumably due to damage to the encoder circuits. Its distinctive, almost musical sound is the product of an old form of analog spacecraft telemetry system that represents the monitored readings as the deviation of a sub-carrier oscillator from its center frequency. The rhythmic \"ticking\" audible in the background is produced by the PCM portion of the signal that encodes digital data.\n\nMore recently, analysis of the digital PCM portion of the telemetry signal has revealed that it still shows some structure; among other things, there is a clearly evident frame counter. More information is available at [this link](https://xerbo.net/posts/investigating-transit-pt1/).",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 135974710,
"max_hz": 137341290
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 28800,
"max_hz": 35200
},
"modulations": [
"PCM",
"PAM",
"FM",
"PM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Transit_5B-5"
},
{
"id": "uhf-vehicle-location-system",
"name": "UHF Vehicle Location System",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUHF Vehicle Location System\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 398000000,
"max_hz": 402000000
},
{
"min_hz": 895500000,
"max_hz": 904500000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/UHF_Vehicle_Location_System"
},
{
"id": "uic-751-3",
"name": "UIC 751-3",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe UIC radio is an analogue radio, which consists of lineside and mobile (trainborne) equipment. Radio systems following this basic subset allow for simplex and duplex voice communication and use of operating signals (tones), and for selective calls and for data transmission.\n# DETAILS\nUIC 751-3 European railway analog radio system \n\nThis Ground-Train radio follows the technical regulations described in UIC code 751-3, 3rd edition, 01.07.84. \n\nThe UIC radio is an analogue radio, which consists of lineside and mobile (trainborne) equipment. \nRadio systems following this basic subset allow for simplex and duplex voice communication and use of operating signals (tones), and for selective calls and for data transmission.",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 457000000,
"max_hz": 468000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/UIC_751-3"
},
{
"id": "uk-am-data-system-uk-amds",
"name": "UK AM Data System (UK-AMDS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUK AM Data System (UK-AMDS) was developed by BBC Research and Development in 1984 as a way to transmit low bitrate data on BBC Radio 4's LF AM carrier. Elements of this system were adopted into ETSI's AMSS.\n# DETAILS\n**UK AM Data System (UK-AMDS)** was developed by BBC Research and Development in 1984 as a way to transmit low bitrate data on BBC Radio 4's LF AM carrier. Elements of this system were adopted into ETSI's [AMSS](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Amplitude_Modulation_Signalling_System_%28AMSS%29).",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"time",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 197000,
"max_hz": 199000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 77,
"max_hz": 93
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"UK"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/UK_AM_Data_System_%28UK-AMDS%29"
},
{
"id": "uk-gov-mil-windrm51",
"name": "UK GOV MIL WINDRM51",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUK GOV/MIL \"WinDRM51\" variant. Unknown purpose, But link between UK & Cyprus has been found some years ago.\n# DETAILS\nUK GOV/MIL \"WinDRM51\" variant, supposed to be idle only, seen on many frequencies in the past, for an unknown purpose yet. But the link between the UK & Cyprus was found some years ago. Credit: Linkz -- [Cartoonman](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/User%3ACartoonman) ( [talk](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/User_talk%3ACartoonman)) 08:59, 18 January 2016 (NZDT)\n\nIt is a special case of OFDM that uses only one of every two symbols.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 9104000,
"max_hz": 13451250
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/UK_GOV_MIL_WINDRM51"
},
{
"id": "utc-coordinated-universal-time-time-standard",
"name": "UTC (Coordinated Universal Time) Time Standard",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUTC (Coordinated Universal Time) time standard transmission from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) stations WWV in Fort Collins, Colorado USA (2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 MHz) and WWVH in Kauai, Hawaii (2.5, 5, 10, 15 MHz).\n# DETAILS\n**UTC (Coordinated Universal Time)** time standard transmission from NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology) stations WWV in Fort Collins, Colorado USA and WWVH in Kauai, Hawaii. Transmission consists of voice and time coded reference markers. Used for time reference. Also used by NOAA to broadcast marine storm warnings and geophysical alerts at 18 minutes (WWV) and 45 minutes (WWVH) after the hour. Please note that the 25 MHz transmission is experimental. Note that WWV uses a male voice, WWVH uses a female voice.\n\nThe broadcast information includes time announcements, standard time intervals, standard frequencies, UT1 time corrections, a BCD time code, and geophysical alerts. As of April 19, 2019, the stations also announce upcoming and current Military Auxiliary Radio System (MARS) and U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) exercises. \n\n- A BCD time code is continuously broadcast on a 100 Hz subcarrier.",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2487500,
"max_hz": 2512500
},
{
"min_hz": 4975000,
"max_hz": 5025000
},
{
"min_hz": 9950000,
"max_hz": 10050000
},
{
"min_hz": 15000000,
"max_hz": 25000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 3600,
"max_hz": 4400
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/UTC_%28Coordinated_Universal_Time%29_Time_Standard"
},
{
"id": "ultra-low-latency-ull-electronic-trading-network",
"name": "Ultra Low Latency (ULL) Electronic Trading Network",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA 48k or 24k baud OQPSK signal that is strongly suspected (through numerous circumstantial pieces of evidence) to be either an experimental or active P2P RF link between financial market data centers, used for High Frequency Trading (HFT) and other latency-sensitive market activities.\n# DETAILS\nThis **Ultra Low Latency (ULL) Electronic Trading Network** is a 48k or 24k baud OQPSK signal that is strongly suspected (through numerous circumstantial pieces of evidence) to be either an experimental or active P2P RF link between financial market data centers, used for High Frequency Trading (HFT) and other latency-sensitive market activities. Not much is known on exactly which commercial entity it belongs to, but the link is likely part of a Chicago <-> New York link to connect the NY and Chicago financial hubs.\n\nIt is an OQPSK signal with a baud rate of 48k or 24k. \nDue to natural fading on HF it is almost never seen at full strength with the natural PSK rounded amplitude shape. There is usually two of these signals present on HF, one lower frequency than the other.\n\nTDoA suggests that the signal is being transmitted outside of Chicago.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 5970000,
"max_hz": 6030000
},
{
"min_hz": 19900000,
"max_hz": 20100000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 30000,
"max_hz": 60000
},
"modulations": [
"OQPSK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Ultra_Low_Latency_%28ULL%29_Electronic_Trading_Network"
},
{
"id": "vara-hf",
"name": "VARA HF",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVARA HF is a sound-card mode used to exchange traffic (Mostly Winlink traffic) on the HF bands\n# DETAILS\n**VARA HF** is a soundcard modem like ARDOP that can be commonly found on the HF bands exchanging traffic (Winlink). The creator of VARA is EA5HVK. \n\nFree version of VARA HF only allows transfers up to ~180 bps, where as the paid version (70 USD) can allow transfers up to a max theoretical speed of ~8490 bps.\n\nSpeeds:\n\n| | Vara HF 2750Hz (Tactical) | Vara HF 2750Hz (Tactical) | Vara HF 2750Hz (Tactical) | Vara HF 2750Hz (Tactical) | Vara HF 2300Hz (Standard) | Vara HF 2300Hz (Standard) | Vara HF 2300Hz (Standard) | Vara HF 2300Hz (Standard) | Vara HF 500Hz (Narrow) | Vara HF 500Hz (Narrow) | Vara HF 500Hz (Narrow) | Vara HF 500Hz (Narrow) |\n| --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- |\n| Level | Symbol rate | Carriers | Mod | Net Rate bps | Symbol rate | Carriers | Mod | Net Rate bps | Symbol rate | Carriers | Mod | Net Rate bps |\n| 1 | 23 | 40 | FSK | 18 | 23 | 32 | FSK | 18 | 23 | 11 | FSK | 18 |\n| 2 | 47 | 20 | FSK | 41 | 47 | 16 | FSK | 41 | 47 | 11 | FSK | 41 |\n| 3 | 47 | 20 | FSK | 82 | 47 | 16 | FSK | 82 | 47 | 11 | FSK | 61 |\n| 4 | 94 | 20 | FSK | 175 | 94 | 16 | FSK | 175 | 94 | 2 | BPSK | 88 |\n| 5 | 94 | 3 | 4PSK | 270 | 94 | 3 | 4PSK | 270 | 94 | 2 | 4PSK | 177 |\n| 6 | 94 | 4 | 4PSK | 363 | 94 | 4 | 4PSK | 363 | 94 | 3 | 4PSK | 270 |\n| 7 | 94 | 6 | 4PSK | 549 | 94 | 6 | 4PSK | 549 | 42 | 11 | 4PSK | 441 |\n| 8 | 94 | 8 | 4PSK | 735 | 94 | 8 | 4PSK | 735 | 42 | 11 | 4PSK | 588 |\n| 9 | 94 | 10 | 4PSK | 922 | 94 | 10 | 4PSK | 922 | 42 | 11 | 4PSK | 705 |\n| 10 | 94 | 13 | 4PSK | 1203 | 42 | 49 | 4PSK | 2011 | 42 | 11 | 8PSK | 884 |\n| 11 | 42 | 59 | 4PSK | 2423 | 42 | 49 | 4PSK | 2682 | 42 | 11 | 8PSK | 1060 |\n| 12 | 42 | 59 | 4PSK | 3230 | 42 | 49 | 4PSK | 3219 | 42 | 11 | 16QAM | 1286 |\n| 13 | 42 | 59 | 4PSK | 3877 | 42 | 49 | 8PSK | 4025 | 42 | 11 | 32QAM | 1543 |\n| 14 | 42 | 59 | 8PSK | 4848 | 42 | 49 | 8PSK | 4830 | | | | |\n| 15 | 42 | 59 | 8PSK | 5817 | 42 | 49 | 16QAM | 5872 | | | | |\n| 16 | 42 | 59 | 16QAM | 7074 | 42 | 49 | 32QAM | 7050 | | | | |\n| 17 | 42 | 59 | 32QAM | 8489 | | | | | | | | |",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1791000,
"max_hz": 1809000
},
{
"min_hz": 53730000,
"max_hz": 54270000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2475,
"max_hz": 3025
},
"modulations": [
"BPSK",
"PSK",
"QAM",
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VARA_HF"
},
{
"id": "vdew",
"name": "VDEW",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVDEW is a 5-tone selcall mode defined by the Vereinigung Deutscher Elektrizitaetswerke in Germany.\n# DETAILS\n**VDEW** is a 5-tone selcall mode defined by the [Vereinigung Deutscher Elektrizitaetswerke](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verband_der_Elektrizit%C3%A4tswirtschaft) in Germany.\n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n\nVDEW has 15 tones to choose from, but only sends bursts of up to 5 tones. Each tone has a duration of 100 ms per tone. The bursts transmit right before a radio transmission.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VDEW"
},
{
"id": "vezha-s",
"name": "VEZHA-S",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nTwo-way 100 Bd/500 Hz Russian Telegraph system, attributed name VEZHA-C (Tower-S), usage claimed to be by Russian Ministry of Communications (MinComSvyaz Rossii). Possible usage in meteorology under callsign RWD59.\n# DETAILS\nTwo-way 100 Bd/500 Hz Russian Telegraph system, attributed name **VEZHA-S (\u0412\u0415\u0416\u0410-C, Tower-S)**, usage claimed to be by Russian Ministry of Communications (\u041c\u0438\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0420\u043e\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0438). Possible usage in meteorology under callsign RWD59. This signal has always been seen transmitted with another identical signal at another frequency, so it works on a two-way communication network. It's periodic transmission behavior is suspected to be ARQ between the two users. Reported to be a very old Soviet-era system.\n\nLogs have been posted attributed to this signal:\n\n5.440,00 RWD59 - Moskva RUS PTT RUS-ARQ 100/500",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2741225,
"max_hz": 2768775
},
{
"min_hz": 12104175,
"max_hz": 12225825
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 585,
"max_hz": 715
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VEZHA-S"
},
{
"id": "vhf-data-link-mode-2-vdl-m2",
"name": "VHF Data Link - Mode 2 (VDL-M2)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVDL-M2 (Known as VDL2 or VDLM2) is a means of sending information between aircraft and ground stations. VDL Mode 2 is the only VDL mode being implemented operationally to support Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC). An extension to the AVLC protocol permits ACARS over AVLC (AOA) transmissions. VDL-M2 is implemented by Eurocontrol.\n# DETAILS\n**VDL-M2** (Known as VDL2 or VDLM2) is a means of sending information between aircraft and ground stations. VDL Mode 2 is the only VDL mode being implemented operationally to support Controller Pilot Data Link Communications (CPDLC). An extension to the AVLC protocol permits ACARS over AVLC (AOA) transmissions. VDL-M2 is defined in ICAO documents as \u201cAnnex 10 Volume III - Communication Systems\u201d and \u201dManual on VHF Digital Link (VDL) Mode 2\u201d and implemented by Eurocontrol.\n\nVDL-M2 uses D8PSK (Differentially Encoded 8-Phase Shift Keying) with 31.5 kbps speed at 25 kHz bandwidth and 10500 Bd.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 117975000,
"max_hz": 137000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"PSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VHF_Data_Link_-_Mode_2_%28VDL-M2%29"
},
{
"id": "vhf-omnidirectional-range-vor",
"name": "VHF Omnidirectional Range (VOR)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nA type of radio navigation system used by aircraft. It is distinctive in that the center frequency is flanked by two FM waves.\n# DETAILS\nA type of radio navigation system used by aircraft. It is distinctive in that the center frequency is flanked by two FM waves. The center carrier may have subcarriers of AM voice, morse code identifier, or both.",
"categories": [
"aviation",
"navigation"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 108000000,
"max_hz": 117950000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 18900,
"max_hz": 23100
},
"modulations": [
"AM",
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VHF_Omnidirectional_Range_%28VOR%29"
},
{
"id": "visel",
"name": "VISEL",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVISEL, also known as YUG-MIL 120.9 Bd, FEC-12, and YUG-MIL FEC, is a synchronous teleprinter system used by the former Yugoslav military. No longer active today.\n# DETAILS\n**VISEL**, also known as YUG-MIL 120.9 Bd, FEC-12, and YUG-MIL FEC, is a synchronous teleprinter system used by the former Yugoslav military. No longer active today.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 360,
"max_hz": 440
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VISEL"
},
{
"id": "voice",
"name": "VOICE",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nVOICE is a MFSK mode developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE in 2006, and was derived from Olivia. It was designed for blind or partially sighted amateur radio operators.\n# DETAILS\nOLIVIA based Modes: [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia) - [Contestia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Contestia) - [RTTYM](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/RTTYM) - [PAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/PAX) - [VOICE](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VOICE)\n\n**VOICE** is a MFSK mode developed by Patrick Lindecker F6CTE in 2006, and was derived from [Olivia](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Olivia). It was designed for blind or partially sighted amateur radio operators where all received characters can be pronounced.\n\nVOICE was derived from the 8 tone, 62.5 baud Olivia mode, but with a 32 bit vector instead of a 64 bit vector, a different set of characters and a different speed. \n\nVOICE uses 8MFSK with a shift of 21 Hz between tones. VOICE runs at 21 Bd, 20 wpm. VOICE uses a limited ASCII character set of 61 usable characters. The minimum ratio Signal-to-Noise ratio is about - 14.5 dB which makes it very sensitive and takes up only 200 Hz of bandwidth.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"amateur radio"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180,
"max_hz": 220
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/VOICE"
},
{
"id": "vaisala-rs41-sg-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "Vaisala RS41-SG Weather Balloon (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWeather balloon (radiosonde) telemetry data.\n# DETAILS\n**Vaisala RS41-SG and RS41-SGP Weather Balloons**. \n\nCurrently in the United States, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) is in the process transitioning some of it's National Weather Service (NWS) offices that are part of the upper-air observation program to the [Graw DFM-17 radiosonde](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Graw_DFM-17_(Radiosonde)). Other offices are being transitioned to different variations of the Vaisala RS-41 Radiosonde A list of upper-air sites and their new radiosonde types can be found [here on the weather.gov website](https://www.weather.gov/media/upperair/Documents/Upper%20Air%20Sites%20Ground%20Equipment%20and%20Radiosonde%20Types.pdf).",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4320,
"max_hz": 5280
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vaisala_RS41-SG_Weather_Balloon_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "vaisala-rs80",
"name": "Vaisala RS80",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nValsala Radiosonde RS80. This is an analog weather balloon radiosonde.\nMeasures Temperature, Pressure and Humidity.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1671600000,
"max_hz": 1688400000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 108000,
"max_hz": 132000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vaisala_RS80"
},
{
"id": "vaisala-rs92-kl-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "Vaisala RS92-KL Weather Balloon (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRS92-KL and RS92-K are analog radiosondes built by Vaisala in Finland. These radiosondes are used for weather balloons.\n# DETAILS\n**RS92-KL** and **RS92-K** are analog radiosondes built by Vaisala in Finland. These radiosondes are used for weather balloons.\n\nOperates with a 200mW transmitter. The RS92-K models have Temperature, Humidity, and Pressure sensors, where the RS92-KL has an additional [LORAN-C](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/LORAN) Receiver for wind calculation.",
"categories": [
"analogue",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400000000,
"max_hz": 406000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 180000,
"max_hz": 220000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vaisala_RS92-KL_Weather_Balloon_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "vaisala-rs92-sgp-weather-balloon-radiosonde",
"name": "Vaisala RS92-SGP Weather Balloon (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWeather balloon (radiosonde) telemetry data.\n# DETAILS\nWeather balloon (radiosonde) telemetry data. Only transmits during a weather balloon launch. Uses Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying (GFSK)",
"categories": [
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 400150000,
"max_hz": 405990000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000,
"max_hz": 11000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vaisala_RS92-SGP_Weather_Balloon_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "vehicle-counting-system",
"name": "Vehicle Counting System",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nData transmitted from a vehicle counting system installed in car parks. The data is frequency hopping over 10 MHz.\n# DETAILS\nA small unit is fixed to the road where the cars will drive. It is probably interrogated by the 'zone controller' unit using something similar to RFID. A directional antenna from the zone controller is pointed at the road sensor (the frequency of this is currently unknown). Data is transmitted from the zone controller regularly, even when no traffic is present.\n\nThe communication format is unknown, it uses frequency hopping over 10 MHz.\n\nIt appears to be similar to the system described in this website [LINK](http://www.trafficparking.com.au/vehicle-counting-systems.php) and the equipment appears to be provided by [LINK](http://www.smartparking.com/) (but that website doesn't have much information).",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 915000000,
"max_hz": 925000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 9000000,
"max_hz": 11000000
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vehicle_Counting_System"
},
{
"id": "vietnamese-siren-jammer",
"name": "Vietnamese Siren Jammer",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nUsed to interrupt AM boardcast stations such as Radio Free Asia, Radio \u0110\u00e1p L\u1eddi Song N\u00fai as well as Radio Sweden.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 995000,
"max_hz": 1005000
},
{
"min_hz": 19900000,
"max_hz": 20100000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2430000,
"max_hz": 2970000
},
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Vietnamese_Siren_Jammer"
},
{
"id": "visonic-mct-201",
"name": "Visonic MCT-201",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMCT-201 is a Miniature Pendant PowerCode Wireless Transmitter by Visonic. It is designed for emergency and control applications in wireless security systems, and home automation and remote control systems.\n# DETAILS\n**MCT-201** is a Miniature Pendant PowerCode Wireless Transmitter by Visonic. It is designed for emergency and control applications in wireless security systems, and home automation and remote control systems.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 315000000,
"max_hz": 433920000
},
{
"min_hz": 863660000,
"max_hz": 872340000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"PWM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Visonic_MCT-201"
},
{
"id": "voice-inversion-scrambling",
"name": "Voice Inversion Scrambling",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nAnalog Voice Inversion Scrambling divides the spectra into multiple bands and swaps them.\n# DETAILS\nVIS, or **Voice inversion scrambling**, is a property of a NFM signal that allows for scrambled transmissions to take place. \n\nIt obscures the content of a transmission. It is sometimes used in public service radio, automobile racing, cordless telephones and the Family Radio Service. Without a descrambler, the transmission makes the speaker \"sound like Donald Duck\", or a false LSB or USB signal that had been detuned slightly, depending on scrambling parameters set forth by the scrambler hardware. . It is called \"voice inversion\", but the technique operates on the passband of the information and so can be applied to any information being transmitted, thus leading to the \"false\" LSB/USB detuned signals.\n\nSince analog NFM in the US is slowly dying out (with the exception of a couple of systems) and fewer systems implemented this.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 149250000,
"max_hz": 150750000
},
{
"min_hz": 447750000,
"max_hz": 452250000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 22500,
"max_hz": 27500
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Voice_Inversion_Scrambling"
},
{
"id": "wefax",
"name": "WEFAX",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nRadiofax (Also known as Weatherfax, HF-FAX, WEFAX, and Weather Facsimile) is a slow scan analog image transmission mode used for the transmission of weather charts and meteorological reports.\n# DETAILS\n**WEFAX** (Also known as Weatherfax, HF-FAX, Radiofax, and Weather Facsimile) is a slow scan analog image transmission mode used for the transmission of weather charts and meteorological reports. The only station known to be sending newspaper articles (in Japanese) is the Fukushima Fisheries service in Japan. Their schedule can be found [here](http://www.udxf.nl/Fukushima-fax-sked.pdf) (courtesy of the UDXF) as a PDF. \n\nWEFAX was originally developed for satellite usage, but has gained usage in the HF bands in the past decades. Satellite WEFAX use can be seen at [Meteosat WEFAX](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Meteosat_WEFAX).",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2700,
"max_hz": 3300
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WEFAX"
},
{
"id": "wspr",
"name": "WSPR",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWeak Signal Propagation Reporter.\n# DETAILS\n**WSPR** (short for Weak Signal Propagation Reporter) is an amateur radio beacon protocol. It is designed to act as an incredibly weak signal beacon, used for examining amateur band conditions. It utilizes 2 minute long transmission times and provides callsign, location, and power information. It is available in WSJT and WSJT-X.\n\nWSPR uses 4-FSK modulation with about 6 Hz of bandwidth, and is theoretically decodable with signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) down to -31 dB.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 135000,
"max_hz": 137000
},
{
"min_hz": 471829,
"max_hz": 476571
},
{
"min_hz": 1827417,
"max_hz": 1845783
},
{
"min_hz": 3550757,
"max_hz": 3586443
},
{
"min_hz": 7038600,
"max_hz": 28124600
},
{
"min_hz": 50293000,
"max_hz": 70091000
},
{
"min_hz": 143766555,
"max_hz": 145211445
},
{
"min_hz": 430138500,
"max_hz": 434461500
},
{
"min_hz": 1290017500,
"max_hz": 1302982500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 5,
"max_hz": 7
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WSPR"
},
{
"id": "wwvb",
"name": "WWVB",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWWVB is the lowest frequency time signal in the USA.\n# DETAILS\nWWVB is an LF time signal in the USA. The time code is encoded in the duration of the gap between pulses. PSK is also used on the carrier as an additional time code.\nThe time code format and additional information can be found on the WWVB [Wikipedia page](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WWVB).",
"categories": [
"time"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 59000,
"max_hz": 61000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1,
"max_hz": 2
},
"modulations": [
"ASK"
],
"regions": [
"US"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WWVB"
},
{
"id": "wettersonde-e084-radiosonde",
"name": "Wettersonde E084 (Radiosonde)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe E084 is a radiosonde designed in 1990 by Deutsche Wetterdienst. It broadcasts a temperature reading at 403.05 MHz via a FM-modulated tone which changes pitch depending on the temperature.\n# DETAILS\nThe E084 is a radiosonde designed in 1990 by Deutsche Wetterdienst.\nThese radiosondes are fairly common and cheap as surplus items, and it is possible to adjust the frequency to transmit in the 70cm ham band.",
"categories": [
"utility",
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 401034750,
"max_hz": 405065250
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2250,
"max_hz": 2750
},
"modulations": [
"FM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Wettersonde_E084_%28Radiosonde%29"
},
{
"id": "windrm",
"name": "WinDRM",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWinDRM is an amateur radio derivation of the Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM) digital voice and data transmission protocol. Also known as HamDRM, and Digital SSTV.\n# DETAILS\n**WinDRM** is an amateur radio derivation of the [Digital Radio Mondiale (DRM)](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Digital_Radio_Mondiale_%28DRM%29) digital voice and data transmission protocol. Known as HamDRM, and Digital SSTV. Uses the same technology from commercial DRM broadcasts, with COFDM-QAM modulation, and is able to send text, voice, and images. This format was first adopted for amateur use by Francesco Lanza HB9TLK in his own version of Dream, an open-source DRM decoder. This technology was later adopted into WinDRM.",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 14164820,
"max_hz": 14307180
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2200,
"max_hz": 2400
},
"modulations": [
"QAM",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/WinDRM"
},
{
"id": "wireless-hydrophone-system-whs",
"name": "Wireless Hydrophone System (WHS)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\n\n# DETAILS\n[:File:WHS.wav](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/%3AFile%3AWHS.wav)",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 432053875,
"max_hz": 436396125
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [
"PPM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Wireless_Hydrophone_System_%28WHS%29"
},
{
"id": "wireless-smart-utility-networks-wi-sun",
"name": "Wireless Smart Utility Networks (Wi-SUN)",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nWireless Smart Utility Networks (Wi-SUN\uff09\n# DETAILS\n- Used for communication of smart meters, photovoltaic setups etc. in Japan\n- Standardized in: 802.15.4g/e/6LoWPAN\n- Modulation Binary GFSK\n- Channel Spacing (KHz): 200, 400, 600, Total Number of channels: 38, 18, 12\n- Data Rate: 50 kbps",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 917887500,
"max_hz": 927112500
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 234000,
"max_hz": 286000
},
"modulations": [
"GFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Wireless_Smart_Utility_Networks_%28Wi-SUN%29"
},
{
"id": "wireless-temperature-sensor",
"name": "Wireless Temperature Sensor",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe freezer temperature is requested by a master at regular intervals, and the slave attached to a freezer responds. The communication format appears to be a variant of chirp spread spectrum, (although the spectrum it consumes is quite narrow at ~150 kHz).\n# DETAILS\nA master sends out requests to individual freezer telemetry units and the slave at the freezer responds with the temperature information. The communication format appears to be a variant of chirp spread spectrum, (although the spectrum it consumes is quite narrow at ~150 kHz). The signal can be observed by FM demodulation where the rising or falling chirp can be seen along with the abrupt changes in frequency. The image below shows an FM demodulated radio capture. The signal in blue is the master sending a request to a slave, black is background noise and red is the response from the slave.\n\nBasically, this is a variant of LoRa modulation, perhaps the page needs updating, as similar digital signals can be observed in many other situations.",
"categories": [
"commercial",
"digital",
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 431830000,
"max_hz": 436170000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 135000,
"max_hz": 165000
},
"modulations": [
"CSS"
],
"regions": [
"AU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Wireless_Temperature_Sensor"
},
{
"id": "xmpp-trials",
"name": "XMPP trials",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nXMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) on shortwave is used by the military and are known for using [[MIL-STD-188-110 Serial|MIL 188-110A Serial]] HF waveform and 6-bit code clear text with dual bursts of STANAG-5439 and STANAG-5066 as for XMPP Multi-User Chat (MUC) messages\n# DETAILS\n**XMPP** (formerly called Jabber) is short for \"Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol\". It is the open standard for Instant messaging (IM) Group Chat and Presence services.\n\nOn shortwave, you can see the military use this protocol. They are known for using ** [MIL 188-110A Serial](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/MIL-STD-188-110_Serial)** HF waveform (fixed 600bps/S) and 6-bit code clear text with dual bursts of ** [STANAG 4539](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/STANAG_4539)** and **STANAG-5066** as for XMPP Multi-User Chat (MUC) messages, over a bandwidth of 34 kHz. **Multi-User Chat (MUC)** is a central service for military communication. If data is being provided, it makes sense to share it so that all interested parties can see it. XMPP is widely used for military deployments, where operation over constrained and degraded networks is often essential, particularly for tactical operation.",
"categories": [
"military",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 1990000,
"max_hz": 2010000
},
{
"min_hz": 7761000,
"max_hz": 7839000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 30600,
"max_hz": 37400
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"QAM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/XMPP_trials"
},
{
"id": "yachta-t-219-voice-scrambler",
"name": "Yachta T-219 Voice Scrambler",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nYachta or Yakhta (Russian for 'Boat') T-219 is an analogue voice scrambler. It is unique in that an FSK sync signal is transmitted in the middle of the main signal, with the scrambled voice stream split above and below the FSK signal.\n# DETAILS\n**Yachta** or **Yakhta** (Russian for 'Yacht' or 'Boat') T-219 is an analogue voice scrambler. It is unique in that an FSK sync signal is transmitted in the middle of the main signal, with the scrambled voice stream split above and below the FSK signal. This mode was replaced by [CIS-12](https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/CIS-12).\n\nThe FSK sync signal transmits at 100 Bd with 150 Hz shift. Used by the Russian Military to send time-sensitive information.",
"categories": [
"military",
"analogue",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 2430,
"max_hz": 2970
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Yachta_T-219_Voice_Scrambler"
},
{
"id": "yaesu-system-fusion",
"name": "Yaesu System Fusion",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nSystem Fusion is Yaesu's digital voice/data protocol for amateur radio, using the AMBE+2 vocoder on a C4FM signal.\n# DETAILS",
"categories": [
"amateur radio",
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 144000000,
"max_hz": 148000000
},
{
"min_hz": 420000000,
"max_hz": 450000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 11250,
"max_hz": 13750
},
"modulations": [
"C4FM"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Yaesu_System_Fusion"
},
{
"id": "yugoslavian-16-tone-modem",
"name": "Yugoslavian 16-Tone Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Yugoslavian 16-Tone Modem, also known as YUG-Diplo 16-Tone, is a 16 tone OFDM PSK modem used in former Yugoslavia for diplomatic use. No longer used today.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Yugoslavian 16-Tone Modem**, also known as YUG-Diplo 16-Tone, is a 16 tone OFDM PSK modem used in former Yugoslavia for diplomatic use. No longer used today.",
"categories": [
"digital"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1890,
"max_hz": 2310
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Yugoslavian_16-Tone_Modem"
},
{
"id": "yugoslavian-20-tone-modem",
"name": "Yugoslavian 20-Tone Modem",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nThe Yugoslavian 20-Tone Modem, also known as YUG-MIL 20-Tone and YUG Diplo 20-Tone, is a 20 tone OFDM PSK modem used in former Yugoslavia for military and diplomatic use. No longer used today.\n# DETAILS\nThe **Yugoslavian 20-Tone Modem**, also known as YUG-MIL 20-Tone and YUG Diplo 20-tone, is a 20 tone OFDM PSK modem used in former Yugoslavia for military and diplomatic use. No longer used today.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 2985000,
"max_hz": 3015000
},
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1980,
"max_hz": 2420
},
"modulations": [
"PSK",
"OFDM"
],
"regions": [
"EU"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Yugoslavian_20-Tone_Modem"
},
{
"id": "zvei-selcall",
"name": "ZVEI Selcall",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nZVEI is a family of selcall modes defined by the Zentralverband der Electrotechnischen Industrie in Germany. Selcall modes include ZVEI-1, ZVEI-2, ZVEI-3, PZVEI, DZVEI, PDZVEI and ZVEI-VDEW.\n# DETAILS\n**ZVEI** is a family of selcall modes defined by the ZVEI (Zentralverband Elektrotechnik- und Elektronikindustrie e.V.) in Germany. Selcall modes include ZVEI-1, ZVEI-2, ZVEI-3, PZVEI, DZVEI, PDZVEI and ZVEI-VDEW. Each varies only in the frequency digit encoding.\n\nSelcall (selective calling) is a type of squelch protocol used in radio communications systems, in which transmissions include a brief burst of sequential audio tones. Receivers that are set to respond to the transmitted tone sequence will open their squelch, while others will remain muted.\n \nThe different parameters for each mode can be seen in the following table. Tone width is how long each tone lasts.",
"categories": [
"analogue"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 29850000,
"max_hz": 30150000
},
{
"min_hz": 796000000,
"max_hz": 804000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 4500,
"max_hz": 5500
},
"modulations": [
"FSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/ZVEI_Selcall"
},
{
"id": "zaliv52",
"name": "Zaliv52",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nMilitary shortwave station broadcasting from the Western Military District in Russia. First heard in March 2017, this station has no channel marker, and it mainly broadcasts Monolith type messages and \"MOLNIYA 5X\" (\u041c\u041e\u041b\u041d\u0418\u042f 5X) messages addressed to \"Zaliv52\" (\u0417\u0430\u043b\u0438\u043252).\n# DETAILS\n** [Zaliv52](https://priyom.org/military-stations/russia/zaliv52)** is a Russian Military station transmitting from the Moscow region. Presumably it has ties with the modern * [T-Marker](https://priyom.org/military-stations/russia/t-marker)* station, both of which share specific sorts of noises, humming and all other kinds of equipment parasitic signals, such as the ~1100hz+~2200hz+~3300hz tone \"marker\", short bursts of which appear moments before the transmittion of a message. The station also seems to be operating a AT-3004D (CIS-12) modem, supposedly on other frequencies. Some of transmittions contained only test counts with 20 minutes of static hum following.",
"categories": [
"military"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 4089450,
"max_hz": 4130550
}
],
"bandwidth_range": null,
"modulations": [],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Zaliv52"
},
{
"id": "zigbee",
"name": "Zigbee",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nZigbee is a low-power, low-data-rate, low-latency mesh network, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN standard. It is commonly used for automation and IoT devices, including sensors, light switches/bulbs, and other wireless-controlled devices.\n# DETAILS\n**Zigbee** is a low-power, low-data-rate, low-latency mesh network, based on the IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPAN standard. It is commonly used for automation and IoT devices, including sensors, light switches/bulbs, and other wireless-controlled devices.",
"categories": [
"digital",
"commercial"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 868000000,
"max_hz": 928000000
},
{
"min_hz": 2400000000,
"max_hz": 2480000000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 1800000,
"max_hz": 2200000
},
"modulations": [
"QPSK",
"DSSS"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/Zigbee"
},
{
"id": "lectricit-de-france-hnz",
"name": "\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France HNZ",
"description": "# SUMMARY\nElectrical substation SCADA protocol used by EDF (\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France).\n# DETAILS\nElectrical substation SCADA protocol used by EDF (\u00c9lectricit\u00e9 de France). \"HNZ\" meaning unknown, may refer to the \"HN Z 66-S-11\" specification document.\n\n8N1 transmitted over CCITT V23 at 600bps.",
"categories": [
"utility"
],
"frequency_ranges": [
{
"min_hz": 68500000,
"max_hz": 73300000
}
],
"bandwidth_range": {
"min_hz": 7200,
"max_hz": 8800
},
"modulations": [
"AFSK"
],
"regions": [
"GLOBAL"
],
"sigidwiki_url": "https://www.sigidwiki.com/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France_HNZ"
}
]
Reference in New Issue View Git Blame Copy Permalink