Updated documentation for release

OSX NameError fix

.gitignore

@@ -3,6 +3,8 @@
 testutils
 TODO
 Examples/RNS
+RNS/Utilities/RNS
 build
 dist
+docs/build
 rns*.egg-info

Documentation/Reticulum Overview.md

@@ -1,492 +0,0 @@
-# Reticulum Overview
-
-This paper will briefly describe the overall purpose and operating principles of Reticulum, a
-networking stack designed for reliable and secure communication over high-latency, low-bandwidth
-links. It should give you an overview of how the stack works, and an understanding of how to
-develop networked applications using Reticulum.
-
-This document is not an exhaustive source of information on Reticulum, at least not yet. Currently,
-the best place to go for such information is the Python reference implementation of Reticulum. Both
-the reference implementation and this document may (and will) change rapidly in the current phase
-of development, but historical versions will always be available in the Git repositories.
-
-After reading this document, you should be well-equipped to understand how a Reticulum network
-operates, what it can achieve, and how you can use it yourself. If you want to help out with the
-development, this is also the place to start, since it will also provide a pretty clear overview of the
-sentiments and the philosophy behind Reticulum.
-
-## Motivation
-
-The primary motivation for designing and implementing Reticulum has been the current lack of
-reliable, functional and secure minimal-infrastructure modes of digital communication. It is my
-belief that it is highly desirable to create a cheap and reliable way to set up a wide-range digital
-communication network that can securely allow exchange of information between people and
-machines, with no central point of authority, control, censorship or barrier to entry.
-
-Almost all of the various networking stacks in wide use today share a common limitation, namely
-that they require large amounts of coordination to work. You can’t just plug in a bunch of ethernet
-cables to the same switch, or turn on a number of WiFi radios, and expect such a setup to provide a
-reliable platform for communication.
-
-The designers of the Internet Protocol had the foresight to create a protocol that powers the modern
-Internet, and works brilliantly in world very different from when it was conceived. But networks
-using the traditional IP stack needs large amounts of coordination from the people involved, and
-without central actors in ultimate control of network segments, it is very easy for a single person to
-render the platform unusable for everyone else. These limitations are inherent to the design
-principles of IP, and during the design of IP, this was a very reasonable tradeoff indeed.
-
-Reticulum aims to require as little coordination and trust as possible. In fact, the only
-“coordination” required is to know how to get connected to a Reticulum network. Since Reticulum
-is medium agnostic, this could be whatever is best suited to the situation. In some cases, this might
-be 1200 baud packet radio links over VHF frequencies, in other cases it might be a microwave
-network using off-the-shelf radios. At the time of release of this document, the recommended setup
-is using cheap LoRa radio modules with an open source firmware (see the chapter _Reference System
-Setup_ ), connected to a small computer like a Raspberry Pi. As an example, the default reference
-setup provides a channel capacity of 5.4 Kbps, and a usable direct node-to-node range of around 15
-kilometers (indefinitely extendable by using multiple hops).
-
-
-## Goals
-
-To be as widely usable and easy to implement as possible, the following goals have been used to
-guide the design of Reticulum:
-
-- **Fully useable as open source software stack**
-    Reticulum must be implemented, and be able to run using only open source software. This is
-    critical to ensuring availability, security and transparency of the system.
-- **Hardware layer agnosticism**
-    Reticulum shall be fully hardware agnostic, and should be useable over a wide range
-    physical networking layers, such as data radios, serial lines, modems, handheld transceivers,
-    wired ethernet, wifi, or anything else that can carry a digital data stream. Hardware made for
-    dedicated Reticulum use shall be as cheap as possible and use off-the-shelf components, so
-    it can be easily replicated.
-- **Very low bandwidth requirements**
-    Reticulum should be able to function reliably over links with a data capacity as low as _1,_
-    _bps_.
-- **Encryption by default**
-    Reticulum must use encryption by default where possible and applicable.
-- **Unlicensed use**
-    Reticulum shall be functional over physical communication mediums that do not require any
-    form of license to use. Reticulum must be designed in a way, so it is usable over ISM radio
-    frequency bands, and can provide functional long distance links in such conditions.
-- **Supplied software**
-    Apart from the core networking stack and API, that allows any developer to build
-    applications with Reticulum, a basic communication suite using Reticulum must be
-    implemented and released at the same time as Reticulum itself. This shall serve both as a
-    functional communication suite, and as an example and learning resource to others wishing
-    to build applications with Reticulum.
-- **Ease of use**
-    The reference implementation of Reticulum is written in Python, to make it very easy to use
-    and understand. Any programmer with only basic experience should be able to use
-    Reticulum in their own applications.
-- **Low cost**
-    It shall be as cheap as possible to deploy a communication system based on Reticulum. This
-    should be achieved by using cheap off-the-shelf hardware that potential users might already
-    own. The cost of setting up a functioning node should be less than $100 even if all parts
-    needs to be purchased.
-
-
-# Introduction & Basic Functionality
-
-Reticulum is a networking stack suited for high-latency, low-bandwidth links. Reticulum is at it’s
-core _message oriented_ , but can provide connection oriented sessions. It is suited for both local
-point-to-point or point-to-multipoint scenarios where alle nodes are within range of each other, as
-well as scenarios where packets need to be transported over multiple hops to reach the recipient.
-
-Reticulum does away with the idea of addresses and ports known from IP, TCP and UDP. Instead
-Reticulum uses the singular concept of _destinations_. Any application using Reticulum as it’s
-networking stack will need to create one or more destinations to receive data, and know the
-destinations it needs to send data to.
-
-Reticulum encrypts all data by default using public-key cryptography. Any message sent to a
-destination is encrypted with that destinations public key. Reticulum also offers symmetric key
-encryption for group-oriented communications, as well as unencrypted packets for broadcast
-purposes, or situations where you need the communication to be in plain text. The multi-hop
-transport, coordination, verification and reliability layers are fully autonomous and based on public
-key cryptography.
-
-Reticulum can connect to a variety of interfaces such as radio modems, data radios and serial ports,
-and offers the possibility to easily tunnel Reticulum traffic over IP links such as the Internet or
-private IP networks.
-
-## Destinations
-
-To receive and send data with the Reticulum stack, an application needs to create one or more
-destinations. Reticulum uses three different basic destination types, and one special:
-
-- **Single**
-    The _single_ destination type defines a public-key encrypted destination. Any data sent to this
-    destination will be encrypted with the destination’s public key, and will only be readable by
-    the creator of the destination.
-- **Group**
-    The _group_ destination type defines a symmetrically encrypted destination. Data sent to this
-    destination will be encrypted with a symmetric key, and will be readable by anyone in
-    possession of the key. The _group_ destination can be used just as well by only two peers, as it
-    can by many.
-- **Plain**
-    A _plain_ destination type is unencrypted, and suited for traffic that should be broadcast to a
-    number of users, or should be readable by anyone.
-- **Link**
-    A _link_ is a special destination type, that serves as an abstract channel between two _single_
-    destinations, directly connected or over multiple hops. The _link_ also offers reliability and
-    more efficient encryption, and as such is useful even when nodes are directly connected.
-
-
-## Destination Naming
-
-Destinations are created and named in an easy to understand dotted notation of _aspects_ , and
-represented on the network as a hash of this value. The hash is a SHA-256 truncated to 80 bits. The
-top level aspect should always be the a unique identifier for the application using the destination.
-The next levels of aspects can be defined in any way by the creator of the application. For example,
-a destination for a messaging application could be made up of the application name and a username,
-and look like this:
-
-```
-name: simplemessenger.someuser hash: 2a7ddfab5213f916dea
-```
-For the _single_ destination, Reticulum will automatically append the associated public key as a
-destination aspect before hashing. This is done to ensure only the correct destination is reached,
-since anyone can listen to any destination name. Appending the public key ensures that a given
-packet is only directed at the destination that holds the corresponding private key to decrypt the
-packet. It is important to understand that anyone can use the destination name
-_simplemessenger.myusername_ , but each person that does so will still have a different destination
-hash, because their public keys will differ. In actual use of _single_ destination naming, it is advisable
-not to use any uniquely identifying features in aspect naming, though. In the simple messenger
-example, when using _single_ destinations, we would instead use a destination naming scheme such
-as _simplemessenger.user_ where appending the public key expands the destination into a uniquely
-identifying one.
-
-To recap, the destination types should be used in the following situations:
-
-- **Single**
-    When private communication between two endpoints is needed. Supports routing.
-- **Group**
-    When private communication between two or more endpoints is needed. More efficient in
-    data usage than _single_ destinations. Supports routing indirectly, but must first be established
-    through a _single_ destination.
-- **Plain**
-    When plain-text communication is desirable, for example when broadcasting information.
-
-To communicate with a _single_ destination, you need to know it’s public key. Any method for
-obtaining the public key is valid, but Reticulum includes a simple mechanism for making other
-nodes aware of your destinations public key, called the _announce_.
-
-Note that this information could be shared and verified in many other ways, and that it is therefore
-not required to use the announce functionality, although it is by far the easiest, and should probably
-be used if you are not confident in how to verify public keys and signatures manually.
-
-
-## Public key announcements
-
-An _announce_ will send a special packet over any configured interfaces, containing all needed
-information about the destination hash and public key, and can also contain some additional,
-application specific data. The entire packet is signed by the sender to ensure authenticity. It is not
-required to use the announce functionality, but in many cases it will be the simplest way to share
-public keys on the network. As an example, an announce in a simple messenger application might
-contain the following information:
-
-- The announcers destination hash
-- The announcers public key
-- Application specific data, in this case the users nickname and availability status
-- A random blob, making each new announce unique
-- A signature of the above information, verifying authenticity
-
-With this information, any Reticulum node that receives it will be able to reconstruct an outgoing
-destination to securely communicate with that destination. You might have noticed that there is one
-piece of information lacking to reconstruct full knowledge of the announced destination, and that is
-the aspect names of the destination. These are intentionally left out to save bandwidth, since they
-will be implicit in almost all cases. If a destination name is not entirely implicit, information can be
-included in the application specific data part that will allow the receiver to infer the naming.
-
-It is important to note that announcements will be forwarded throughout the network according to a
-certain pattern. This will be detailed later. Seeing how _single_ destinations are always tied to a
-private/public key pair leads us to the next topic.
-
-
-## Identities
-
-In Reticulum, an _identity_ does not necessarily represent a personal identity, but is an abstraction that
-can represent any kind of _verified entity_. This could very well be a person, but it could also be the
-control interface of a machine, a program, robot, computer, sensor or something else entirely. In
-general, any kind of agent that can act, or be acted upon, or store or manipulate information, can be
-represented as an identity.
-
-As we have seen, a _single_ destination will always have an _identity_ tied to it, but not _plain_ or _group_
-destinations. Destinations and identities share a multilateral connection. You can create a
-destination, and if it is not connected to an identity upon creation, it will just create a new one to use
-automatically. This may be desirable in some situations, but often you will probably want to create
-the identity first, and then link it to created destinations.
-
-Building upon the simple messenger example, we could use an identity to represent the user of the
-application. Destinations created will then be linked to this identity to allow communication to
-reach the user. In such a case it is of great importance to store the user’s identity securely and
-privately.
-
-## Getting Further
-
-The above functions and principles form the core of Reticulum, and would suffice to create
-functional networked applications in local clusters, for example over radio links where all interested
-nodes can hear each other. But to be truly useful, we need a way to go further. In the next chapter,
-two concepts that allow this will be introduced, _paths_ and _resources_.
-
-
-# Transport
-
-I have purposefully avoided the term routing until now, and will continue to do so, because the
-current methods of routing used in IP based networks are fundamentally incompatible for the link
-types that Reticulum was designed to handle. These routing methodologies assume trust at the
-physical layer. Since Reticulum is designed to run over open radio spectrum, no such trust exists.
-Furthermore, existing routing protocols like BGP or OSPF carry too much overhead to be
-practically useable over bandwidth-limited, high-latency links.
-
-To overcome such challenges, Reticulum’s _Transport_ system uses public-key cryptography to
-implement the concept of _paths_ that allow discovery of how to get information to a certain
-destination, and _resources_ that help alleviate congestion and make reliable communication more
-efficient and less bandwidth-hungry.
-
-## Threading a Path
-
-In networks with changing topology and trustless connectivity, nodes need a way to establish
-_verified connectivity_ with each other. To do this, the following process is employed:
-
-- First, the node that wishes to establish connectivity will send out a special packet, that
-    traverses the network and locates the desired destination. Along the way, the nodes that
-    forward the packet will take note of this _link request_.
-- Second, if the destination accepts the _link request_ , it will send back a packet that proves the
-    authenticity of it’s identity (and the receipt of the link request) to the initiating node. All
-    nodes that initially forwarded the packet will also be able to verify this proof, and thus
-    accept the validity of the _link_ throughout the network.
-- When the validity of the _link_ has been accepted by forwarding nodes, these nodes will
-    remember the _link_ , and it can subsequently be used by referring to a hash representing it.
-- As a part of the _link request_ , a Diffie-Hellman key exchange takes place, that sets up an
-    efficient symmetrically encrypted tunnel between the two nodes, using elliptic curve
-    cryptography. As such, this mode of communication is preferred, even for situations when
-    nodes can directly communicate, when the amount of data to be exchanged numbers in the
-    tens of packets.
-- When a _link_ has been set up, it automatically provides message receipt functionality, so the
-    sending node can obtain verified confirmation that the information reached the intended
-    recipient.
-
-In a moment, we will discuss the specifics of how this methodology is implemented, but let’s first
-recap what purposes this serves. We first ensure that the node answering our request is actually the
-one we want to communicate with, and not a malicious actor pretending to be so. At the same time
-we establish an efficient encrypted channel. The setup of this is relatively cheap in terms of
-bandwidth, so it can be used just for a short exchange, and then recreated as needed, which will also
-
-
-rotate encryption keys (keys can also be rotated over an existing path), but the link can also be kept
-alive for longer periods of time, if this is more suitable to the application. The amount of bandwidth
-used on keeping a link open is practically negligible. The procedure also inserts the _link id_ , a hash
-calculated from the link request packet, into the memory of forwarding nodes, which means that the
-communicating nodes can thereafter reach each other simply by referring to this _link id_.
-
-**Step 1, pathfinding**
-
-The pathfinding method builds on the _announce_ functionality discussed earlier. When an announce
-is sent out by a node, it will be forwarded by any node receiving it, but according to some specific
-rules:
-
-- If this announce has already been received before, ignore it.
-- Record into a table which node the announce was received from, and how many times in
-    total it has been retransmitted to get here.
-- If the announce has been retransmitted _m+1_ times, it will not be forwarded. By default, _m_ is
-    set to 18.
-- The announce will be assigned a delay _d_ = _ch_ seconds, where _c_ is a decay constant, by
-    default 2, and _h_ is the amount of times this packet has already been forwarded.
-- The packet will be given a priority _p = 1/d_.
-- If at least _d_ seconds has passed since the announce was received, and no other packets with a
-    priority higher than _p_ are waiting in the queue (see Packet Prioritisation), and the channel is
-    not utilized by other traffic, the announce will be forwarded.
-- If no other nodes are heard retransmitting the announce with a greater hop count than when
-    it left this node, transmitting it will be retried _r_ times. By default, _r_ is set to 2. Retries follow
-    same rules as above, with the exception that it must wait for at least _d = ch+1 + t_ seconds, ie.,
-    the amount of time it would take the next node to retransmit the packet. By default, _t_ is set to
-    10.
-- If a newer announce from the same destination arrives, while an identical one is already in
-    the queue, the newest announce is discarded. If the newest announce contains different
-    application specific data, it will replace the old announce, but will use _d_ and _p_ of the old
-    announce.
-
-Once an announce has reached a node in the network, any other node in direct contact with that
-node will be able to reach the destination the announce originated from, simply by sending a packet
-addressed to that destination. Any node with knowledge of the announce will be able to direct the
-packet towards the destination by looking up the next node with the shortest amount of hops to the
-destination. The specifics of this process is detailed in _Path Calculation_.
-
-According to these rules and default constants, an announce will propagate throughout the network
-in a predictable way. In an example network utilising the default constants, and with an average link
-
-
-distance of _Lavg =_ 15 kilometers, an announce will be able to propagate outwards to a radius of 180
-kilometers in 34 minutes, and a _maximum announce radius_ of 270 kilometers in approximately 3
-days. Methods for overcoming the distance limitation of _m * Lavg_ will be introduced later in this
-chapter.
-
-**Step 2, link establishment**
-
-After seeing how the conditions for finding a path through the network are created, we will now
-explore how two nodes can establish reliable communications over multiple hops. The _link_ in
-Reticulum terminology should not be viewed as a direct node-to-node link on the physical layer, but
-as an abstract channel, that can be open for any amount of time, and can span an arbitrary number
-of hops, where information will be exchanged between two nodes.
-
-- When a node in the network wants to establish verified connectivity with another node, it
-    will create a _link request_ packet, and broadcast it.
-- The _link request_ packet contains the destination hash _Hd_ , and an asymmetrically encrypted
-    part containing the following data: The source hash _Hs_ , a symmetric key _Lk_ , a truncated
-    hash of a random number _Hr_ , and a signature _S_ of the plaintext values of _Hd_ , _Hs_ , _Lk_ and _Hr_.
-- The broadcasted packet will be directed through the network according to the rules laid out
-    previously.
-- Any node that forwards the link request will store a _link id_ in it’s _link table_ , along with the
-    amount of hops the packet had taken when received. The link id is a hash of the entire link
-    request packet. If the path is not _proven_ within some set amount of time, the entry will be
-    dropped from the table again.
-- When the destination receives the link request packet, it will decide whether to accept the
-    request. If it is accepted, it will create a special packet called a _proof_. A _proof_ is a simple
-    construct, consisting of a truncated hash of the message that needs to be proven, and a
-    signature (made by the destination’s private key) of this hash. This _proof_ effectively verifies
-    that the intended recipient got the packet, and also serves to verify the discovered path
-    through the network. Since the _proof_ hash matches the _path id_ in the intermediary nodes’
-    _path tables_ , the intermediary nodes can forward the proof all the way back to the source.
-- When the source receives the _proof_ , it will know unequivocally that a verified path has been
-    established to the destination, and that information can now be exchanged reliably and
-    securely.
-
-It’s important to note that this methodology ensures that the source of the request does not need to
-reveal any identifying information. Only the intended destination will know “who called”, so to
-speak. This is a huge improvement to protocols like IP, where by design, you have to reveal your
-own address to communicate with anyone, unless you jump through a lot of hoops to hide it.
-Reticulum offers initiator anonymity by design.
-
-
-When using _links_ , Reticulum will automatically verify anything sent over the link, and also
-automates retransmissions if parts of a message was lost along the way. Due to the caching features
-of Reticulum, such a retransmission does not need to travel the entire length of an established path.
-If a packet is lost on the 8th hop of a 12 hop path, it can be fetched from the last hop that received it
-reliably.
-
-## Crossing Continents
-
-When a packet needs to travel farther than local network topology knowledge stretches, a system of
-geographical or topological hinting is used to direct the packet towards a network segment with
-direct knowledge of the intended destination. This functionality is currently left out of the protocol
-for simplicity of testing other parts, but will be activated in a future release. For more information
-on when, refer to the roadmap on the website.
-
-## Resourceful Memory
-
-In traditional networks, large amounts of data is rapidly exchanged with very low latency. Links of
-several thousand kilometers will often only have round-trip latency in the tens of milliseconds, and
-as such, traditional protocols are often designed to not store any transmitted data at intermediary
-hops. If a transmission error occurs, the sending node will simply notice the lack of a packet
-acknowledgement, and retransmit the packet all the way, until it hears back from the receiver that it
-got the intended data.
-
-In bandwidth-limited and high-latency conditions, such behaviour quickly causes congestion on the
-network, and communications that span many hops become exceedingly expensive in terms of
-bandwidth usage, due to the higher risk of some packets failing.
-
-Reticulum alleviates this in part with it’s _path_ discovery methodology, and in part by implementing
-_resource_ caching at all nodes that can support it. Network operation can be made much more
-efficient by caching everything for a period of time, and given the availability of cheap memory and
-storage, this is a very welcome tradeoff. A gigabyte of memory can store millions of Reticulum
-packets, and since everything is encrypted by default, the storing poses very little privacy risk.
-
-In a Reticulum network, any node that is able to do so, should cache as many packets as it’s
-memory will allow for. When a packet is received, a timestamp and a hash of the packet is stored
-along with the full packet itself, and it will be kept in storage until the allocated cache storage is
-full, whereupon the packet that was last accessed in the cache will be deleted. If a packet is accessed
-from the cache, it’s timestamp will be updated to the current time, to ensure that packets that are
-used stay in the cache, and packets that are not used are dropped from memory.
-
-Some packet types are stored in separate caching tables, that allow easier lookup for other nodes.
-For example, an announce is stored in a way, that allows other nodes to request the public key for a
-certain destination, and as such the network as a whole operates as a distributed key ledger.
-
-For more details on how the caching works and is used, see the reference implementation source
-code.
-
-
-# Reference System Setup
-
-This section will detail the recommended _Reference System Setup_ for Reticulum. It is important to
-note that Reticulum is designed to be usable over more or less any medium that allows you to send
-and receive data in a digital form, and satisfies some very low minimum requirements. The
-communication channel must support at least half-duplex operation, and provide an average
-throughput of around 1000 bits per second, and supports a physical layer MTU of 500 bytes. The
-Reticulum software should be able to run on more or less any hardware that can provide a Python
-runtime environment.
-
-That being said, the reference setup has been outlined to provide a common platform for anyone
-who wants to help in the development of Reticulum, and for everyone who wants to know a
-recommended setup to get started. A reference system consists of three parts:
-
-- **A channel access device**
-    Or _CAD_ , in short, provides access to the physical medium whereupon the communication
-    takes place, for example a radio with an integrated modem. A setup with a separate modem
-    connected to a radio would also be termed a “channel access device”.
-- **A host device**
-    Some sort of computing device that can run the necessary software, communicates with the
-    channel access device, and provides user interaction.
-- **A software stack**
-    The software implementing the Reticulum protocol and applications using it.
-
-The reference setup can be considered a relatively stable platform to develop on, and also to start
-building networks on. While details of the implementation might change at the current stage of
-development, it is the goal to maintain hardware compatibility for as long as entirely possible, and
-the current reference setup has been determined to provide a functional platform for many years
-into the future. The current Reference System Setup is as follows:
-
-- **Channel Access Device**
-    A data radio consisting of a LoRa radio module, and a microcontroller with open source
-    firmware, that can connect to host devices via USB. It operates in either the 430, 868 or 900
-    MHz frequency bands. More details on the exact parts and how to get/make one can be
-    found on the website.
-- **Host device**
-    Any computer device running Linux and Python. A Raspberry Pi with Raspbian is
-    recommended.
-- **Software stack**
-    The current Reference Implementation Release of Reticulum, running on a Debian based
-    operating system.
-
-
-It is very important to note, that the reference channel access device **does not** use the LoRaWAN
-standard, but uses a custom MAC layer on top of the plain LoRa modulation! As such, you will
-need a plain LoRa radio module connected to an MCU with the correct Reticulum firmware. Full
-details on how to get or make such a device is available on the website.
-
-With the current reference setup, it should be possible to get on a Reticulum network for around 70$
-even if you have none of the hardware already.
-
-
-# Protocol Specifics
-
-This chapter will detail protocol specific information that is essential to the implementation of
-Reticulum, but non critical in understanding how the protocol works on a general level. It should be
-treated more as a reference than as essential reading.
-
-## Node Types
-
-Currently Reticulum defines two node types, the _Station_ and the _Peer_. A node is a _station_ if it fixed
-in one place, and if it is intended to be kept online at all times. Otherwise the node is a _peer_. This
-distinction is made by the user configuring the node, and is used to determine what nodes on the
-network will help forward traffic, and what nodes rely on other nodes for connectivity.
-
-## Packet Prioritisation
-
-_The packet prioritisation algorithms are subject to rapid change at the moment, and for now, they
-are not documented here. See the reference implementation for more info on how this functionality
-works._
-
-## Path Calculation
-
-_The path calculation algorithms are subject to rapid change at the moment, and for now, they are
-not documented here. See the reference implementation for more info on how this functionality
-works._
-
-## Binary Packet Format
-
-_The binary packet format is subject to rapid change at the moment, and for now, it is not
-documented here. See the reference implementation for the specific details on this topic._
-
-

Examples/Announce.py

@@ -0,0 +1,170 @@
+##########################################################
+# This RNS example demonstrates setting up announce      #
+# callbacks, which will let an application receive a     #
+# notification when an announce relevant for it arrives  #
+##########################################################
+
+import argparse
+import random
+import RNS
+
+# Let's define an app name. We'll use this for all
+# destinations we create. Since this basic example
+# is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
+# them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
+
+# We initialise two lists of strings to use as app_data
+fruits = ["Peach", "Quince", "Date", "Tangerine", "Pomelo", "Carambola", "Grape"]
+noble_gases = ["Helium", "Neon", "Argon", "Krypton", "Xenon", "Radon", "Oganesson"]
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the program is started
+def program_setup(configpath):
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our example
+    identity = RNS.Identity()
+
+    # Using the identity we just created, we create two destinations
+    # in the "example_utilities.announcesample" application space.
+    #
+    # Destinations are endpoints in Reticulum, that can be addressed
+    # and communicated with. Destinations can also announce their
+    # existence, which will let the network know they are reachable
+    # and autoomatically create paths to them, from anywhere else
+    # in the network.
+    destination_1 = RNS.Destination(
+        identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "announcesample",
+        "fruits"
+    )
+
+    destination_2 = RNS.Destination(
+        identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "announcesample",
+        "noble_gases"
+    )
+
+    # We configure the destinations to automatically prove all
+    # packets adressed to it. By doing this, RNS will automatically
+    # generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
+    # back to the sender of that packet. This will let anyone that
+    # tries to communicate with the destination know whether their
+    # communication was received correctly.
+    destination_1.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
+    destination_2.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
+
+    # We create an announce handler and configure it to only ask for
+    # announces from "example_utilities.announcesample.fruits".
+    # Try changing the filter and see what happens.
+    announce_handler = ExampleAnnounceHandler(
+        aspect_filter="example_utilities.announcesample.fruits"
+    )
+
+    # We register the announce handler with Reticulum
+    RNS.Transport.register_announce_handler(announce_handler)
+    
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's hand over control to the announce loop
+    announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2)
+
+
+def announceLoop(destination_1, destination_2):
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log("Announce example running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        
+        # Randomly select a fruit
+        fruit = fruits[random.randint(0,len(fruits)-1)]
+
+        # Send the announce including the app data
+        destination_1.announce(app_data=fruit.encode("utf-8"))
+        RNS.log(
+            "Sent announce from "+
+            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_1.hash)+
+            " ("+destination_1.name+")"
+        )
+
+        # Randomly select a noble gas
+        noble_gas = noble_gases[random.randint(0,len(noble_gases)-1)]
+
+        # Send the announce including the app data
+        destination_2.announce(app_data=noble_gas.encode("utf-8"))
+        RNS.log(
+            "Sent announce from "+
+            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_2.hash)+
+            " ("+destination_2.name+")"
+        )
+
+# We will need to define an announce handler class that
+# Reticulum can message when an announce arrives.
+class ExampleAnnounceHandler:
+    # The initialisation method takes the optional
+    # aspect_filter argument. If aspect_filter is set to
+    # None, all announces will be passed to the instance.
+    # If only some announces are wanted, it can be set to
+    # an aspect string.
+    def __init__(self, aspect_filter=None):
+        self.aspect_filter = aspect_filter
+
+    # This method will be called by Reticulums Transport
+    # system when an announce arrives that matches the
+    # configured aspect filter. Filters must be specific,
+    # and cannot use wildcards.
+    def received_announce(self, destination_hash, announced_identity, app_data):
+        RNS.log(
+            "Received an announce from "+
+            RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)
+        )
+
+        RNS.log(
+            "The announce contained the following app data: "+
+            app_data.decode("utf-8")
+        )
+
+##########################################################
+#### Program Startup #####################################
+##########################################################
+
+# This part of the program gets run at startup,
+# and parses input from the user, and then starts
+# the desired program mode.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            description="Reticulum example that demonstrates announces and announce handlers"
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        program_setup(configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Broadcast.py

@@ -11,56 +11,67 @@ import RNS
 # destinations we create. Since this basic example
 # is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
 # them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
-APP_NAME = "example_utilitites"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 
 # This initialisation is executed when the program is started
 def program_setup(configpath, channel=None):
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-	
-	# If the user did not select a "channel" we use
-	# a default one called "public_information".
-	# This "channel" is added to the destination name-
-	# space, so the user can select different broadcast
-	# channels.
-	if channel == None:
-		channel = "public_information"
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # If the user did not select a "channel" we use
+    # a default one called "public_information".
+    # This "channel" is added to the destination name-
+    # space, so the user can select different broadcast
+    # channels.
+    if channel == None:
+        channel = "public_information"
 
-	# We create a PLAIN destination. This is an uncencrypted endpoint
-	# that anyone can listen to and send information to.
-	broadcast_destination = RNS.Destination(None, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.PLAIN, APP_NAME, "broadcast", channel)
+    # We create a PLAIN destination. This is an uncencrypted endpoint
+    # that anyone can listen to and send information to.
+    broadcast_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        None,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.PLAIN,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "broadcast",
+        channel
+    )
 
-	# We specify a callback that will get called every time
-	# the destination receives data.
-	broadcast_destination.packet_callback(packet_callback)
-	
-	# Everything's ready!
-	# Let's hand over control to the main loop
-	broadcastLoop(broadcast_destination)
+    # We specify a callback that will get called every time
+    # the destination receives data.
+    broadcast_destination.set_packet_callback(packet_callback)
+    
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's hand over control to the main loop
+    broadcastLoop(broadcast_destination)
 
 def packet_callback(data, packet):
-	# Simply print out the received data
-	print("")
-	print("Received data: "+data.decode("utf-8")+"\r\n> ", end="")
-	sys.stdout.flush()
+    # Simply print out the received data
+    print("")
+    print("Received data: "+data.decode("utf-8")+"\r\n> ", end="")
+    sys.stdout.flush()
 
 def broadcastLoop(destination):
-	# Let the user know that everything is ready
-	RNS.log("Broadcast example "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running, enter text and hit enter to broadcast (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Broadcast example "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, enter text and hit enter to broadcast (Ctrl-C to quit)"
+    )
 
-	# We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
-	# If the user hits enter, we will send the information
-	# that the user entered into the prompt.
-	while True:
-		print("> ", end="")
-		entered = input()
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will send the information
+    # that the user entered into the prompt.
+    while True:
+        print("> ", end="")
+        entered = input()
+
+        if entered != "":
+            data    = entered.encode("utf-8")
+            packet  = RNS.Packet(destination, data)
+            packet.send()
 
-		if entered != "":
-			data    = entered.encode("utf-8")
-			packet  = RNS.Packet(destination, data)
-			packet.send()
 
-		
 
 ##########################################################
 #### Program Startup #####################################
@@ -70,24 +81,41 @@ def broadcastLoop(destination):
 # and parses input from the user, and then starts
 # the program.
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	try:
-		parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Reticulum example that demonstrates sending and receiving unencrypted broadcasts")
-		parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
-		parser.add_argument("--channel", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
-		args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            description="Reticulum example demonstrating sending and receiving broadcasts"
+        )
 
-		if args.config:
-			configarg = args.config
-		else:
-			configarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
 
-		if args.channel:
-			channelarg = args.channel
-		else:
-			channelarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--channel",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="broadcast channel name",
+            type=str
+        )
 
-		program_setup(configarg, channelarg)
+        args = parser.parse_args()
 
-	except KeyboardInterrupt:
-		print("")
-		exit()
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if args.channel:
+            channelarg = args.channel
+        else:
+            channelarg = None
+
+        program_setup(configarg, channelarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Echo.py

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@ import RNS
 # destinations we create. Since this echo example
 # is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
 # them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
-APP_NAME = "example_utilitites"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -22,56 +22,90 @@ APP_NAME = "example_utilitites"
 # This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
 # to run as a server
 def server(configpath):
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-	
-	# Randomly create a new identity for our echo server
-	server_identity = RNS.Identity()
+    global reticulum
 
-	# We create a destination that clients can query. We want
-	# to be able to verify echo replies to our clients, so we
-	# create a "single" destination that can receive encrypted
-	# messages. This way the client can send a request and be
-	# certain that no-one else than this destination was able
-	# to read it. 
-	echo_destination = RNS.Destination(server_identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "echo", "request")
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our echo server
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
-	# We configure the destination to automatically prove all
-	# packets adressed to it. By doing this, RNS will automatically
-	# generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
-	# back to the sender of that packet.
-	echo_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
-	
-	# Tell the destination which function in our program to
-	# run when a packet is received. We do this so we can
-	# print a log message when the server receives a request
-	echo_destination.packet_callback(server_callback)
+    # We create a destination that clients can query. We want
+    # to be able to verify echo replies to our clients, so we
+    # create a "single" destination that can receive encrypted
+    # messages. This way the client can send a request and be
+    # certain that no-one else than this destination was able
+    # to read it. 
+    echo_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "echo",
+        "request"
+    )
 
-	# Everything's ready!
-	# Let's Wait for client requests or user input
-	announceLoop(echo_destination)
+    # We configure the destination to automatically prove all
+    # packets adressed to it. By doing this, RNS will automatically
+    # generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
+    # back to the sender of that packet.
+    echo_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
+    
+    # Tell the destination which function in our program to
+    # run when a packet is received. We do this so we can
+    # print a log message when the server receives a request
+    echo_destination.set_packet_callback(server_callback)
+
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's Wait for client requests or user input
+    announceLoop(echo_destination)
 
 
 def announceLoop(destination):
-	# Let the user know that everything is ready
-	RNS.log("Echo server "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Echo server "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
+    )
 
-	# We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
-	# If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
-	# destination on the network, which will let clients
-	# know how to create messages directed towards it.
-	while True:
-		entered = input()
-		destination.announce()
-		RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
 
 
 def server_callback(message, packet):
-	# Tell the user that we received an echo request, and
-	# that we are going to send a reply to the requester.
-	# Sending the proof is handled automatically, since we
-	# set up the destination to prove all incoming packets.
-	RNS.log("Received packet from echo client, proof sent")
+    global reticulum
+    
+    # Tell the user that we received an echo request, and
+    # that we are going to send a reply to the requester.
+    # Sending the proof is handled automatically, since we
+    # set up the destination to prove all incoming packets.
+
+    reception_stats = ""
+    if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
+        reception_rssi = reticulum.get_packet_rssi(packet.packet_hash)
+        reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(packet.packet_hash)
+
+        if reception_rssi != None:
+            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+        
+        if reception_snr != None:
+            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dBm]"
+
+    else:
+        if packet.rssi != None:
+            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+        
+        if packet.snr != None:
+            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(packet.snr)+" dB]"
+
+    RNS.log("Received packet from echo client, proof sent"+reception_stats)
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -81,103 +115,145 @@ def server_callback(message, packet):
 # This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
 # to run as a client
 def client(destination_hexhash, configpath, timeout=None):
-	# We need a binary representation of the destination
-	# hash that was entered on the command line
-	try:
-		if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
-			raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
-		destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
-	except:
-		RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
-		exit()
+    global reticulum
+    
+    # We need a binary representation of the destination
+    # hash that was entered on the command line
+    try:
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
+            raise ValueError(
+                "Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)"
+            )
 
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+        destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
+        exit()
 
-	# We override the loglevel to provide feedback when
-	# an announce is received
-	if RNS.loglevel < RNS.LOG_INFO:
-		RNS.loglevel = RNS.LOG_INFO
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
 
-	# Tell the user that the client is ready!
-	RNS.log("Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to "+destination_hexhash+" (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+    # We override the loglevel to provide feedback when
+    # an announce is received
+    if RNS.loglevel < RNS.LOG_INFO:
+        RNS.loglevel = RNS.LOG_INFO
 
-	# We enter a loop that runs until the user exits.
-	# If the user hits enter, we will try to send an
-	# echo request to the destination specified on the
-	# command line.
-	while True:
-		input()
-		
-		# Let's first check if RNS knows a path to the destination.
-		# If it does, we'll load the server identity and create a packet
-		if RNS.Transport.hasPath(destination_hash):
+    # Tell the user that the client is ready!
+    RNS.log(
+        "Echo client ready, hit enter to send echo request to "+
+        destination_hexhash+
+        " (Ctrl-C to quit)"
+    )
 
-			# To address the server, we need to know it's public
-			# key, so we check if Reticulum knows this destination.
-			# This is done by calling the "recall" method of the
-			# Identity module. If the destination is known, it will
-			# return an Identity instance that can be used in
-			# outgoing destinations.
-			server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the user exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will try to send an
+    # echo request to the destination specified on the
+    # command line.
+    while True:
+        input()
+        
+        # Let's first check if RNS knows a path to the destination.
+        # If it does, we'll load the server identity and create a packet
+        if RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
 
-			# We got the correct identity instance from the
-			# recall method, so let's create an outgoing
-			# destination. We use the naming convention:
-			# example_utilities.echo.request
-			# This matches the naming we specified in the
-			# server part of the code.
-			request_destination = RNS.Destination(server_identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "echo", "request")
+            # To address the server, we need to know it's public
+            # key, so we check if Reticulum knows this destination.
+            # This is done by calling the "recall" method of the
+            # Identity module. If the destination is known, it will
+            # return an Identity instance that can be used in
+            # outgoing destinations.
+            server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
 
-			# The destination is ready, so let's create a packet.
-			# We set the destination to the request_destination
-			# that was just created, and the only data we add
-			# is a random hash.
-			echo_request = RNS.Packet(request_destination, RNS.Identity.getRandomHash())
+            # We got the correct identity instance from the
+            # recall method, so let's create an outgoing
+            # destination. We use the naming convention:
+            # example_utilities.echo.request
+            # This matches the naming we specified in the
+            # server part of the code.
+            request_destination = RNS.Destination(
+                server_identity,
+                RNS.Destination.OUT,
+                RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+                APP_NAME,
+                "echo",
+                "request"
+            )
 
-			# Send the packet! If the packet is successfully
-			# sent, it will return a PacketReceipt instance.
-			packet_receipt = echo_request.send()
+            # The destination is ready, so let's create a packet.
+            # We set the destination to the request_destination
+            # that was just created, and the only data we add
+            # is a random hash.
+            echo_request = RNS.Packet(request_destination, RNS.Identity.get_random_hash())
 
-			# If the user specified a timeout, we set this
-			# timeout on the packet receipt, and configure
-			# a callback function, that will get called if
-			# the packet times out.
-			if timeout != None:
-				packet_receipt.set_timeout(timeout)
-				packet_receipt.timeout_callback(packet_timed_out)
+            # Send the packet! If the packet is successfully
+            # sent, it will return a PacketReceipt instance.
+            packet_receipt = echo_request.send()
 
-			# We can then set a delivery callback on the receipt.
-			# This will get automatically called when a proof for
-			# this specific packet is received from the destination.
-			packet_receipt.delivery_callback(packet_delivered)
+            # If the user specified a timeout, we set this
+            # timeout on the packet receipt, and configure
+            # a callback function, that will get called if
+            # the packet times out.
+            if timeout != None:
+                packet_receipt.set_timeout(timeout)
+                packet_receipt.set_timeout_callback(packet_timed_out)
 
-			# Tell the user that the echo request was sent
-			RNS.log("Sent echo request to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash))
-		else:
-			# If we do not know this destination, tell the
-			# user to wait for an announce to arrive.
-			RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path...")
-			RNS.Transport.requestPath(destination_hash)
+            # We can then set a delivery callback on the receipt.
+            # This will get automatically called when a proof for
+            # this specific packet is received from the destination.
+            packet_receipt.set_delivery_callback(packet_delivered)
+
+            # Tell the user that the echo request was sent
+            RNS.log("Sent echo request to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_destination.hash))
+        else:
+            # If we do not know this destination, tell the
+            # user to wait for an announce to arrive.
+            RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path...")
+            RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
 
 # This function is called when our reply destination
 # receives a proof packet.
 def packet_delivered(receipt):
-	if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.DELIVERED:
-		rtt = receipt.rtt()
-		if (rtt >= 1):
-			rtt = round(rtt, 3)
-			rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
-		else:
-			rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
-			rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+    global reticulum
 
-		RNS.log("Valid reply received from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+", round-trip time is "+rttstring)
+    if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.DELIVERED:
+        rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
+        if (rtt >= 1):
+            rtt = round(rtt, 3)
+            rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+        else:
+            rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
+            rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+
+        reception_stats = ""
+        if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
+            reception_rssi = reticulum.get_packet_rssi(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
+            reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
+
+            if reception_rssi != None:
+                reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+            
+            if reception_snr != None:
+                reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+
+        else:
+            if receipt.proof_packet != None:
+                if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
+                    reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+                
+                if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
+                    reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+
+        RNS.log(
+            "Valid reply received from "+
+            RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
+            ", round-trip time is "+rttstring+
+            reception_stats
+        )
 
 # This function is called if a packet times out.
 def packet_timed_out(receipt):
-	if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED:
-		RNS.log("Packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)+" timed out")
+    if receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED:
+        RNS.log("Packet "+RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.hash)+" timed out")
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -188,36 +264,65 @@ def packet_timed_out(receipt):
 # and parses input from the user, and then starts
 # the desired program mode.
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	try:
-		parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple echo server and client utility")
-		parser.add_argument("-s", "--server", action="store_true", help="wait for incoming packets from clients")
-		parser.add_argument("-t", "--timeout", action="store", metavar="s", default=None, help="set a reply timeout in seconds", type=float)
-		parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
-		parser.add_argument("destination", nargs="?", default=None, help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination", type=str)
-		args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple echo server and client utility")
 
-		if args.server:
-			configarg=None
-			if args.config:
-				configarg = args.config
-			server(configarg)
-		else:
-			if args.config:
-				configarg = args.config
-			else:
-				configarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-s",
+            "--server",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="wait for incoming packets from clients"
+        )
 
-			if args.timeout:
-				timeoutarg = float(args.timeout)
-			else:
-				timeoutarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-t",
+            "--timeout",
+            action="store",
+            metavar="s",
+            default=None,
+            help="set a reply timeout in seconds",
+            type=float
+        )
 
-			if (args.destination == None):
-				print("")
-				parser.print_help()
-				print("")
-			else:
-				client(args.destination, configarg, timeout=timeoutarg)
-	except KeyboardInterrupt:
-		print("")
-		exit()
+        parser.add_argument("--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.server:
+            configarg=None
+            if args.config:
+                configarg = args.config
+            server(configarg)
+        else:
+            if args.config:
+                configarg = args.config
+            else:
+                configarg = None
+
+            if args.timeout:
+                timeoutarg = float(args.timeout)
+            else:
+                timeoutarg = None
+
+            if (args.destination == None):
+                print("")
+                parser.print_help()
+                print("")
+            else:
+                client(args.destination, configarg, timeout=timeoutarg)
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Filetransfer.py

@@ -3,6 +3,17 @@
 # server and client program. The server will serve a     #
 # directory of files, and the clients can list and       #
 # download files from the server.                        #
+#                                                        #
+# Please note that using RNS Resources for large file    #
+# transfers is not recommended, since compression,       #
+# encryption and hashmap sequencing can take a long time #
+# on systems with slow CPUs, which will probably result  #
+# in the client timing out before the resource sender    #
+# can complete preparing the resource.                   #
+#                                                        #
+# If you need to transfer large files, use the Bundle    #
+# class instead, which will automatically slice the data #
+# into chunks suitable for packing as a Resource.        #
 ##########################################################
 
 import os
@@ -17,10 +28,10 @@ import RNS.vendor.umsgpack as umsgpack
 # destinations we create. Since this echo example
 # is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
 # them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
-APP_NAME = "example_utilitites"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 
 # We'll also define a default timeout, in seconds
-APP_TIMEOUT = 15.0
+APP_TIMEOUT = 45.0
 
 ##########################################################
 #### Server Part #########################################
@@ -31,260 +42,293 @@ serve_path = None
 # This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
 # to run as a server
 def server(configpath, path):
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-	
-	# Randomly create a new identity for our file server
-	server_identity = RNS.Identity()
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our file server
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
-	global serve_path
-	serve_path = path
+    global serve_path
+    serve_path = path
 
-	# We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
-	# want clients to create links to this destination, so we
-	# need to create a "single" destination type.
-	server_destination = RNS.Destination(server_identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "filetransfer", "server")
+    # We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
+    # want clients to create links to this destination, so we
+    # need to create a "single" destination type.
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "filetransfer",
+        "server"
+    )
 
-	# We configure a function that will get called every time
-	# a new client creates a link to this destination.
-	server_destination.link_established_callback(client_connected)
+    # We configure a function that will get called every time
+    # a new client creates a link to this destination.
+    server_destination.set_link_established_callback(client_connected)
 
-	# Everything's ready!
-	# Let's Wait for client requests or user input
-	announceLoop(server_destination)
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's Wait for client requests or user input
+    announceLoop(server_destination)
 
 def announceLoop(destination):
-	# Let the user know that everything is ready
-	RNS.log("File server "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running")
-	RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log("File server "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running")
+    RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
 
-	# We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
-	# If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
-	# destination on the network, which will let clients
-	# know how to create messages directed towards it.
-	while True:
-		entered = input()
-		destination.announce()
-		RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
 
 # Here's a convenience function for listing all files
 # in our served directory
 def list_files():
-	# We add all entries from the directory that are
-	# actual files, and does not start with "."
-	global serve_path
-	return [file for file in os.listdir(serve_path) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(serve_path, file)) and file[:1] != "."]
+    # We add all entries from the directory that are
+    # actual files, and does not start with "."
+    global serve_path
+    return [file for file in os.listdir(serve_path) if os.path.isfile(os.path.join(serve_path, file)) and file[:1] != "."]
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
 # a reference to the link. We then send the client
 # a list of files hosted on the server.
 def client_connected(link):
-	# Check if the served directory still exists
-	if os.path.isdir(serve_path):
-		RNS.log("Client connected, sending file list...")
+    # Check if the served directory still exists
+    if os.path.isdir(serve_path):
+        RNS.log("Client connected, sending file list...")
 
-		link.link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
+        link.set_link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
 
-		# We pack a list of files for sending in a packet
-		data = umsgpack.packb(list_files())
+        # We pack a list of files for sending in a packet
+        data = umsgpack.packb(list_files())
 
-		# Check the size of the packed data
-		if len(data) <= RNS.Link.MDU:
-			# If it fits in one packet, we will just
-			# send it as a single packet over the link.
-			list_packet = RNS.Packet(link, data)
-			list_receipt = list_packet.send()
-			list_receipt.set_timeout(APP_TIMEOUT)
-			list_receipt.delivery_callback(list_delivered)
-			list_receipt.timeout_callback(list_timeout)
-		else:
-			RNS.log("Too many files in served directory!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("You should implement a function to split the filelist over multiple packets.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("Hint: The client already supports it :)", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			
-		# After this, we're just going to keep the link
-		# open until the client requests a file. We'll
-		# configure a function that get's called when
-		# the client sends a packet with a file request.
-		link.packet_callback(client_request)
-	else:
-		RNS.log("Client connected, but served path no longer exists!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-		link.teardown()
+        # Check the size of the packed data
+        if len(data) <= RNS.Link.MDU:
+            # If it fits in one packet, we will just
+            # send it as a single packet over the link.
+            list_packet = RNS.Packet(link, data)
+            list_receipt = list_packet.send()
+            list_receipt.set_timeout(APP_TIMEOUT)
+            list_receipt.set_delivery_callback(list_delivered)
+            list_receipt.set_timeout_callback(list_timeout)
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Too many files in served directory!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("You should implement a function to split the filelist over multiple packets.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("Hint: The client already supports it :)", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            
+        # After this, we're just going to keep the link
+        # open until the client requests a file. We'll
+        # configure a function that get's called when
+        # the client sends a packet with a file request.
+        link.set_packet_callback(client_request)
+    else:
+        RNS.log("Client connected, but served path no longer exists!", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        link.teardown()
 
 def client_disconnected(link):
-	RNS.log("Client disconnected")
+    RNS.log("Client disconnected")
 
 def client_request(message, packet):
-	global serve_path
-	filename = message.decode("utf-8")
-	if filename in list_files():
-		try:
-			# If we have the requested file, we'll
-			# read it and pack it as a resource
-			RNS.log("Client requested \""+filename+"\"")
-			file = open(os.path.join(serve_path, filename), "rb")
-			file_data = file.read()
-			file.close()
+    global serve_path
 
-			file_resource = RNS.Resource(file_data, packet.link, callback=resource_sending_concluded)
-			file_resource.filename = filename
-		except:
-			# If somethign went wrong, we close
-			# the link
-			RNS.log("Error while reading file \""+filename+"\"", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			packet.link.teardown()
-	else:
-		# If we don't have it, we close the link
-		RNS.log("Client requested an unknown file")
-		packet.link.teardown()
+    try:
+        filename = message.decode("utf-8")
+    except Exception as e:
+        filename = None
+
+    if filename in list_files():
+        try:
+            # If we have the requested file, we'll
+            # read it and pack it as a resource
+            RNS.log("Client requested \""+filename+"\"")
+            file = open(os.path.join(serve_path, filename), "rb")
+            
+            file_resource = RNS.Resource(
+                file,
+                packet.link,
+                callback=resource_sending_concluded
+            )
+
+            file_resource.filename = filename
+        except Exception as e:
+            # If somethign went wrong, we close
+            # the link
+            RNS.log("Error while reading file \""+filename+"\"", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            packet.link.teardown()
+            raise e
+    else:
+        # If we don't have it, we close the link
+        RNS.log("Client requested an unknown file")
+        packet.link.teardown()
 
 # This function is called on the server when a
 # resource transfer concludes.
 def resource_sending_concluded(resource):
-	if hasattr(resource, "filename"):
-		name = resource.filename
-	else:
-		name = "resource"
+    if hasattr(resource, "filename"):
+        name = resource.filename
+    else:
+        name = "resource"
 
-	if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-		RNS.log("Done sending \""+name+"\" to client")
-	elif resource.status == RNS.Resource.FAILED:
-		RNS.log("Sending \""+name+"\" to client failed")
+    if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
+        RNS.log("Done sending \""+name+"\" to client")
+    elif resource.status == RNS.Resource.FAILED:
+        RNS.log("Sending \""+name+"\" to client failed")
 
 def list_delivered(receipt):
-	RNS.log("The file list was received by the client")
+    RNS.log("The file list was received by the client")
 
 def list_timeout(receipt):
-	RNS.log("Sending list to client timed out, closing this link")
-	link = receipt.destination
-	link.teardown()
+    RNS.log("Sending list to client timed out, closing this link")
+    link = receipt.destination
+    link.teardown()
 
 ##########################################################
 #### Client Part #########################################
 ##########################################################
 
 # We store a global list of files available on the server
-server_files = []
+server_files      = []
 
 # A reference to the server link
-server_link = None
+server_link       = None
 
 # And a reference to the current download
-current_download = None
-current_filename = None
+current_download  = None
+current_filename  = None
+
+# Variables to store download statistics
+download_started  = 0
+download_finished = 0
+download_time     = 0
+transfer_size     = 0
+file_size         = 0
+
 
 # This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
 # to run as a client
 def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
-	# We need a binary representation of the destination
-	# hash that was entered on the command line
-	try:
-		if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
-			raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
-		destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
-	except:
-		RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
-		exit()
+    # We need a binary representation of the destination
+    # hash that was entered on the command line
+    try:
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
+        destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
+        exit()
 
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
 
 
-	# Check if we know a path to the destination
-	if not RNS.Transport.hasPath(destination_hash):
-		RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
-		RNS.Transport.requestPath(destination_hash)
-		while not RNS.Transport.hasPath(destination_hash):
-			time.sleep(0.1)
+    # Check if we know a path to the destination
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+            time.sleep(0.1)
 
-	# Recall the server identity
-	server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+    # Recall the server identity
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
 
-	# Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
-	RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
+    # Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
+    RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
 
-	# When the server identity is known, we set
-	# up a destination
-	server_destination = RNS.Destination(server_identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "filetransfer", "server")
+    # When the server identity is known, we set
+    # up a destination
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.OUT,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "filetransfer",
+        "server"
+    )
 
-	# We also want to automatically prove incoming packets
-	server_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
+    # We also want to automatically prove incoming packets
+    server_destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
 
-	# And create a link
-	link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
+    # And create a link
+    link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
 
-	# We expect any normal data packets on the link
-	# to contain a list of served files, so we set
-	# a callback accordingly
-	link.packet_callback(filelist_received)
+    # We expect any normal data packets on the link
+    # to contain a list of served files, so we set
+    # a callback accordingly
+    link.set_packet_callback(filelist_received)
 
-	# We'll also set up functions to inform the
-	# user when the link is established or closed
-	link.link_established_callback(link_established)
-	link.link_closed_callback(link_closed)
+    # We'll also set up functions to inform the
+    # user when the link is established or closed
+    link.set_link_established_callback(link_established)
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(link_closed)
 
-	# And set the link to automatically begin
-	# downloading advertised resources
-	link.set_resource_strategy(RNS.Link.ACCEPT_ALL)
-	link.resource_started_callback(download_began)
-	link.resource_concluded_callback(download_concluded)
+    # And set the link to automatically begin
+    # downloading advertised resources
+    link.set_resource_strategy(RNS.Link.ACCEPT_ALL)
+    link.set_resource_started_callback(download_began)
+    link.set_resource_concluded_callback(download_concluded)
 
-	menu()
+    menu()
 
 # Requests the specified file from the server
 def download(filename):
-	global server_link, menu_mode, current_filename
-	current_filename = filename
+    global server_link, menu_mode, current_filename, transfer_size, download_started
+    current_filename = filename
+    download_started = 0
+    transfer_size    = 0
 
-	# We just create a packet containing the
-	# requested filename, and send it down the
-	# link. We also specify we don't need a
-	# packet receipt.
-	request_packet = RNS.Packet(server_link, filename.encode("utf-8"), create_receipt=False)
-	request_packet.send()
-	
-	print("")
-	print(("Requested \""+filename+"\" from server, waiting for download to begin..."))
-	menu_mode = "download_started"
+    # We just create a packet containing the
+    # requested filename, and send it down the
+    # link. We also specify we don't need a
+    # packet receipt.
+    request_packet = RNS.Packet(server_link, filename.encode("utf-8"), create_receipt=False)
+    request_packet.send()
+    
+    print("")
+    print(("Requested \""+filename+"\" from server, waiting for download to begin..."))
+    menu_mode = "download_started"
 
 # This function runs a simple menu for the user
 # to select which files to download, or quit
 menu_mode = None
 def menu():
-	global server_files, server_link
-	# Wait until we have a filelist
-	while len(server_files) == 0:
-		time.sleep(0.1)
-	RNS.log("Ready!")
-	time.sleep(0.5)
+    global server_files, server_link
+    # Wait until we have a filelist
+    while len(server_files) == 0:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+    RNS.log("Ready!")
+    time.sleep(0.5)
 
-	global menu_mode
-	menu_mode = "main"
-	should_quit = False
-	while (not should_quit):
-		print_menu()
+    global menu_mode
+    menu_mode = "main"
+    should_quit = False
+    while (not should_quit):
+        print_menu()
 
-		while not menu_mode == "main":
-			# Wait
-			time.sleep(0.25)
+        while not menu_mode == "main":
+            # Wait
+            time.sleep(0.25)
 
-		user_input = input()
-		if user_input == "q" or user_input == "quit" or user_input == "exit":
-			should_quit = True
-			print("")
-		else:
-			if user_input in server_files:
-				download(user_input)
-			else:
-				try:
-					if 0 <= int(user_input) < len(server_files):
-						download(server_files[int(user_input)])
-				except:
-					pass
+        user_input = input()
+        if user_input == "q" or user_input == "quit" or user_input == "exit":
+            should_quit = True
+            print("")
+        else:
+            if user_input in server_files:
+                download(user_input)
+            else:
+                try:
+                    if 0 <= int(user_input) < len(server_files):
+                        download(server_files[int(user_input)])
+                except:
+                    pass
 
-	if should_quit:
-		server_link.teardown()
+    if should_quit:
+        server_link.teardown()
 
 # Prints out menus or screens for the
 # various states of the client program.
@@ -292,164 +336,204 @@ def menu():
 # I won't go into detail here. Just
 # strings basically.
 def print_menu():
-	global menu_mode
+    global menu_mode, download_time, download_started, download_finished, transfer_size, file_size
 
-	if menu_mode == "main":
-		clear_screen()
-		print_filelist()
-		print("")
-		print("Select a file to download by entering name or number, or q to quit")
-		print(("> "), end=' ')
-	elif menu_mode == "download_started":
-		download_began = time.time()
-		while menu_mode == "download_started":
-			time.sleep(0.1)
-			if time.time() > download_began+APP_TIMEOUT:
-				print("The download timed out")
-				time.sleep(1)
-				server_link.teardown()
+    if menu_mode == "main":
+        clear_screen()
+        print_filelist()
+        print("")
+        print("Select a file to download by entering name or number, or q to quit")
+        print(("> "), end=' ')
+    elif menu_mode == "download_started":
+        download_began = time.time()
+        while menu_mode == "download_started":
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+            if time.time() > download_began+APP_TIMEOUT:
+                print("The download timed out")
+                time.sleep(1)
+                server_link.teardown()
 
-	if menu_mode == "downloading":
-		print("Download started")
-		print("")
-		while menu_mode == "downloading":
-			global current_download
-			percent = round(current_download.progress() * 100.0, 1)
-			print(("\rProgress: "+str(percent)+" %   "), end=' ')
-			sys.stdout.flush()
-			time.sleep(0.1)
+    if menu_mode == "downloading":
+        print("Download started")
+        print("")
+        while menu_mode == "downloading":
+            global current_download
+            percent = round(current_download.get_progress() * 100.0, 1)
+            print(("\rProgress: "+str(percent)+" %   "), end=' ')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            time.sleep(0.1)
 
-	if menu_mode == "save_error":
-		print(("\rProgress: 100.0 %"), end=' ')
-		sys.stdout.flush()
-		print("")
-		print("Could not write downloaded file to disk")
-		current_download.status = RNS.Resource.FAILED
-		menu_mode = "download_concluded"
+    if menu_mode == "save_error":
+        print(("\rProgress: 100.0 %"), end=' ')
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        print("")
+        print("Could not write downloaded file to disk")
+        current_download.status = RNS.Resource.FAILED
+        menu_mode = "download_concluded"
 
-	if menu_mode == "download_concluded":
-		if current_download.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-			print(("\rProgress: 100.0 %"), end=' ')
-			sys.stdout.flush()
-			print("")
-			print("The download completed! Press enter to return to the menu.")
-			input()
+    if menu_mode == "download_concluded":
+        if current_download.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
+            print(("\rProgress: 100.0 %"), end=' ')
+            sys.stdout.flush()
 
-		else:
-			print("")
-			print("The download failed! Press enter to return to the menu.")
-			input()
+            # Print statistics
+            hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
+            minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
+            timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+            print("")
+            print("")
+            print("--- Statistics -----")
+            print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+            print("\tFile size        : "+size_str(file_size))
+            print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(transfer_size))
+            print("\tEffective rate   : "+size_str(file_size/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(transfer_size/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print("")
+            print("The download completed! Press enter to return to the menu.")
+            print("")
+            input()
 
-		current_download = None
-		menu_mode = "main"
-		print_menu()
+        else:
+            print("")
+            print("The download failed! Press enter to return to the menu.")
+            input()
+
+        current_download = None
+        menu_mode = "main"
+        print_menu()
 
 # This function prints out a list of files
 # on the connected server.
 def print_filelist():
-	global server_files
-	print("Files on server:")
-	for index,file in enumerate(server_files):
-		print("\t("+str(index)+")\t"+file)
+    global server_files
+    print("Files on server:")
+    for index,file in enumerate(server_files):
+        print("\t("+str(index)+")\t"+file)
 
 def filelist_received(filelist_data, packet):
-	global server_files, menu_mode
-	try:
-		# Unpack the list and extend our
-		# local list of available files
-		filelist = umsgpack.unpackb(filelist_data)
-		for file in filelist:
-			if not file in server_files:
-				server_files.append(file)
+    global server_files, menu_mode
+    try:
+        # Unpack the list and extend our
+        # local list of available files
+        filelist = umsgpack.unpackb(filelist_data)
+        for file in filelist:
+            if not file in server_files:
+                server_files.append(file)
 
-		# If the menu is already visible,
-		# we'll update it with what was
-		# just received
-		if menu_mode == "main":
-			print_menu()
-	except:
-		RNS.log("Invalid file list data received, closing link")
-		packet.link.teardown()
+        # If the menu is already visible,
+        # we'll update it with what was
+        # just received
+        if menu_mode == "main":
+            print_menu()
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid file list data received, closing link")
+        packet.link.teardown()
 
 # This function is called when a link
 # has been established with the server
 def link_established(link):
-	# We store a reference to the link
-	# instance for later use
-	global server_link
-	server_link = link
+    # We store a reference to the link
+    # instance for later use
+    global server_link
+    server_link = link
 
-	# Inform the user that the server is
-	# connected
-	RNS.log("Link established with server")
-	RNS.log("Waiting for filelist...")
+    # Inform the user that the server is
+    # connected
+    RNS.log("Link established with server")
+    RNS.log("Waiting for filelist...")
 
-	# And set up a small job to check for
-	# a potential timeout in receiving the
-	# file list
-	thread = threading.Thread(target=filelist_timeout_job)
-	thread.setDaemon(True)
-	thread.start()
+    # And set up a small job to check for
+    # a potential timeout in receiving the
+    # file list
+    thread = threading.Thread(target=filelist_timeout_job)
+    thread.setDaemon(True)
+    thread.start()
 
 # This job just sleeps for the specified
 # time, and then checks if the file list
 # was received. If not, the program will
 # exit.
 def filelist_timeout_job():
-	time.sleep(APP_TIMEOUT)
+    time.sleep(APP_TIMEOUT)
 
-	global server_files
-	if len(server_files) == 0:
-		RNS.log("Timed out waiting for filelist, exiting")
-		os._exit(0)
+    global server_files
+    if len(server_files) == 0:
+        RNS.log("Timed out waiting for filelist, exiting")
+        os._exit(0)
 
 
 # When a link is closed, we'll inform the
 # user, and exit the program
 def link_closed(link):
-	if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
-		RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
-	elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
-		RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
-	else:
-		RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-	
-	RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
-	time.sleep(1.5)
-	os._exit(0)
+    if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
+        RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
+    elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
+        RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
+    else:
+        RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
+    
+    RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
+    time.sleep(1.5)
+    os._exit(0)
 
 # When RNS detects that the download has
 # started, we'll update our menu state
 # so the user can be shown a progress of
 # the download.
 def download_began(resource):
-	global menu_mode, current_download
-	current_download = resource
-	menu_mode = "downloading"
+    global menu_mode, current_download, download_started, transfer_size, file_size
+    current_download = resource
+    
+    if download_started == 0:
+        download_started = time.time()
+    
+    transfer_size += resource.size
+    file_size = resource.total_size
+    
+    menu_mode = "downloading"
 
 # When the download concludes, successfully
 # or not, we'll update our menu state and 
 # inform the user about how it all went.
 def download_concluded(resource):
-	global menu_mode, current_filename
-	saved_filename = current_filename
+    global menu_mode, current_filename, download_started, download_finished, download_time
+    download_finished = time.time()
+    download_time = download_finished - download_started
 
-	if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
-		counter = 0
-		while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
-			counter += 1
-			saved_filename = current_filename+"."+str(counter)
+    saved_filename = current_filename
 
-		try:
-			file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
-			file.write(resource.data)
-			file.close()
-			menu_mode = "download_concluded"
-		except:
-			menu_mode = "save_error"
-	else:
-		menu_mode = "download_concluded"
+    if resource.status == RNS.Resource.COMPLETE:
+        counter = 0
+        while os.path.isfile(saved_filename):
+            counter += 1
+            saved_filename = current_filename+"."+str(counter)
 
+        try:
+            file = open(saved_filename, "wb")
+            file.write(resource.data.read())
+            file.close()
+            menu_mode = "download_concluded"
+        except:
+            menu_mode = "save_error"
+    else:
+        menu_mode = "download_concluded"
+
+# A convenience function for printing a human-
+# readable file size
+def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
+    units = ['','Ki','Mi','Gi','Ti','Pi','Ei','Zi']
+    last_unit = 'Yi'
+
+    if suffix == 'b':
+        num *= 8
+        units = ['','K','M','G','T','P','E','Z']
+        last_unit = 'Y'
+
+    for unit in units:
+        if abs(num) < 1024.0:
+            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+        num /= 1024.0
+    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
 
 # A convenience function for clearing the screen
 def clear_screen():
@@ -463,31 +547,55 @@ def clear_screen():
 # and parses input of from the user, and then
 # starts up the desired program mode.
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	try:
-		parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple file transfer server and client utility")
-		parser.add_argument("-s", "--serve", action="store", metavar="dir", help="serve a directory of files to clients")
-		parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
-		parser.add_argument("destination", nargs="?", default=None, help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination", type=str)
-		args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            description="Simple file transfer server and client utility"
+        )
 
-		if args.config:
-			configarg = args.config
-		else:
-			configarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-s",
+            "--serve",
+            action="store",
+            metavar="dir",
+            help="serve a directory of files to clients"
+        )
 
-		if args.serve:
-			if os.path.isdir(args.serve):
-				server(configarg, args.serve)
-			else:
-				RNS.log("The specified directory does not exist")
-		else:
-			if (args.destination == None):
-				print("")
-				parser.print_help()
-				print("")
-			else:
-				client(args.destination, configarg)
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
 
-	except KeyboardInterrupt:
-		print("")
-		exit()
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if args.serve:
+            if os.path.isdir(args.serve):
+                server(configarg, args.serve)
+            else:
+                RNS.log("The specified directory does not exist")
+        else:
+            if (args.destination == None):
+                print("")
+                parser.print_help()
+                print("")
+            else:
+                client(args.destination, configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Identify.py

@@ -0,0 +1,310 @@
+##########################################################
+# This RNS example demonstrates how to set up a link to  #
+# a destination, and identify the initiator to it's peer #
+##########################################################
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import argparse
+import RNS
+
+# Let's define an app name. We'll use this for all
+# destinations we create. Since this echo example
+# is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
+# them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
+
+##########################################################
+#### Server Part #########################################
+##########################################################
+
+# A reference to the latest client link that connected
+latest_client_link = None
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
+# to run as a server
+def server(configpath):
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity()
+
+    # We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
+    # want clients to create links to this destination, so we
+    # need to create a "single" destination type.
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "identifyexample"
+    )
+
+    # We configure a function that will get called every time
+    # a new client creates a link to this destination.
+    server_destination.set_link_established_callback(client_connected)
+
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's Wait for client requests or user input
+    server_loop(server_destination)
+
+def server_loop(destination):
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Link identification example "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, waiting for a connection."
+    )
+
+    RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+
+# When a client establishes a link to our server
+# destination, this function will be called with
+# a reference to the link.
+def client_connected(link):
+    global latest_client_link
+
+    RNS.log("Client connected")
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
+    link.set_packet_callback(server_packet_received)
+    link.set_remote_identified_callback(remote_identified)
+    latest_client_link = link
+
+def client_disconnected(link):
+    RNS.log("Client disconnected")
+
+def remote_identified(identity):
+    RNS.log("Remote identified as: "+str(identity))
+
+def server_packet_received(message, packet):
+    global latest_client_link
+
+    # Get the originating identity for display
+    remote_peer =  "unidentified peer"
+    if packet.link.get_remote_identity() != None:
+        remote_peer = str(packet.link.get_remote_identity())
+
+    # When data is received over any active link,
+    # it will all be directed to the last client
+    # that connected.
+    text = message.decode("utf-8")
+
+    RNS.log("Received data from "+remote_peer+": "+text)
+    
+    reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link from "+remote_peer
+    reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
+    RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
+
+
+##########################################################
+#### Client Part #########################################
+##########################################################
+
+# A reference to the server link
+server_link = None
+
+# A reference to the client identity
+client_identity = None
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
+# to run as a client
+def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
+    global client_identity
+    # We need a binary representation of the destination
+    # hash that was entered on the command line
+    try:
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
+        destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
+        exit()
+
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+
+    # Create a new client identity
+    client_identity = RNS.Identity()
+    RNS.log(
+        "Client created new identity "+
+        str(client_identity)
+    )
+
+    # Check if we know a path to the destination
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    # Recall the server identity
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+
+    # Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
+    RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
+
+    # When the server identity is known, we set
+    # up a destination
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.OUT,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "identifyexample"
+    )
+
+    # And create a link
+    link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
+
+    # We set a callback that will get executed
+    # every time a packet is received over the
+    # link
+    link.set_packet_callback(client_packet_received)
+
+    # We'll also set up functions to inform the
+    # user when the link is established or closed
+    link.set_link_established_callback(link_established)
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(link_closed)
+
+    # Everything is set up, so let's enter a loop
+    # for the user to interact with the example
+    client_loop()
+
+def client_loop():
+    global server_link
+
+    # Wait for the link to become active
+    while not server_link:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    should_quit = False
+    while not should_quit:
+        try:
+            print("> ", end=" ")
+            text = input()
+
+            # Check if we should quit the example
+            if text == "quit" or text == "q" or text == "exit":
+                should_quit = True
+                server_link.teardown()
+
+            # If not, send the entered text over the link
+            if text != "":
+                data = text.encode("utf-8")
+                if len(data) <= RNS.Link.MDU:
+                    RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
+                else:
+                    RNS.log(
+                        "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                        str(len(data))+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
+                        str(RNS.Link.MDU)+" bytes",
+                        RNS.LOG_ERROR
+                    )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            should_quit = True
+            server_link.teardown()
+
+# This function is called when a link
+# has been established with the server
+def link_established(link):
+    # We store a reference to the link
+    # instance for later use
+    global server_link, client_identity
+    server_link = link
+
+    # Inform the user that the server is
+    # connected
+    RNS.log("Link established with server, identifying to remote peer...")
+
+    link.identify(client_identity)
+
+# When a link is closed, we'll inform the
+# user, and exit the program
+def link_closed(link):
+    if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
+        RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
+    elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
+        RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
+    else:
+        RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
+    
+    RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
+    time.sleep(1.5)
+    os._exit(0)
+
+# When a packet is received over the link, we
+# simply print out the data.
+def client_packet_received(message, packet):
+    text = message.decode("utf-8")
+    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    print("> ", end=" ")
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+
+##########################################################
+#### Program Startup #####################################
+##########################################################
+
+# This part of the program runs at startup,
+# and parses input of from the user, and then
+# starts up the desired program mode.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple link example")
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-s",
+            "--server",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="wait for incoming link requests from clients"
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if args.server:
+            server(configarg)
+        else:
+            if (args.destination == None):
+                print("")
+                parser.print_help()
+                print("")
+            else:
+                client(args.destination, configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Link.py

@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@ import RNS
 # destinations we create. Since this echo example
 # is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
 # them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
-APP_NAME = "example_utilitites"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 
 ##########################################################
 #### Server Part #########################################
@@ -25,65 +25,76 @@ latest_client_link = None
 # This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
 # to run as a server
 def server(configpath):
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-	
-	# Randomly create a new identity for our link example
-	server_identity = RNS.Identity()
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity()
 
-	# We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
-	# want clients to create links to this destination, so we
-	# need to create a "single" destination type.
-	server_destination = RNS.Destination(server_identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "linkexample")
+    # We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
+    # want clients to create links to this destination, so we
+    # need to create a "single" destination type.
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "linkexample"
+    )
 
-	# We configure a function that will get called every time
-	# a new client creates a link to this destination.
-	server_destination.link_established_callback(client_connected)
+    # We configure a function that will get called every time
+    # a new client creates a link to this destination.
+    server_destination.set_link_established_callback(client_connected)
 
-	# Everything's ready!
-	# Let's Wait for client requests or user input
-	server_loop(server_destination)
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's Wait for client requests or user input
+    server_loop(server_destination)
 
 def server_loop(destination):
-	# Let the user know that everything is ready
-	RNS.log("Link example "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running, waiting for a connection.")
-	RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Link example "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, waiting for a connection."
+    )
 
-	# We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
-	# If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
-	# destination on the network, which will let clients
-	# know how to create messages directed towards it.
-	while True:
-		entered = input()
-		destination.announce()
-		RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
 
 # When a client establishes a link to our server
 # destination, this function will be called with
 # a reference to the link.
 def client_connected(link):
-	global latest_client_link
+    global latest_client_link
 
-	RNS.log("Client connected")
-	link.link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
-	link.packet_callback(server_packet_received)
-	latest_client_link = link
+    RNS.log("Client connected")
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
+    link.set_packet_callback(server_packet_received)
+    latest_client_link = link
 
 def client_disconnected(link):
-	RNS.log("Client disconnected")
+    RNS.log("Client disconnected")
 
 def server_packet_received(message, packet):
-	global latest_client_link
+    global latest_client_link
 
-	# When data is received over any active link,
-	# it will all be directed to the last client
-	# that connected.
-	text = message.decode("utf-8")
-	RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
-	
-	reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link"
-	reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
-	RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
+    # When data is received over any active link,
+    # it will all be directed to the last client
+    # that connected.
+    text = message.decode("utf-8")
+    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    
+    reply_text = "I received \""+text+"\" over the link"
+    reply_data = reply_text.encode("utf-8")
+    RNS.Packet(latest_client_link, reply_data).send()
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -96,112 +107,128 @@ server_link = None
 # This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
 # to run as a client
 def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
-	# We need a binary representation of the destination
-	# hash that was entered on the command line
-	try:
-		if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
-			raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
-		destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
-	except:
-		RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
-		exit()
+    # We need a binary representation of the destination
+    # hash that was entered on the command line
+    try:
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
+        destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
+        exit()
 
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
 
-	# Check if we know a path to the destination
-	if not RNS.Transport.hasPath(destination_hash):
-		RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
-		RNS.Transport.requestPath(destination_hash)
-		while not RNS.Transport.hasPath(destination_hash):
-			time.sleep(0.1)
+    # Check if we know a path to the destination
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+            time.sleep(0.1)
 
-	# Recall the server identity
-	server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+    # Recall the server identity
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
 
-	# Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
-	RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
+    # Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
+    RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
 
-	# When the server identity is known, we set
-	# up a destination
-	server_destination = RNS.Destination(server_identity, RNS.Destination.OUT, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "linkexample")
+    # When the server identity is known, we set
+    # up a destination
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.OUT,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "linkexample"
+    )
 
-	# And create a link
-	link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
+    # And create a link
+    link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
 
-	# We set a callback that will get executed
-	# every time a packet is received over the
-	# link
-	link.packet_callback(client_packet_received)
+    # We set a callback that will get executed
+    # every time a packet is received over the
+    # link
+    link.set_packet_callback(client_packet_received)
 
-	# We'll also set up functions to inform the
-	# user when the link is established or closed
-	link.link_established_callback(link_established)
-	link.link_closed_callback(link_closed)
+    # We'll also set up functions to inform the
+    # user when the link is established or closed
+    link.set_link_established_callback(link_established)
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(link_closed)
 
-	# Everything is set up, so let's enter a loop
-	# for the user to interact with the example
-	client_loop()
+    # Everything is set up, so let's enter a loop
+    # for the user to interact with the example
+    client_loop()
 
 def client_loop():
-	global server_link
+    global server_link
 
-	# Wait for the link to become active
-	while not server_link:
-		time.sleep(0.1)
+    # Wait for the link to become active
+    while not server_link:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
 
-	should_quit = False
-	while not should_quit:
-		try:
-			print("> ", end=" ")
-			text = input()
+    should_quit = False
+    while not should_quit:
+        try:
+            print("> ", end=" ")
+            text = input()
 
-			# Check if we should quit the example
-			if text == "quit" or text == "q" or text == "exit":
-				should_quit = True
-				server_link.teardown()
+            # Check if we should quit the example
+            if text == "quit" or text == "q" or text == "exit":
+                should_quit = True
+                server_link.teardown()
 
-			# If not, send the entered text over the link
-			if text != "":
-				data = text.encode("utf-8")
-				RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
-		except Exception as e:
-			should_quit = True
-			server_link.teardown()
+            # If not, send the entered text over the link
+            if text != "":
+                data = text.encode("utf-8")
+                if len(data) <= RNS.Link.MDU:
+                    RNS.Packet(server_link, data).send()
+                else:
+                    RNS.log(
+                        "Cannot send this packet, the data size of "+
+                        str(len(data))+" bytes exceeds the link packet MDU of "+
+                        str(RNS.Link.MDU)+" bytes",
+                        RNS.LOG_ERROR
+                    )
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while sending data over the link: "+str(e))
+            should_quit = True
+            server_link.teardown()
 
 # This function is called when a link
 # has been established with the server
 def link_established(link):
-	# We store a reference to the link
-	# instance for later use
-	global server_link
-	server_link = link
+    # We store a reference to the link
+    # instance for later use
+    global server_link
+    server_link = link
 
-	# Inform the user that the server is
-	# connected
-	RNS.log("Link established with server, enter some text to send, or \"quit\" to quit")
+    # Inform the user that the server is
+    # connected
+    RNS.log("Link established with server, enter some text to send, or \"quit\" to quit")
 
 # When a link is closed, we'll inform the
 # user, and exit the program
 def link_closed(link):
-	if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
-		RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
-	elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
-		RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
-	else:
-		RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
-	
-	RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
-	time.sleep(1.5)
-	os._exit(0)
+    if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
+        RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
+    elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
+        RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
+    else:
+        RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
+    
+    RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
+    time.sleep(1.5)
+    os._exit(0)
 
 # When a packet is received over the link, we
 # simply print out the data.
 def client_packet_received(message, packet):
-	text = message.decode("utf-8")
-	RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
-	print("> ", end=" ")
-	sys.stdout.flush()
+    text = message.decode("utf-8")
+    RNS.log("Received data on the link: "+text)
+    print("> ", end=" ")
+    sys.stdout.flush()
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -212,28 +239,49 @@ def client_packet_received(message, packet):
 # and parses input of from the user, and then
 # starts up the desired program mode.
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	try:
-		parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple link example")
-		parser.add_argument("-s", "--server", action="store_true", help="wait for incoming link requests from clients")
-		parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
-		parser.add_argument("destination", nargs="?", default=None, help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination", type=str)
-		args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple link example")
 
-		if args.config:
-			configarg = args.config
-		else:
-			configarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-s",
+            "--server",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="wait for incoming link requests from clients"
+        )
 
-		if args.server:
-			server(configarg)
-		else:
-			if (args.destination == None):
-				print("")
-				parser.print_help()
-				print("")
-			else:
-				client(args.destination, configarg)
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
 
-	except KeyboardInterrupt:
-		print("")
-		exit()
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if args.server:
+            server(configarg)
+        else:
+            if (args.destination == None):
+                print("")
+                parser.print_help()
+                print("")
+            else:
+                client(args.destination, configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Minimal.py

@@ -11,49 +11,59 @@ import RNS
 # destinations we create. Since this basic example
 # is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
 # them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
-APP_NAME = "example_utilitites"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
 
 # This initialisation is executed when the program is started
 def program_setup(configpath):
-	# We must first initialise Reticulum
-	reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
-	
-	# Randomly create a new identity for our example
-	identity = RNS.Identity()
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our example
+    identity = RNS.Identity()
 
-	# Using the identity we just created, we create a destination.
-	# Destinations are endpoints in Reticulum, that can be addressed
-	# and communicated with. Destinations can also announce their
-	# existence, which will let the network know they are reachable
-	# and autoomatically create paths to them, from anywhere else
-	# in the network.
-	destination = RNS.Destination(identity, RNS.Destination.IN, RNS.Destination.SINGLE, APP_NAME, "minimalsample")
+    # Using the identity we just created, we create a destination.
+    # Destinations are endpoints in Reticulum, that can be addressed
+    # and communicated with. Destinations can also announce their
+    # existence, which will let the network know they are reachable
+    # and autoomatically create paths to them, from anywhere else
+    # in the network.
+    destination = RNS.Destination(
+        identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "minimalsample"
+    )
 
-	# We configure the destination to automatically prove all
-	# packets adressed to it. By doing this, RNS will automatically
-	# generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
-	# back to the sender of that packet. This will let anyone that
-	# tries to communicate with the destination know whether their
-	# communication was received correctly.
-	destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
-	
-	# Everything's ready!
-	# Let's hand over control to the announce loop
-	announceLoop(destination)
+    # We configure the destination to automatically prove all
+    # packets adressed to it. By doing this, RNS will automatically
+    # generate a proof for each incoming packet and transmit it
+    # back to the sender of that packet. This will let anyone that
+    # tries to communicate with the destination know whether their
+    # communication was received correctly.
+    destination.set_proof_strategy(RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL)
+    
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's hand over control to the announce loop
+    announceLoop(destination)
 
 
 def announceLoop(destination):
-	# Let the user know that everything is ready
-	RNS.log("Minimal example "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+" running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Minimal example "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)"
+    )
 
-	# We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
-	# If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
-	# destination on the network, which will let clients
-	# know how to create messages directed towards it.
-	while True:
-		entered = input()
-		destination.announce()
-		RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
 
 
 ##########################################################
@@ -64,18 +74,28 @@ def announceLoop(destination):
 # and parses input from the user, and then starts
 # the desired program mode.
 if __name__ == "__main__":
-	try:
-		parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Bare minimum example to start Reticulum and create a destination")
-		parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
-		args = parser.parse_args()
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+            description="Minimal example to start Reticulum and create a destination"
+        )
 
-		if args.config:
-			configarg = args.config
-		else:
-			configarg = None
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
 
-		program_setup(configarg)
+        args = parser.parse_args()
 
-	except KeyboardInterrupt:
-		print("")
-		exit()
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        program_setup(configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Request.py

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+##########################################################
+# This RNS example demonstrates how to set perform       #
+# requests and receive responses over a link.            #
+##########################################################
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import random
+import argparse
+import RNS
+
+# Let's define an app name. We'll use this for all
+# destinations we create. Since this echo example
+# is part of a range of example utilities, we'll put
+# them all within the app namespace "example_utilities"
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
+
+##########################################################
+#### Server Part #########################################
+##########################################################
+
+# A reference to the latest client link that connected
+latest_client_link = None
+
+def random_text_generator(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_at):
+    RNS.log("Generating response to request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id))
+    texts = ["They looked up", "On each full moon", "Becky was upset", "I’ll stay away from it", "The pet shop stocks everything"]
+    return texts[random.randint(0, len(texts)-1)]
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
+# to run as a server
+def server(configpath):
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity()
+
+    # We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
+    # want clients to create links to this destination, so we
+    # need to create a "single" destination type.
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "requestexample"
+    )
+
+    # We configure a function that will get called every time
+    # a new client creates a link to this destination.
+    server_destination.set_link_established_callback(client_connected)
+
+    # We register a request handler for handling incoming
+    # requests over any established links.
+    server_destination.register_request_handler(
+        "/random/text",
+        response_generator = random_text_generator,
+        allow = RNS.Destination.ALLOW_ALL
+    )
+
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's Wait for client requests or user input
+    server_loop(server_destination)
+
+def server_loop(destination):
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Request example "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, waiting for a connection."
+    )
+
+    RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+
+# When a client establishes a link to our server
+# destination, this function will be called with
+# a reference to the link.
+def client_connected(link):
+    global latest_client_link
+
+    RNS.log("Client connected")
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
+    latest_client_link = link
+
+def client_disconnected(link):
+    RNS.log("Client disconnected")
+
+
+##########################################################
+#### Client Part #########################################
+##########################################################
+
+# A reference to the server link
+server_link = None
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
+# to run as a client
+def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
+    # We need a binary representation of the destination
+    # hash that was entered on the command line
+    try:
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
+        destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
+        exit()
+
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+
+    # Check if we know a path to the destination
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    # Recall the server identity
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+
+    # Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
+    RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
+
+    # When the server identity is known, we set
+    # up a destination
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.OUT,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "requestexample"
+    )
+
+    # And create a link
+    link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
+
+    # We'll set up functions to inform the
+    # user when the link is established or closed
+    link.set_link_established_callback(link_established)
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(link_closed)
+
+    # Everything is set up, so let's enter a loop
+    # for the user to interact with the example
+    client_loop()
+
+def client_loop():
+    global server_link
+
+    # Wait for the link to become active
+    while not server_link:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    should_quit = False
+    while not should_quit:
+        try:
+            print("> ", end=" ")
+            text = input()
+
+            # Check if we should quit the example
+            if text == "quit" or text == "q" or text == "exit":
+                should_quit = True
+                server_link.teardown()
+
+            else:
+                server_link.request(
+                    "/random/text",
+                    data = None,
+                    response_callback = got_response,
+                    failed_callback = request_failed
+                )
+
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while sending request over the link: "+str(e))
+            should_quit = True
+            server_link.teardown()
+
+def got_response(request_receipt):
+    request_id = request_receipt.request_id
+    response = request_receipt.response
+
+    RNS.log("Got response for request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_id)+": "+str(response))
+
+def request_received(request_receipt):
+    RNS.log("The request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)+" was received by the remote peer.")
+
+def request_failed(request_receipt):
+    RNS.log("The request "+RNS.prettyhexrep(request_receipt.request_id)+" failed.")
+
+
+# This function is called when a link
+# has been established with the server
+def link_established(link):
+    # We store a reference to the link
+    # instance for later use
+    global server_link
+    server_link = link
+
+    # Inform the user that the server is
+    # connected
+    RNS.log("Link established with server, hit enter to perform a request, or type in \"quit\" to quit")
+
+# When a link is closed, we'll inform the
+# user, and exit the program
+def link_closed(link):
+    if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
+        RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
+    elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
+        RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
+    else:
+        RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
+    
+    RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
+    time.sleep(1.5)
+    os._exit(0)
+
+
+##########################################################
+#### Program Startup #####################################
+##########################################################
+
+# This part of the program runs at startup,
+# and parses input of from the user, and then
+# starts up the desired program mode.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Simple request/response example")
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-s",
+            "--server",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="wait for incoming requests from clients"
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if args.server:
+            server(configarg)
+        else:
+            if (args.destination == None):
+                print("")
+                parser.print_help()
+                print("")
+            else:
+                client(args.destination, configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Examples/Speedtest.py

@@ -0,0 +1,343 @@
+##########################################################
+# This RNS example demonstrates a simple speedtest       #
+# program to measure link throughput.                    #
+#                                                        #
+# The current configuration is suited for testing fast   #
+# links. If you want to measure slow links like LoRa or  #
+# packet radio, you must significantly lower the         #
+# data_cap variable, which defines how much data is sent #
+# for each test.                                         #
+##########################################################
+
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import argparse
+import RNS
+
+# Let's define an app name. We'll use this for all
+# destinations we create.
+APP_NAME = "example_utilities"
+
+##########################################################
+#### Server Part #########################################
+##########################################################
+
+latest_client_link = None
+first_packet_at = None
+last_packet_at = None
+received_data = 0
+rc = 0
+data_cap = 2*1024*1024
+printed = False
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
+# to run as a server
+def server(configpath):
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+    
+    # Randomly create a new identity for our link example
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity()
+
+    # We create a destination that clients can connect to. We
+    # want clients to create links to this destination, so we
+    # need to create a "single" destination type.
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.IN,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "speedtest"
+    )
+
+    # We configure a function that will get called every time
+    # a new client creates a link to this destination.
+    server_destination.set_link_established_callback(client_connected)
+
+    # Everything's ready!
+    # Let's Wait for client requests or user input
+    server_loop(server_destination)
+
+def server_loop(destination):
+    # Let the user know that everything is ready
+    RNS.log(
+        "Speedtest "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash)+
+        " running, waiting for a connection."
+    )
+
+    RNS.log("Hit enter to manually send an announce (Ctrl-C to quit)")
+
+    # We enter a loop that runs until the users exits.
+    # If the user hits enter, we will announce our server
+    # destination on the network, which will let clients
+    # know how to create messages directed towards it.
+    while True:
+        entered = input()
+        destination.announce()
+        RNS.log("Sent announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination.hash))
+
+# When a client establishes a link to our server
+# destination, this function will be called with
+# a reference to the link.
+def client_connected(link):
+    global latest_client_link, first_packet_at, rc
+
+    RNS.log("Client connected")
+    first_packet_at = time.time()
+    rc = 0
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(client_disconnected)
+    link.set_packet_callback(server_packet_received)
+    latest_client_link = link
+
+def client_disconnected(link):
+    RNS.log("Client disconnected")
+
+
+# A convenience function for printing a human-
+# readable file size
+def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
+    units = ['','Ki','Mi','Gi','Ti','Pi','Ei','Zi']
+    last_unit = 'Yi'
+
+    if suffix == 'b':
+        num *= 8
+        units = ['','K','M','G','T','P','E','Z']
+        last_unit = 'Y'
+
+    for unit in units:
+        if abs(num) < 1024.0:
+            return "%3.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+        num /= 1024.0
+    return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+
+
+def server_packet_received(message, packet):
+    global latest_client_link, first_packet_at, last_packet_at, received_data, rc, data_cap
+    
+    received_data += len(packet.data)
+    
+    rc += 1
+    if rc >= 50:
+        RNS.log(size_str(received_data))
+        rc = 0
+
+    if received_data > data_cap:
+        rcv_d = received_data
+        received_data = 0
+        rc = 0
+
+        last_packet_at = time.time()
+        
+        # Print statistics
+        download_time = last_packet_at-first_packet_at
+        hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
+        minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
+        timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+
+        print("")
+        print("")
+        print("--- Statistics -----")
+        print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+        print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(rcv_d))
+        print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(rcv_d/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+        print("")
+
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        latest_client_link.teardown()
+        time.sleep(0.2)
+        rc = 0
+        received_data = 0
+        # latest_client_link.teardown()
+        # os._exit(0)
+
+
+##########################################################
+#### Client Part #########################################
+##########################################################
+
+# A reference to the server link
+server_link = None
+
+# This initialisation is executed when the users chooses
+# to run as a client
+def client(destination_hexhash, configpath):
+    # We need a binary representation of the destination
+    # hash that was entered on the command line
+    try:
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != 20:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be 20 hexadecimal characters (10 bytes)")
+        destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+    except:
+        RNS.log("Invalid destination entered. Check your input!\n")
+        exit()
+
+    # We must first initialise Reticulum
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configpath)
+
+    # Check if we know a path to the destination
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.log("Destination is not yet known. Requesting path and waiting for announce to arrive...")
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    # Recall the server identity
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+
+    # Inform the user that we'll begin connecting
+    RNS.log("Establishing link with server...")
+
+    # When the server identity is known, we set
+    # up a destination
+    server_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.OUT,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        APP_NAME,
+        "speedtest"
+    )
+
+    # And create a link
+    link = RNS.Link(server_destination)
+
+    # We'll also set up functions to inform the
+    # user when the link is established or closed
+    link.set_link_established_callback(link_established)
+    link.set_link_closed_callback(link_closed)
+
+    # Everything is set up, so let's enter a loop
+    # for the user to interact with the example
+    client_loop()
+
+def client_loop():
+    global server_link
+
+    # Wait for the link to become active
+    while not server_link:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+
+    should_quit = False
+    while not should_quit:
+        try:
+            text = input()
+
+            # Check if we should quit the example
+            if text == "quit" or text == "q" or text == "exit":
+                should_quit = True
+                server_link.teardown()
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise e
+
+# This function is called when a link
+# has been established with the server
+def link_established(link):
+    # We store a reference to the link
+    # instance for later use
+    global server_link, data_cap, printed
+    server_link = link
+    data_sent = 0
+
+    # Inform the user that the server is
+    # connected
+    RNS.log("Link established with server,sending...")
+    rd = os.urandom(RNS.Link.MDU)
+    started = time.time()
+    while link.status == RNS.Link.ACTIVE and data_sent < data_cap*1.25:
+        RNS.Packet(server_link, rd, create_receipt=False).send()
+        data_sent += len(rd)
+
+        if data_sent > data_cap and not printed:
+            printed = True
+            ended = time.time()
+            # Print statistics
+            download_time = ended-started
+            hours, rem = divmod(download_time, 3600)
+            minutes, seconds = divmod(rem, 60)
+            timestring = "{:0>2}:{:0>2}:{:05.2f}".format(int(hours),int(minutes),seconds)
+            print("")
+            print("")
+            print("--- Statistics -----")
+            print("\tTime taken       : "+timestring)
+            print("\tData transferred : "+size_str(data_sent))
+            print("\tTransfer rate    : "+size_str(data_sent/download_time, suffix='b')+"/s")
+            print("")
+
+            sys.stdout.flush()
+            time.sleep(0.1)
+
+
+# When a link is closed, we'll inform the
+# user, and exit the program
+def link_closed(link):
+    if link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.TIMEOUT:
+        RNS.log("The link timed out, exiting now")
+    elif link.teardown_reason == RNS.Link.DESTINATION_CLOSED:
+        RNS.log("The link was closed by the server, exiting now")
+    else:
+        RNS.log("Link closed, exiting now")
+    
+    RNS.Reticulum.exit_handler()
+
+    time.sleep(1.5)
+    os._exit(0)
+
+def client_packet_received(message, packet):
+    pass
+
+##########################################################
+#### Program Startup #####################################
+##########################################################
+
+# This part of the program runs at startup,
+# and parses input of from the user, and then
+# starts up the desired program mode.
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Speedtest example")
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-s",
+            "--server",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="wait for incoming requests from clients"
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the server destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if args.server:
+            server(configarg)
+        else:
+            if (args.destination == None):
+                print("")
+                parser.print_help()
+                print("")
+            else:
+                client(args.destination, configarg)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()

Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+all: release
+
+clean:
+	@echo Cleaning...
+	-rm -r ./build
+	-rm -r ./dist
+
+remove_symlinks:
+	@echo Removing symlinks for build...
+	-rm Examples/RNS
+	-rm RNS/Utilities/RNS
+
+create_symlinks:
+	@echo Creating symlinks...
+	-ln -s ../RNS ./Examples/
+	-ln -s ../../RNS ./RNS/Utilities/
+
+build_wheel:
+	python3 setup.py sdist bdist_wheel
+
+release: remove_symlinks build_wheel create_symlinks
+
+upload:
+	@echo Uploading to PyPi...
+	twine upload dist/*

Notes/Wire Format

@@ -1,54 +0,0 @@
-Reticulum Wire Format
-
-Header Types
------------------
-type 1          00  Two byte header, one 10 byte address field
-type 2          01  Two byte header, two 10 byte address fields
-type 3          10  Reserved
-type 4          11  Reserved for extended header format
-
-
-Propagation Types
------------------
-broadcast       00
-transport       01
-relay           10
-tunnel          11
-
-
-Destination Types
------------------
-single          00
-group           01
-plain           10
-link            11
-
-
-Packet Types
------------------
-data            00
-announce        01
-link request    10
-proof           11
-
-
-+- Packet Example -+
-
-01010000 00000100 [ADDR1, 10 bytes] [ADDR2, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
- | | | |    |
- | | | |    +-- Hops = 4
- | | | +------- DATA packet
- | | +--------- SINGLE destination
- | +----------- TRANSPORT propagation type
- +------------- HEADER_2, two byte header, two address fields
-
-
- +- Packet Example -+
-
-00000000 00000111 [ADDR1, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
- | | | |    |
- | | | |    +-- Hops = 7
- | | | +------- DATA packet
- | | +--------- SINGLE destination
- | +----------- BROADCAST propagation type
- +------------- HEADER_1, two byte header, one address field

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-</style><title>README</title></head><body><article class="markdown-body"><h1>
-<a id="user-content-reticulum-network-stack-α" class="anchor" href="#reticulum-network-stack-%CE%B1" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Reticulum Network Stack α</h1>
-<p>Reticulum is a cryptography-based networking stack for high-latency, wide-area networks built on readily available hardware. Reticulum allows you to build very wide-area networks with off-the-shelf tools, and offers end-to-end encryption, autoconfiguring cryptographically backed multi-hop transport, efficient addressing, resource caching, unforgeable packet acknowledgements and much more.</p>
-<p>Reticulum is a complete networking stack, and does not use IP or higher layers, although it can be easily tunnelled through conventional IP networks. This frees up overhead, that has been utilised to implement a networking stack built directly on cryptographic principles, allowing resilience and stable functionality in open and trustless networks.</p>
-<p>No kernel modules or drivers are required. Reticulum runs completely in userland, and can run on practically any system that runs Python 3.</p>
-<p>For more info, see <a href="https://unsigned.io/projects/reticulum/" rel="nofollow">unsigned.io/projects/reticulum</a></p>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-where-can-reticulum-be-used" class="anchor" href="#where-can-reticulum-be-used" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Where can Reticulum be used?</h2>
-<p>On practically any hardware that can support at least a half-duplex channel with 1.000 bits per second throughput, and an MTU of 500 bytes. Data radios, modems, LoRa radios, serial lines, AX.25 TNCs, amateur radio digital modes, free-space optical links and similar systems are all examples of the types of interfaces Reticulum was designed for.</p>
-<p>An open-source LoRa-based interface called <a href="https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/" rel="nofollow">RNode</a> has been designed specifically for use with Reticulum. It is possible to build yourself, or can be purchased as a complete transceiver that just needs a USB connection to the host.</p>
-<p>Reticulum can also be encapsulated over existing IP networks, so there's nothing stopping you from using it over wired ethernet or your local WiFi network, where it'll work just as well. In fact, one of the strengths of Reticulum is how easily it allows you to connect different mediums into a self-configuring, resilient and encrypted mesh.</p>
-<p>As an example, it's possible to set up a Raspberry Pi connected to both a LoRa radio, a packet radio TNC and a WiFi network. Once the interfaces are configured, Reticulum will take care of the rest, and any device on the WiFi network can communicate with nodes on the LoRa and packet radio sides of the network, and vice versa.</p>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-current-status" class="anchor" href="#current-status" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Current Status</h2>
-<p>Consider Reticulum experimental at this stage. Most features are implemented and working, but at this point the protocol may still change significantly, and is made publicly available for development collaboration, previewing and testing.</p>
-<p>An API- and wireformat-stable alpha release is coming in the near future. Until then expect things to change unexpectedly if something warrants it.</p>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-what-is-implemented-at-this-point" class="anchor" href="#what-is-implemented-at-this-point" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>What is implemented at this point?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Adressing and identification</li>
-<li>Fully self-configuring multi-hop routing</li>
-<li>RSA assymetric encryption and signatures as basis for all communication</li>
-<li>AES-128 symmetric encryption for group destinations</li>
-<li>Elliptic curve encryption for links (on the SECP256R1 curve)</li>
-<li>Perfect Forward Secrecy on links with ephemereal ECDH keys</li>
-<li>Unforgeable packet delivery confirmations</li>
-<li>A variety of supported interface types</li>
-<li>Efficient and easy resource transfers</li>
-<li>A simple and easy-to-use API</li>
-<li>Some basic programming examples</li>
-</ul>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-supported-interface-types-and-devices" class="anchor" href="#supported-interface-types-and-devices" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Supported interface types and devices</h2>
-<p>Reticulum implements a range of generalised interface types that covers most of the communications hardware that Reticulum can run over. If your hardware is not supported, it's relatively simple to implement an interface class. Currently, the following interfaces are supported:</p>
-<ul>
-<li>Any ethernet device</li>
-<li>LoRa using <a href="https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/" rel="nofollow">RNode</a>
-</li>
-<li>Packet Radio TNCs (with or without AX.25)</li>
-<li>Any device with a serial port</li>
-<li>TCP over IP networks</li>
-<li>UDP over IP networks</li>
-</ul>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-what-is-currently-being-worked-on" class="anchor" href="#what-is-currently-being-worked-on" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>What is currently being worked on?</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Delay/disruption tolerant bundle transfers</li>
-<li>Useful example programs and utilities</li>
-<li>API documentation</li>
-<li>A messaging protocol built on Reticulum, see <a href="https://github.com/markqvist/lxmf">LXMF</a>
-</li>
-<li>A few useful-in-the-real-world apps built with Reticulum</li>
-</ul>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-can-i-use-reticulum-on-amateur-radio-spectrum" class="anchor" href="#can-i-use-reticulum-on-amateur-radio-spectrum" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Can I use Reticulum on amateur radio spectrum?</h2>
-<p>Some countries still ban the use of encryption when operating under an amateur radio license. Reticulum offers several encryptionless modes, while still using cryptographic principles for station verification, link establishment, data integrity verification, acknowledgements and routing. It is therefore perfectly possible to include Reticulum in amateur radio use, even if your country bans encryption.</p>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-dependencies" class="anchor" href="#dependencies" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Dependencies:</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Python 3</li>
-<li>cryptography.io</li>
-<li>pyserial</li>
-</ul>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-how-do-i-get-started" class="anchor" href="#how-do-i-get-started" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>How do I get started?</h2>
-<p>Full documentation and tutorials are coming with the stable alpha release. Until then, you are mostly on your own. If you want to experiment already, you could take a look in the "Examples" folder, for some well-documented example programs. The default configuration file created by Reticulum on the first run is also worth reading. Be sure to also read the <a href="http://unsigned.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Reticulum_Overview_v0.4.pdf" rel="nofollow">Reticulum Overview Document</a>.</p>
-<p>If you just need Reticulum as a dependency for another application, the easiest way is probably via pip:</p>
-<div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"><pre>pip3 install rns</pre></div>
-<p>For development, you might want to get the latest source from GitHub. In that case, don't use pip, but try this recipe:</p>
-<div class="highlight highlight-source-shell"><pre><span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Install dependencies</span>
-pip3 install cryptography pyserial
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Clone repository</span>
-git clone https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum.git
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Move into Reticulum folder and symlink library to examples folder</span>
-<span class="pl-c1">cd</span> Reticulum
-ln -s ../RNS ./Examples/
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Run an example</span>
-python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Unless you've manually created a config file, Reticulum will do so now,</span>
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> and immediately exit. Make any necessary changes to the file:</span>
-nano <span class="pl-k">~</span>/.reticulum/config
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> ... and launch the example again.</span>
-python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> You can now repeat the process on another computer,</span>
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> and run the same example with -h to get command line options.</span>
-python3 Examples/Echo.py -h
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Run the example in client mode to "ping" the server.</span>
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Replace the hash below with the actual destination hash of your server.</span>
-python3 Examples/Echo.py 3e12fc71692f8ec47bc5
-
-<span class="pl-c"><span class="pl-c">#</span> Have a look at another example</span>
-python3 Examples/Filetransfer.py -h</pre></div>
-<p>The default config file contains examples for using Reticulum with LoRa transceivers (specifically <a href="https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/" rel="nofollow">RNode</a>), packet radio TNCs/modems and UDP. By default a UDP interface is already enabled in the default config, which will enable Reticulum communication in your local ethernet broadcast domain.</p>
-<p>You can use the examples in the config file to expand communication over other mediums such as packet radio or LoRa, or over fast IP links using the UDP interface. I'll add in-depth tutorials and explanations on these topics later. For now, the included examples will hopefully be enough to get started.</p>
-<h2>
-<a id="user-content-caveat-emptor" class="anchor" href="#caveat-emptor" aria-hidden="true"><span aria-hidden="true" class="octicon octicon-link"></span></a>Caveat Emptor</h2>
-<p>Reticulum is alpha software, and should be considered experimental. While it has been built with cryptography best-practices very foremost in mind, it <em>has not</em> been externally security audited, and there could very well be privacy-breaking bugs. If you want to help out, or help sponsor an audit, please do get in touch.</p>
-</article></body></html>

README.md

@@ -1,40 +1,77 @@
-Reticulum Network Stack α
+Reticulum Network Stack β
 ==========
 
-Reticulum is a cryptography-based networking stack for high-latency, wide-area networks built on readily available hardware. Reticulum allows you to build very wide-area networks with off-the-shelf tools, and offers end-to-end encryption, autoconfiguring cryptographically backed multi-hop transport, efficient addressing, resource caching, unforgeable packet acknowledgements and much more.
+Reticulum is a cryptography-based networking stack for wide-area networks built on readily available hardware, and can operate even with very high latency and extremely low bandwidth. Reticulum allows you to build very wide-area networks with off-the-shelf tools, and offers end-to-end encryption, autoconfiguring cryptographically backed multi-hop transport, efficient addressing, unforgeable packet acknowledgements and more.
 
-Reticulum is a complete networking stack, and does not use IP or higher layers, although it can be easily tunnelled through conventional IP networks. This frees up overhead, that has been utilised to implement a networking stack built directly on cryptographic principles, allowing resilience and stable functionality in open and trustless networks.
+Reticulum is a complete networking stack, and does not need IP or higher layers, although it is easy to use IP (with TCP or UDP) as the underlying carrier for Reticulum. It is therefore trivial to tunnel Reticulum over the Internet or private IP networks.
+
+Having no dependencies on traditional networking stacks free up overhead that has been utilised to implement a networking stack built directly on cryptographic principles, allowing resilience and stable functionality in open and trustless networks.
 
 No kernel modules or drivers are required. Reticulum runs completely in userland, and can run on practically any system that runs Python 3.
 
+## Read The Manual
+The full documentation for Reticulum is available at [markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/).
+
+You can also [download the Reticulum manual as a PDF](https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/raw/master/docs/Reticulum%20Manual.pdf)
+
 For more info, see [unsigned.io/projects/reticulum](https://unsigned.io/projects/reticulum/)
 
-## Where can Reticulum be used?
-On practically any hardware that can support at least a half-duplex channel with 1.000 bits per second throughput, and an MTU of 500 bytes. Data radios, modems, LoRa radios, serial lines, AX.25 TNCs, amateur radio digital modes, free-space optical links and similar systems are all examples of the types of interfaces Reticulum was designed for.
+## Notable Features
+ - Coordination-less globally unique adressing and identification
+ - Fully self-configuring multi-hop routing
+ - Complete initiator anonymity, communicate without revealing your identity
+ - Asymmetric X25519 encryption and Ed25519 signatures as a basis for all communication
+ - Forward Secrecy with ephemereal Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman keys on Curve25519
+ - Reticulum uses the [Fernet](https://github.com/fernet/spec/blob/master/Spec.md) specification for on-the-wire / over-the-air encryption
+    - Keys are ephemeral and derived from an ECDH key exchange on Curve25519
+    - AES-128 in CBC mode with PKCS7 padding
+    - HMAC using SHA256 for authentication
+    - IVs are generated through os.urandom()
+ - Unforgeable packet delivery confirmations
+ - A variety of supported interface types
+ - An intuitive and easy-to-use API
+ - Reliable and efficient transfer of arbritrary amounts of data
+    - Reticulum can handle a few bytes of data or files of many gigabytes
+    - Sequencing, transfer coordination and checksumming is automatic
+    - The API is very easy to use, and provides transfer progress
+ - Lightweight, flexible and expandable Request/Response mechanism
+ - Efficient link establishment
+    - Total bandwidth cost of setting up a link is 3 packets totalling 237 bytes
+    - Low cost of keeping links open at only 0.62 bits per second
 
-An open-source LoRa-based interface called [RNode](https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/) has been designed specifically for use with Reticulum. It is possible to build yourself, or can be purchased as a complete transceiver that just needs a USB connection to the host.
+## Examples of Reticulum Applications
+If you want to quickly get an idea of what Reticulum can do, take a look at the following resources.
+
+ - For an off-grid, encrypted and resilient mesh communications platform, see [Nomad Network](https://github.com/markqvist/NomadNet)
+ - For a distributed, delay and disruption tolerant message transfer protocol built on Reticulum, see [LXMF](https://github.com/markqvist/lxmf)
+
+## Where can Reticulum be used?
+Over practically any medium that can support at least a half-duplex channel with 500 bits per second throughput, and an MTU of 500 bytes. Data radios, modems, LoRa radios, serial lines, AX.25 TNCs, amateur radio digital modes, ad-hoc WiFi, free-space optical links and similar systems are all examples of the types of interfaces Reticulum was designed for.
+
+An open-source LoRa-based interface called [RNode](https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/) has been designed specifically for use with Reticulum. It is possible to build yourself, or it can be purchased as a complete transceiver that just needs a USB connection to the host.
 
 Reticulum can also be encapsulated over existing IP networks, so there's nothing stopping you from using it over wired ethernet or your local WiFi network, where it'll work just as well. In fact, one of the strengths of Reticulum is how easily it allows you to connect different mediums into a self-configuring, resilient and encrypted mesh.
 
 As an example, it's possible to set up a Raspberry Pi connected to both a LoRa radio, a packet radio TNC and a WiFi network. Once the interfaces are configured, Reticulum will take care of the rest, and any device on the WiFi network can communicate with nodes on the LoRa and packet radio sides of the network, and vice versa.
 
+## How do I get started?
+The best way to get started with the Reticulum Network Stack depends on what
+you want to do. For full details and examples, have a look at the [Getting Started Fast](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/gettingstartedfast.html) section of the [Reticulum Manual](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/).
+
+To simply install Reticulum and related utilities on your system, the easiest way is via pip:
+
+```bash
+pip3 install rns
+```
+
+You can then start any program that uses Reticulum, or start Reticulum as a system service with [the rnsd utility](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/using.html#the-rnsd-utility).
+
+When first started, Reticulum will create a default configuration file, providing basic connectivity to other Reticulum peers. The default config file contains examples for using Reticulum with LoRa transceivers (specifically [RNode](https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/)), packet radio TNCs/modems, TCP and UDP.
+
+You can use the examples in the config file to expand communication over many mediums such as packet radio or LoRa (with [RNode](https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/)), serial ports, or over fast IP links and the Internet using the UDP and TCP interfaces. For more detailed examples, take a look at the [Supported Interfaces](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/interfaces.html) section of the [Reticulum Manual](https://markqvist.github.io/Reticulum/manual/).
+
 ## Current Status
-Consider Reticulum experimental at this stage. Most features are implemented and working, but at this point the protocol may still change significantly, and is made publicly available for development collaboration, previewing and testing.
-
-An API- and wireformat-stable alpha release is coming in the near future. Until then expect things to change unexpectedly if something warrants it.
-
-## What is implemented at this point?
- - Adressing and identification
- - Fully self-configuring multi-hop routing
- - RSA assymetric encryption and signatures as basis for all communication
- - AES-128 symmetric encryption for group destinations
- - Elliptic curve encryption for links (on the SECP256R1 curve)
- - Perfect Forward Secrecy on links with ephemereal ECDH keys
- - Unforgeable packet delivery confirmations
- - A variety of supported interface types
- - Efficient and easy resource transfers
- - A simple and easy-to-use API
- - Some basic programming examples
+Reticulum should currently be considered beta software. All core protocol features are implemented and functioning, but additions will probably occur as real-world use is explored. There will be bugs. The API and wire-format can be considered relatively stable at the moment, but could change if warranted.
 
 ## Supported interface types and devices
 
@@ -47,68 +84,34 @@ Reticulum implements a range of generalised interface types that covers most of
  - TCP over IP networks
  - UDP over IP networks
 
-## What is currently being worked on?
- - Delay/disruption tolerant bundle transfers
- - Useful example programs and utilities
- - API documentation
- - A messaging protocol built on Reticulum, see [LXMF](https://github.com/markqvist/lxmf)
- - A few useful-in-the-real-world apps built with Reticulum
 
-## Can I use Reticulum on amateur radio spectrum?
-Some countries still ban the use of encryption when operating under an amateur radio license. Reticulum offers several encryptionless modes, while still using cryptographic principles for station verification, link establishment, data integrity verification, acknowledgements and routing. It is therefore perfectly possible to include Reticulum in amateur radio use, even if your country bans encryption.
+
+## Feature Roadmap
+ - Stream mode for links
+ - Globally routable multicast
+ - More interface types for even broader compatibility
+   - ESP32 devices (ESP-Now, Bluetooth, etc.)
+   - More LoRa transceivers
+   - AT-compatible modems
+   - AWDL / OWL
+   - CAN-bus
+   - ZeroMQ
+   - MQTT
+   - SPI
+   - i²c
 
 ## Dependencies:
- - Python 3
+ - Python 3.6
  - cryptography.io
+ - netifaces
  - pyserial
 
-## How do I get started?
-Full documentation and tutorials are coming with the stable alpha release. Until then, you are mostly on your own. If you want to experiment already, you could take a look in the "Examples" folder, for some well-documented example programs. The default configuration file created by Reticulum on the first run is also worth reading. Be sure to also read the [Reticulum Overview Document](http://unsigned.io/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/Reticulum_Overview_v0.4.pdf).
+## Support Reticulum
+You can help support the continued development of open, free and private communications systems by donating via one of the following channels:
 
-If you just need Reticulum as a dependency for another application, the easiest way is probably via pip:
-
-```bash
-pip3 install rns
-```
-
-For development, you might want to get the latest source from GitHub. In that case, don't use pip, but try this recipe:
-
-```bash
-# Install dependencies
-pip3 install cryptography pyserial
-
-# Clone repository
-git clone https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum.git
-
-# Move into Reticulum folder and symlink library to examples folder
-cd Reticulum
-ln -s ../RNS ./Examples/
-
-# Run an example
-python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
-
-# Unless you've manually created a config file, Reticulum will do so now,
-# and immediately exit. Make any necessary changes to the file:
-nano ~/.reticulum/config
-
-# ... and launch the example again.
-python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
-
-# You can now repeat the process on another computer,
-# and run the same example with -h to get command line options.
-python3 Examples/Echo.py -h
-
-# Run the example in client mode to "ping" the server.
-# Replace the hash below with the actual destination hash of your server.
-python3 Examples/Echo.py 3e12fc71692f8ec47bc5
-
-# Have a look at another example
-python3 Examples/Filetransfer.py -h
-```
-
-The default config file contains examples for using Reticulum with LoRa transceivers (specifically [RNode](https://unsigned.io/projects/rnode/)), packet radio TNCs/modems and UDP. By default a UDP interface is already enabled in the default config, which will enable Reticulum communication in your local ethernet broadcast domain.
-
-You can use the examples in the config file to expand communication over other mediums such as packet radio or LoRa, or over fast IP links using the UDP interface. I'll add in-depth tutorials and explanations on these topics later. For now, the included examples will hopefully be enough to get started.
+- Ethereum: 0x81F7B979fEa6134bA9FD5c701b3501A2e61E897a
+- Bitcoin: 3CPmacGm34qYvR6XWLVEJmi2aNe3PZqUuq
+- Ko-Fi: https://ko-fi.com/markqvist
 
 ## Caveat Emptor
-Reticulum is alpha software, and should be considered experimental. While it has been built with cryptography best-practices very foremost in mind, it _has not_ been externally security audited, and there could very well be privacy-breaking bugs. If you want to help out, or help sponsor an audit, please do get in touch.
+Reticulum is experimental software, and should be considered as such. While it has been built with cryptography best-practices very foremost in mind, it _has not_ been externally security audited, and there could very well be privacy-breaking bugs. If you want to help out, or help sponsor an audit, please do get in touch.

RNS/Destination.py

@@ -1,237 +1,407 @@
 import base64
 import math
+import time
 import RNS
 
 from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
 from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding
 
 class Callbacks:
-	def __init__(self):
-		self.link_established = None
-		self.packet = None
-		self.proof_requested = None
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.link_established = None
+        self.packet = None
+        self.proof_requested = None
 
 class Destination:
-	KEYSIZE    = RNS.Identity.KEYSIZE;
-	PADDINGSIZE= RNS.Identity.PADDINGSIZE;
+    """
+    A class used to describe endpoints in a Reticulum Network. Destination
+    instances are used both to create outgoing and incoming endpoints. The
+    destination type will decide if encryption, and what type, is used in
+    communication with the endpoint. A destination can also announce its
+    presence on the network, which will also distribute necessary keys for
+    encrypted communication with it.
 
-	# Constants
-	SINGLE     = 0x00
-	GROUP      = 0x01
-	PLAIN      = 0x02
-	LINK       = 0x03
-	types      = [SINGLE, GROUP, PLAIN, LINK]
+    :param identity: An instance of :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>`. Can hold only public keys for an outgoing destination, or holding private keys for an ingoing.
+    :param direction: ``RNS.Destination.IN`` or ``RNS.Destination.OUT``.
+    :param type: ``RNS.Destination.SINGLE``, ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` or ``RNS.Destination.PLAIN``.
+    :param app_name: A string specifying the app name.
+    :param \*aspects: Any non-zero number of string arguments.
+    """
 
-	PROVE_NONE = 0x21
-	PROVE_APP  = 0x22
-	PROVE_ALL  = 0x23
-	proof_strategies = [PROVE_NONE, PROVE_APP, PROVE_ALL]
+    # Constants
+    SINGLE     = 0x00
+    GROUP      = 0x01
+    PLAIN      = 0x02
+    LINK       = 0x03
+    types      = [SINGLE, GROUP, PLAIN, LINK]
 
-	IN         = 0x11;
-	OUT        = 0x12;
-	directions = [IN, OUT]
+    PROVE_NONE = 0x21
+    PROVE_APP  = 0x22
+    PROVE_ALL  = 0x23
+    proof_strategies = [PROVE_NONE, PROVE_APP, PROVE_ALL]
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def getDestinationName(app_name, *aspects):
-		# Check input values and build name string
-		if "." in app_name: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in app names")
+    ALLOW_NONE = 0x00
+    ALLOW_ALL  = 0x01
+    ALLOW_LIST = 0x02
+    request_policies = [ALLOW_NONE, ALLOW_ALL, ALLOW_LIST]
 
-		name = app_name
-		for aspect in aspects:
-			if "." in aspect: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in aspects")
-			name = name + "." + aspect
+    IN         = 0x11;
+    OUT        = 0x12;
+    directions = [IN, OUT]
 
-		return name
+    @staticmethod
+    def full_name(app_name, *aspects):
+        """
+        :returns: A string containing the full human-readable name of the destination, for an app_name and a number of aspects.
+        """
+
+        # Check input values and build name string
+        if "." in app_name: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in app names")
+
+        name = app_name
+        for aspect in aspects:
+            if "." in aspect: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in aspects")
+            name = name + "." + aspect
+
+        return name
 
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def getDestinationHash(app_name, *aspects):
-		name = Destination.getDestinationName(app_name, *aspects)
+    @staticmethod
+    def hash(app_name, *aspects):
+        """
+        :returns: A destination name in adressable hash form, for an app_name and a number of aspects.
+        """
+        name = Destination.full_name(app_name, *aspects)
 
-		# Create a digest for the destination
-		digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
-		digest.update(name.encode("UTF-8"))
+        # Create a digest for the destination
+        digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
+        digest.update(name.encode("UTF-8"))
 
-		return digest.finalize()[:10]
+        return digest.finalize()[:10]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def app_and_aspects_from_name(full_name):
+        """
+        :returns: A tuple containing the app name and a list of aspects, for a full-name string.
+        """
+        components = full_name.split(".")
+        return (components[0], components[1:])
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def hash_from_name_and_identity(full_name, identity):
+        """
+        :returns: A destination name in adressable hash form, for a full name string and Identity instance.
+        """
+        app_name, aspects = Destination.app_and_aspects_from_name(full_name)
+        aspects.append(identity.hexhash)
+        return Destination.hash(app_name, *aspects)
+
+    def __init__(self, identity, direction, type, app_name, *aspects):
+        # Check input values and build name string
+        if "." in app_name: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in app names") 
+        if not type in Destination.types: raise ValueError("Unknown destination type")
+        if not direction in Destination.directions: raise ValueError("Unknown destination direction")
+        self.callbacks = Callbacks()
+        self.request_handlers = {}
+        self.type = type
+        self.direction = direction
+        self.proof_strategy = Destination.PROVE_NONE
+        self.mtu = 0
+
+        self.links = []
+
+        if identity != None and type == Destination.SINGLE:
+            aspects = aspects+(identity.hexhash,)
+
+        if identity == None and direction == Destination.IN and self.type != Destination.PLAIN:
+            identity = RNS.Identity()
+            aspects = aspects+(identity.hexhash,)
+
+        self.identity = identity
+
+        self.name = Destination.full_name(app_name, *aspects)      
+        self.hash = Destination.hash(app_name, *aspects)
+        self.hexhash = self.hash.hex()
+        self.default_app_data = None
+
+        self.callback = None
+        self.proofcallback = None
+
+        RNS.Transport.register_destination(self)
 
 
-	def __init__(self, identity, direction, type, app_name, *aspects):
-		# Check input values and build name string
-		if "." in app_name: raise ValueError("Dots can't be used in app names") 
-		if not type in Destination.types: raise ValueError("Unknown destination type")
-		if not direction in Destination.directions: raise ValueError("Unknown destination direction")
-		self.callbacks = Callbacks()
-		self.type = type
-		self.direction = direction
-		self.proof_strategy = Destination.PROVE_NONE
-		self.mtu = 0
-
-		self.links = []
-
-		if identity != None and type == Destination.SINGLE:
-			aspects = aspects+(identity.hexhash,)
-
-		if identity == None and direction == Destination.IN and self.type != Destination.PLAIN:
-			identity = RNS.Identity()
-			aspects = aspects+(identity.hexhash,)
-
-		self.identity = identity
-
-		self.name = Destination.getDestinationName(app_name, *aspects)		
-		self.hash = Destination.getDestinationHash(app_name, *aspects)
-		self.hexhash = self.hash.hex()
-
-		self.callback = None
-		self.proofcallback = None
-
-		RNS.Transport.registerDestination(self)
+    def __str__(self):
+        """
+        :returns: A human-readable representation of the destination including addressable hash and full name.
+        """
+        return "<"+self.name+"/"+self.hexhash+">"
 
 
-	def __str__(self):
-		return "<"+self.name+"/"+self.hexhash+">"
+    def announce(self, app_data=None, path_response=False):
+        """
+        Creates an announce packet for this destination and broadcasts it on all
+        relevant interfaces. Application specific data can be added to the announce.
+
+        :param app_data: *bytes* containing the app_data.
+        :param path_response: Internal flag used by :ref:`RNS.Transport<api-transport>`. Ignore.
+        """
+        destination_hash = self.hash
+        random_hash = RNS.Identity.get_random_hash()[0:5]+int(time.time()).to_bytes(5, "big")
+
+        if app_data == None and self.default_app_data != None:
+            if isinstance(self.default_app_data, bytes):
+                app_data = self.default_app_data
+            elif callable(self.default_app_data):
+                returned_app_data = self.default_app_data()
+                if isinstance(returned_app_data, bytes):
+                    app_data = returned_app_data
+        
+        signed_data = self.hash+self.identity.get_public_key()+random_hash
+        if app_data != None:
+            signed_data += app_data
+
+        signature = self.identity.sign(signed_data)
+
+        announce_data = self.identity.get_public_key()+random_hash+signature
+
+        if app_data != None:
+            announce_data += app_data
+
+        if path_response:
+            announce_context = RNS.Packet.PATH_RESPONSE
+        else:
+            announce_context = RNS.Packet.NONE
+
+        RNS.Packet(self, announce_data, RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE, context = announce_context).send()
 
 
-	def link_established_callback(self, callback):
-		self.callbacks.link_established = callback
+    def set_link_established_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Registers a function to be called when a link has been established to
+        this destination.
 
-	def packet_callback(self, callback):
-		self.callbacks.packet = callback
+        :param callback: A function or method to be called.
+        """
+        self.callbacks.link_established = callback
 
-	def proof_requested_callback(self, callback):
-		self.callbacks.proof_requested = callback
+    def set_packet_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Registers a function to be called when a packet has been received by
+        this destination.
 
-	def set_proof_strategy(self, proof_strategy):
-		if not proof_strategy in Destination.proof_strategies:
-			raise TypeError("Unsupported proof strategy")
-		else:
-			self.proof_strategy = proof_strategy
+        :param callback: A function or method to be called.
+        """
+        self.callbacks.packet = callback
 
-	def receive(self, packet):
-		plaintext = self.decrypt(packet.data)
-		if plaintext != None:
-			if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.LINKREQUEST:
-				self.incomingLinkRequest(plaintext, packet)
+    def set_proof_requested_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Registers a function to be called when a proof has been requested for
+        a packet sent to this destination. Allows control over when and if
+        proofs should be returned for received packets.
 
-			if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.DATA:
-				if self.callbacks.packet != None:
-					self.callbacks.packet(plaintext, packet)
+        :param callback: A function or method to be called. The callback must return one of True or False. If the callback returns True, a proof will be sent. If it returns False, a proof will not be sent.
+        """
+        self.callbacks.proof_requested = callback
 
-	def incomingLinkRequest(self, data, packet):
-		link = RNS.Link.validateRequest(self, data, packet)
-		if link != None:
-			self.links.append(link)
+    def set_proof_strategy(self, proof_strategy):
+        """
+        Sets the destinations proof strategy.
 
-	def createKeys(self):
-		if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
-			raise TypeError("A plain destination does not hold any keys")
-
-		if self.type == Destination.SINGLE:
-			raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
-
-		if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
-			self.prv_bytes = Fernet.generate_key()
-			self.prv = Fernet(self.prv_bytes)
+        :param proof_strategy: One of ``RNS.Destination.PROVE_NONE``, ``RNS.Destination.PROVE_ALL`` or ``RNS.Destination.PROVE_APP``. If ``RNS.Destination.PROVE_APP`` is set, the `proof_requested_callback` will be called to determine whether a proof should be sent or not.
+        """
+        if not proof_strategy in Destination.proof_strategies:
+            raise TypeError("Unsupported proof strategy")
+        else:
+            self.proof_strategy = proof_strategy
 
 
-	def getPrivateKey(self):
-		if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
-			raise TypeError("A plain destination does not hold any keys")
-		elif self.type == Destination.SINGLE:
-			raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
-		else:
-			return self.prv_bytes
+    def register_request_handler(self, path, response_generator = None, allow = ALLOW_NONE, allowed_list = None):
+        """
+        Registers a request handler.
+
+        :param path: The path for the request handler to be registered.
+        :param response_generator: A function or method with the signature *response_generator(path, data, request_id, remote_identity, requested_at)* to be called. Whatever this funcion returns will be sent as a response to the requester. If the function returns ``None``, no response will be sent.
+        :param allow: One of ``RNS.Destination.ALLOW_NONE``, ``RNS.Destination.ALLOW_ALL`` or ``RNS.Destination.ALLOW_LIST``. If ``RNS.Destination.ALLOW_LIST`` is set, the request handler will only respond to requests for identified peers in the supplied list.
+        :param allowed_list: A list of *bytes-like* :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` hashes.
+        :raises: ``ValueError`` if any of the supplied arguments are invalid.
+        """
+        if path == None or path == "":
+            raise ValueError("Invalid path specified")
+        elif not callable(response_generator):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid response generator specified")
+        elif not allow in Destination.request_policies:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid request policy")
+        else:
+            path_hash = RNS.Identity.truncated_hash(path.encode("utf-8"))
+            request_handler = [path, response_generator, allow, allowed_list]
+            self.request_handlers[path_hash] = request_handler
 
 
-	def loadPrivateKey(self, key):
-		if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
-			raise TypeError("A plain destination does not hold any keys")
+    def deregister_request_handler(self, path):
+        """
+        Deregisters a request handler.
 
-		if self.type == Destination.SINGLE:
-			raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
+        :param path: The path for the request handler to be deregistered.
+        :returns: True if the handler was deregistered, otherwise False.
+        """
+        path_hash = RNS.Identity.truncated_hash(path.encode("utf-8"))
+        if path_hash in self.request_handlers:
+            self.request_handlers.pop(path_hash)
+            return True
+        else:
+            return False
 
-		if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
-			self.prv_bytes = key
-			self.prv = Fernet(self.prv_bytes)
+        
 
-	def loadPublicKey(self, key):
-		if self.type != Destination.SINGLE:
-			raise TypeError("Only the \"single\" destination type can hold a public key")
-		else:
-			raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
+    def receive(self, packet):
+        if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.LINKREQUEST:
+            plaintext = packet.data
+            self.incoming_link_request(plaintext, packet)
+        else:
+            plaintext = self.decrypt(packet.data)
+            if plaintext != None:
+                if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.DATA:
+                    if self.callbacks.packet != None:
+                        try:
+                            self.callbacks.packet(plaintext, packet)
+                        except Exception as e:
+                            RNS.log("Error while executing receive callback from "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
 
-	def encrypt(self, plaintext):
-		if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
-			return plaintext
+    def incoming_link_request(self, data, packet):
+        link = RNS.Link.validate_request(self, data, packet)
+        if link != None:
+            self.links.append(link)
 
-		if self.type == Destination.SINGLE and self.identity != None:
-			return self.identity.encrypt(plaintext)
+    def create_keys(self):
+        """
+        For a ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` type destination, creates a new symmetric key.
 
-		if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
-			if hasattr(self, "prv") and self.prv != None:
-				try:
-					return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(self.prv.encrypt(plaintext))
-				except Exception as e:
-					RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not encrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-					RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			else:
-				raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
+        :raises: ``TypeError`` if called on an incompatible type of destination.
+        """
+        if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
+            raise TypeError("A plain destination does not hold any keys")
+
+        if self.type == Destination.SINGLE:
+            raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
+
+        if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
+            self.prv_bytes = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(Fernet.generate_key())
+            self.prv = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(self.prv_bytes))
+
+
+    def get_private_key(self):
+        """
+        For a ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` type destination, returns the symmetric private key.
+
+        :raises: ``TypeError`` if called on an incompatible type of destination.
+        """
+        if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
+            raise TypeError("A plain destination does not hold any keys")
+        elif self.type == Destination.SINGLE:
+            raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
+        else:
+            return self.prv_bytes
+
+
+    def load_private_key(self, key):
+        """
+        For a ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` type destination, loads a symmetric private key.
+
+        :param key: A *bytes-like* containing the symmetric key.
+        :raises: ``TypeError`` if called on an incompatible type of destination.
+        """
+        if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
+            raise TypeError("A plain destination does not hold any keys")
+
+        if self.type == Destination.SINGLE:
+            raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
+
+        if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
+            self.prv_bytes = key
+            self.prv = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(self.prv_bytes))
+
+    def load_public_key(self, key):
+        if self.type != Destination.SINGLE:
+            raise TypeError("Only the \"single\" destination type can hold a public key")
+        else:
+            raise TypeError("A single destination holds keys through an Identity instance")
+
+
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext):
+        """
+        Encrypts information for ``RNS.Destination.SINGLE`` or ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` type destination.
+
+        :param plaintext: A *bytes-like* containing the plaintext to be encrypted.
+        :raises: ``ValueError`` if destination does not hold a necessary key for encryption.
+        """
+        if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
+            return plaintext
+
+        if self.type == Destination.SINGLE and self.identity != None:
+            return self.identity.encrypt(plaintext)
+
+        if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
+            if hasattr(self, "prv") and self.prv != None:
+                try:
+                    return base64.urlsafe_b64decode(self.prv.encrypt(plaintext))
+                except Exception as e:
+                    RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not encrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
 
 
 
-	def decrypt(self, ciphertext):
-		if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
-			return ciphertext
+    def decrypt(self, ciphertext):
+        """
+        Decrypts information for ``RNS.Destination.SINGLE`` or ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` type destination.
 
-		if self.type == Destination.SINGLE and self.identity != None:
-			return self.identity.decrypt(ciphertext)
+        :param ciphertext: *Bytes* containing the ciphertext to be decrypted.
+        :raises: ``ValueError`` if destination does not hold a necessary key for decryption.
+        """
+        if self.type == Destination.PLAIN:
+            return ciphertext
 
-		if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
-			if hasattr(self, "prv") and self.prv != None:
-				try:
-					return self.prv.decrypt(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(ciphertext))
-				except Exception as e:
-					RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not decrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-					RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			else:
-				raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
+        if self.type == Destination.SINGLE and self.identity != None:
+            return self.identity.decrypt(ciphertext)
+
+        if self.type == Destination.GROUP:
+            if hasattr(self, "prv") and self.prv != None:
+                try:
+                    return self.prv.decrypt(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(ciphertext))
+                except Exception as e:
+                    RNS.log("The GROUP destination could not decrypt data", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                    RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            else:
+                raise ValueError("No private key held by GROUP destination. Did you create or load one?")
 
 
-	def sign(self, message):
-		if self.type == Destination.SINGLE and self.identity != None:
-			return self.identity.sign(message)
-		else:
-			return None
+    def sign(self, message):
+        """
+        Signs information for ``RNS.Destination.SINGLE`` type destination.
 
+        :param message: *Bytes* containing the message to be signed.
+        :returns: A *bytes-like* containing the message signature, or *None* if the destination could not sign the message.
+        """
+        if self.type == Destination.SINGLE and self.identity != None:
+            return self.identity.sign(message)
+        else:
+            return None
 
-	# Creates an announce packet for this destination.
-	# Application specific data can be added to the announce.
-	def announce(self, app_data=None, path_response=False):
-		destination_hash = self.hash
-		random_hash = RNS.Identity.getRandomHash()
-		
-		signed_data = self.hash+self.identity.getPublicKey()+random_hash
-		if app_data != None:
-			signed_data += app_data
+    def set_default_app_data(self, app_data=None):
+        """
+        Sets the default app_data for the destination. If set, the default
+        app_data will be included in every announce sent by the destination,
+        unless other app_data is specified in the *announce* method.
 
-		signature = self.identity.sign(signed_data)
-
-		# TODO: Check if this could be optimised by only
-		# carrying the hash in the destination field, not
-		# also redundantly inside the signed blob as here
-		announce_data = self.hash+self.identity.getPublicKey()+random_hash+signature
-
-		if app_data != None:
-			announce_data += app_data
-
-		if path_response:
-			announce_context = RNS.Packet.PATH_RESPONSE
-		else:
-			announce_context = RNS.Packet.NONE
-
-		RNS.Packet(self, announce_data, RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE, context = announce_context).send()
+        :param app_data: A *bytes-like* containing the default app_data, or a *callable* returning a *bytes-like* containing the app_data.
+        """
+        self.default_app_data = app_data
 
+    def clear_default_app_data(self):
+        """
+        Clears default app_data previously set for the destination.
+        """
+        self.set_default_app_data(app_data=None)

RNS/Identity.py

@@ -4,323 +4,495 @@ import os
 import RNS
 import time
 import atexit
+import base64
 from .vendor import umsgpack as umsgpack
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
 from cryptography.hazmat.backends import default_backend
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import hashes
 from cryptography.hazmat.primitives import serialization
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import load_der_public_key
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.serialization import load_der_private_key
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import rsa
-from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric import padding
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.ed25519 import Ed25519PrivateKey, Ed25519PublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.asymmetric.x25519 import X25519PrivateKey, X25519PublicKey
+from cryptography.hazmat.primitives.kdf.hkdf import HKDF
+from cryptography.fernet import Fernet
 
 class Identity:
-   #KEYSIZE     = 1536
-	KEYSIZE     = 1024
-	DERKEYSIZE  = KEYSIZE+272
+    """
+    This class is used to manage identities in Reticulum. It provides methods
+    for encryption, decryption, signatures and verification, and is the basis
+    for all encrypted communication over Reticulum networks.
 
-	# Non-configurable constants
-	PADDINGSIZE = 336		# In bits
-	HASHLENGTH  = 256		# In bits
-	SIGLENGTH   = KEYSIZE
+    :param create_keys: Specifies whether new encryption and signing keys should be generated.
+    """
 
-	ENCRYPT_CHUNKSIZE = (KEYSIZE-PADDINGSIZE)//8
-	DECRYPT_CHUNKSIZE = KEYSIZE//8
+    CURVE = "Curve25519"
+    """
+    The curve used for Elliptic Curve DH key exchanges
+    """
 
-	TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH = 80 # In bits
+    KEYSIZE     = 256*2
+    """
+    X25519 key size in bits. A complete key is the concatenation of a 256 bit encryption key, and a 256 bit signing key.
+    """   
 
-	# Storage
-	known_destinations = {}
+    # Non-configurable constants
+    FERNET_VERSION   = 0x80
+    FERNET_OVERHEAD  = 54     # In bytes
+    AES128_BLOCKSIZE = 16     # In bytes
+    HASHLENGTH  = 256         # In bits
+    SIGLENGTH   = KEYSIZE     # In bits
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def remember(packet_hash, destination_hash, public_key, app_data = None):
-		Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = [time.time(), packet_hash, public_key, app_data]
+    TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH = RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH
+    """
+    Constant specifying the truncated hash length (in bits) used by Reticulum
+    for addressable hashes and other purposes. Non-configurable.
+    """
+
+    # Storage
+    known_destinations = {}
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def remember(packet_hash, destination_hash, public_key, app_data = None):
+        if len(public_key) != Identity.KEYSIZE//8:
+            raise TypeError("Can't remember "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+", the public key size of "+str(len(public_key))+" is not valid.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        else:
+            Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = [time.time(), packet_hash, public_key, app_data]
 
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def recall(destination_hash):
-		RNS.log("Searching for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+"...", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
-		if destination_hash in Identity.known_destinations:
-			identity_data = Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash]
-			identity = Identity(public_only=True)
-			identity.loadPublicKey(identity_data[2])
-			RNS.log("Found "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" in known destinations", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
-			return identity
-		else:
-			RNS.log("Could not find "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" in known destinations", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
-			return None
+    @staticmethod
+    def recall(destination_hash):
+        """
+        Recall identity for a destination hash.
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def saveKnownDestinations():
-		RNS.log("Saving known destinations to storage...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-		file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","wb")
-		umsgpack.dump(Identity.known_destinations, file)
-		file.close()
-		RNS.log("Done saving known destinations to storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        :param destination_hash: Destination hash as *bytes*.
+        :returns: An :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` instance that can be used to create an outgoing :ref:`RNS.Destination<api-destination>`, or *None* if the destination is unknown.
+        """
+        if destination_hash in Identity.known_destinations:
+            identity_data = Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash]
+            identity = Identity(create_keys=False)
+            identity.load_public_key(identity_data[2])
+            identity.app_data = identity_data[3]
+            return identity
+        else:
+            return None
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def loadKnownDestinations():
-		if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
-			try:
-				file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
-				Identity.known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
-				file.close()
-				RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(Identity.known_destinations))+" known destination from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-			except:
-				RNS.log("Error loading known destinations from disk, file will be recreated on exit", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-		else:
-			RNS.log("Destinations file does not exist, so no known destinations loaded", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+    @staticmethod
+    def recall_app_data(destination_hash):
+        """
+        Recall last heard app_data for a destination hash.
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def fullHash(data):
-		digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
-		digest.update(data)
+        :param destination_hash: Destination hash as *bytes*.
+        :returns: *Bytes* containing app_data, or *None* if the destination is unknown.
+        """
+        if destination_hash in Identity.known_destinations:
+            app_data = Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash][3]
+            return app_data
+        else:
+            return None
 
-		return digest.finalize()
+    @staticmethod
+    def save_known_destinations():
+        try:
+            storage_known_destinations = {}
+            if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
+                try:
+                    file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
+                    storage_known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
+                    file.close()
+                except:
+                    pass
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def truncatedHash(data):
-		digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
-		digest.update(data)
+            for destination_hash in storage_known_destinations:
+                if not destination_hash in Identity.known_destinations:
+                    Identity.known_destinations[destination_hash] = storage_known_destinations[destination_hash]
 
-		return digest.finalize()[:(Identity.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)]
+            RNS.log("Saving known destinations to storage...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","wb")
+            umsgpack.dump(Identity.known_destinations, file)
+            file.close()
+            RNS.log("Done saving known destinations to storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while saving known destinations to disk, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def getRandomHash():
-		return Identity.truncatedHash(os.urandom(10))
+    @staticmethod
+    def load_known_destinations():
+        if os.path.isfile(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations"):
+            try:
+                file = open(RNS.Reticulum.storagepath+"/known_destinations","rb")
+                Identity.known_destinations = umsgpack.load(file)
+                file.close()
+                RNS.log("Loaded "+str(len(Identity.known_destinations))+" known destination from storage", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+            except:
+                RNS.log("Error loading known destinations from disk, file will be recreated on exit", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Destinations file does not exist, no known destinations loaded", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def validateAnnounce(packet):
-		if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE:
-			RNS.log("Validating announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-			destination_hash = packet.destination_hash
-			public_key = packet.data[10:Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+10]
-			random_hash = packet.data[Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+10:Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+20]
-			signature = packet.data[Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+20:Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+20+Identity.KEYSIZE//8]
-			app_data = b""
-			if len(packet.data) > Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+20+Identity.KEYSIZE//8:
-				app_data = packet.data[Identity.DERKEYSIZE//8+20+Identity.KEYSIZE//8:]
+    @staticmethod
+    def full_hash(data):
+        """
+        Get a SHA-256 hash of passed data.
 
-			signed_data = destination_hash+public_key+random_hash+app_data
+        :param data: Data to be hashed as *bytes*.
+        :returns: SHA-256 hash as *bytes*
+        """
+        digest = hashes.Hash(hashes.SHA256(), backend=default_backend())
+        digest.update(data)
 
-			announced_identity = Identity(public_only=True)
-			announced_identity.loadPublicKey(public_key)
+        return digest.finalize()
 
-			if announced_identity.pub != None and announced_identity.validate(signature, signed_data):
-				RNS.Identity.remember(packet.getHash(), destination_hash, public_key)
-				RNS.log("Stored valid announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-				del announced_identity
-				return True
-			else:
-				RNS.log("Received invalid announce", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
-				del announced_identity
-				return False
+    @staticmethod
+    def truncated_hash(data):
+        """
+        Get a truncated SHA-256 hash of passed data.
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def exitHandler():
-		Identity.saveKnownDestinations()
+        :param data: Data to be hashed as *bytes*.
+        :returns: Truncated SHA-256 hash as *bytes*
+        """
+        return Identity.full_hash(data)[:(Identity.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)]
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_random_hash():
+        """
+        Get a random SHA-256 hash.
+
+        :param data: Data to be hashed as *bytes*.
+        :returns: Truncated SHA-256 hash of random data as *bytes*
+        """
+        return Identity.truncated_hash(os.urandom(10))
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def validate_announce(packet):
+        if packet.packet_type == RNS.Packet.ANNOUNCE:
+            RNS.log("Validating announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(packet.destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            destination_hash = packet.destination_hash
+            public_key = packet.data[:Identity.KEYSIZE//8]
+            random_hash = packet.data[Identity.KEYSIZE//8:Identity.KEYSIZE//8+10]
+            signature = packet.data[Identity.KEYSIZE//8+10:Identity.KEYSIZE//8+10+Identity.KEYSIZE//8]
+            app_data = b""
+            if len(packet.data) > Identity.KEYSIZE//8+10+Identity.KEYSIZE//8:
+                app_data = packet.data[Identity.KEYSIZE//8+10+Identity.KEYSIZE//8:]
+
+            signed_data = destination_hash+public_key+random_hash+app_data
+
+            if not len(packet.data) > Identity.KEYSIZE//8+10+Identity.KEYSIZE//8:
+                app_data = None
+
+            announced_identity = Identity(create_keys=False)
+            announced_identity.load_public_key(public_key)
+
+            if announced_identity.pub != None and announced_identity.validate(signature, signed_data):
+                RNS.Identity.remember(packet.get_hash(), destination_hash, public_key, app_data)
+                RNS.log("Stored valid announce from "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                del announced_identity
+                return True
+            else:
+                RNS.log("Received invalid announce", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                del announced_identity
+                return False
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def exit_handler():
+        Identity.save_known_destinations()
 
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def from_file(path):
-		identity = Identity(public_only=True)
-		if identity.load(path):
-			return identity
-		else:
-			return None
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_bytes(prv_bytes):
+        """
+        Create a new :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` instance from *bytes* of private key.
+        Can be used to load previously created and saved identities into Reticulum.
+
+        :param prv_bytes: The *bytes* of private a saved private key. **HAZARD!** Never use this to generate a new key by feeding random data in prv_bytes.
+        :returns: A :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` instance, or *None* if the *bytes* data was invalid.
+        """
+        identity = Identity(create_keys=False)
+        if identity.load_private_key(prv_bytes):
+            return identity
+        else:
+            return None
 
 
-	def __init__(self,public_only=False):
-		# Initialize keys to none
-		self.prv = None
-		self.pub = None
-		self.prv_bytes = None
-		self.pub_bytes = None
-		self.hash = None
-		self.hexhash = None
+    @staticmethod
+    def from_file(path):
+        """
+        Create a new :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` instance from a file.
+        Can be used to load previously created and saved identities into Reticulum.
 
-		if not public_only:
-			self.createKeys()
+        :param path: The full path to the saved :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` data
+        :returns: A :ref:`RNS.Identity<api-identity>` instance, or *None* if the loaded data was invalid.
+        """
+        identity = Identity(create_keys=False)
+        if identity.load(path):
+            return identity
+        else:
+            return None
 
-	def createKeys(self):
-		self.prv = rsa.generate_private_key(
-			public_exponent=65337,
-			key_size=Identity.KEYSIZE,
-			backend=default_backend()
-		)
-		self.prv_bytes = self.prv.private_bytes(
-			encoding=serialization.Encoding.DER,
-			format=serialization.PrivateFormat.PKCS8,
-			encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption()
-		)
-		self.pub = self.prv.public_key()
-		self.pub_bytes = self.pub.public_bytes(
-			encoding=serialization.Encoding.DER,
-			format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo
-		)
+    def to_file(self, path):
+        """
+        Saves the identity to a file. This will write the private key to disk,
+        and anyone with access to this file will be able to decrypt all
+        communication for the identity. Be very careful with this method.
 
-		self.updateHashes()
+        :param path: The full path specifying where to save the identity.
+        :returns: True if the file was saved, otherwise False.
+        """
+        try:
+            with open(path, "wb") as key_file:
+                key_file.write(self.get_private_key())
+                return True
+            return False
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while saving identity to "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
 
-		RNS.log("Identity keys created for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+    def __init__(self,create_keys=True):
+        # Initialize keys to none
+        self.prv           = None
+        self.prv_bytes     = None
+        self.sig_prv       = None
+        self.sig_prv_bytes = None
 
-	def getPrivateKey(self):
-		return self.prv_bytes
+        self.pub           = None
+        self.pub_bytes     = None
+        self.sig_pub       = None
+        self.sig_pub_bytes = None
 
-	def getPublicKey(self):
-		return self.pub_bytes
+        self.hash          = None
+        self.hexhash       = None
 
-	def loadPrivateKey(self, prv_bytes):
-		try:
-			self.prv_bytes = prv_bytes
-			self.prv = serialization.load_der_private_key(
-				self.prv_bytes,
-				password=None,
-				backend=default_backend()
-			)
-			self.pub = self.prv.public_key()
-			self.pub_bytes = self.pub.public_bytes(
-				encoding=serialization.Encoding.DER,
-				format=serialization.PublicFormat.SubjectPublicKeyInfo
-			)
-			self.updateHashes()
+        if create_keys:
+            self.create_keys()
 
-			return True
+    def create_keys(self):
+        self.prv           = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+        self.prv_bytes     = self.prv.private_bytes(
+            encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+            format=serialization.PrivateFormat.Raw,
+            encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption()
+        )
 
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Failed to load identity key", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
-			return False
+        self.sig_prv       = Ed25519PrivateKey.generate()
+        self.sig_prv_bytes = self.sig_prv.private_bytes(
+            encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+            format=serialization.PrivateFormat.Raw,
+            encryption_algorithm=serialization.NoEncryption()
+        )
 
-	def loadPublicKey(self, key):
-		try:
-			self.pub_bytes = key
-			self.pub = load_der_public_key(self.pub_bytes, backend=default_backend())
-			self.updateHashes()
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Error while loading public key, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+        self.pub           = self.prv.public_key()
+        self.pub_bytes     = self.pub.public_bytes(
+            encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+            format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+        )
 
-	def updateHashes(self):
-		self.hash = Identity.truncatedHash(self.pub_bytes)
-		self.hexhash = self.hash.hex()
+        self.sig_pub       = self.sig_prv.public_key()
+        self.sig_pub_bytes = self.sig_pub.public_bytes(
+            encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+            format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+        )
 
-	def save(self, path):
-		try:
-			with open(path, "wb") as key_file:
-				key_file.write(self.prv_bytes)
-				return True
-			return False
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Error while saving identity to "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
+        self.update_hashes()
 
-	def load(self, path):
-		try:
-			with open(path, "rb") as key_file:
-				prv_bytes = key_file.read()
-				return self.loadPrivateKey(prv_bytes)
-			return False
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Error while loading identity from "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
+        RNS.log("Identity keys created for "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
 
-	def encrypt(self, plaintext):
-		if self.pub != None:
-			chunksize = Identity.ENCRYPT_CHUNKSIZE
-			chunks = int(math.ceil(len(plaintext)/(float(chunksize))))
+    def get_private_key(self):
+        """
+        :returns: The private key as *bytes*
+        """
+        return self.prv_bytes+self.sig_prv_bytes
 
-			ciphertext = b"";
-			for chunk in range(chunks):
-				start = chunk*chunksize
-				end = (chunk+1)*chunksize
-				if (chunk+1)*chunksize > len(plaintext):
-					end = len(plaintext)
-				
-				ciphertext += self.pub.encrypt(
-					plaintext[start:end],
-					padding.OAEP(
-						mgf=padding.MGF1(algorithm=hashes.SHA1()),
-						algorithm=hashes.SHA1(),
-						label=None
-					)
-				)
-			return ciphertext
-		else:
-			raise KeyError("Encryption failed because identity does not hold a public key")
+    def get_public_key(self):
+        """
+        :returns: The public key as *bytes*
+        """
+        return self.pub_bytes+self.sig_pub_bytes
+
+    def load_private_key(self, prv_bytes):
+        """
+        Load a private key into the instance.
+
+        :param prv_bytes: The private key as *bytes*.
+        :returns: True if the key was loaded, otherwise False.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.prv_bytes     = prv_bytes[:Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2]
+            self.prv           = X25519PrivateKey.from_private_bytes(self.prv_bytes)
+            self.sig_prv_bytes = prv_bytes[Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2:]
+            self.sig_prv       = Ed25519PrivateKey.from_private_bytes(self.sig_prv_bytes)
+            
+            self.pub           = self.prv.public_key()
+            self.pub_bytes     = self.pub.public_bytes(
+                encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+                format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+            )
+
+            self.sig_pub       = self.sig_prv.public_key()
+            self.sig_pub_bytes = self.sig_pub.public_bytes(
+                encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+                format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+            )
+
+            self.update_hashes()
+
+            return True
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise e
+            RNS.log("Failed to load identity key", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            return False
+
+    def load_public_key(self, pub_bytes):
+        """
+        Load a public key into the instance.
+
+        :param pub_bytes: The public key as *bytes*.
+        :returns: True if the key was loaded, otherwise False.
+        """
+        try:
+            self.pub_bytes     = pub_bytes[:Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2]
+            self.sig_pub_bytes = pub_bytes[Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2:]
+
+            self.pub           = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(self.pub_bytes)
+            self.sig_pub       = Ed25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(self.sig_pub_bytes)
+
+            self.update_hashes()
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while loading public key, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+    def update_hashes(self):
+        self.hash = Identity.truncated_hash(self.get_public_key())
+        self.hexhash = self.hash.hex()
+
+    def load(self, path):
+        try:
+            with open(path, "rb") as key_file:
+                prv_bytes = key_file.read()
+                return self.load_private_key(prv_bytes)
+            return False
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Error while loading identity from "+str(path), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e))
+
+    def get_salt(self):
+        return self.hash
+
+    def get_context(self):
+        return None
+
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext):
+        """
+        Encrypts information for the identity.
+
+        :param plaintext: The plaintext to be encrypted as *bytes*.
+        :returns: Ciphertext token as *bytes*.
+        :raises: *KeyError* if the instance does not hold a public key.
+        """
+        if self.pub != None:
+            ephemeral_key = X25519PrivateKey.generate()
+            ephemeral_pub_bytes = ephemeral_key.public_key().public_bytes(
+                encoding=serialization.Encoding.Raw,
+                format=serialization.PublicFormat.Raw
+            )
+
+            shared_key = ephemeral_key.exchange(self.pub)
+            derived_key = derived_key = HKDF(
+                algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
+                length=32,
+                salt=self.get_salt(),
+                info=self.get_context(),
+            ).derive(shared_key)
+
+            fernet = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(derived_key))
+            ciphertext = base64.urlsafe_b64decode(fernet.encrypt(plaintext))
+            token = ephemeral_pub_bytes+ciphertext
+
+            return token
+        else:
+            raise KeyError("Encryption failed because identity does not hold a public key")
 
 
-	def decrypt(self, ciphertext):
-		if self.prv != None:
-			plaintext = None
-			try:
-				chunksize = Identity.DECRYPT_CHUNKSIZE
-				chunks = int(math.ceil(len(ciphertext)/(float(chunksize))))
+    def decrypt(self, ciphertext_token):
+        """
+        Decrypts information for the identity.
 
-				plaintext = b"";
-				for chunk in range(chunks):
-					start = chunk*chunksize
-					end = (chunk+1)*chunksize
-					if (chunk+1)*chunksize > len(ciphertext):
-						end = len(ciphertext)
+        :param ciphertext: The ciphertext to be decrypted as *bytes*.
+        :returns: Plaintext as *bytes*, or *None* if decryption fails.
+        :raises: *KeyError* if the instance does not hold a private key.
+        """
+        if self.prv != None:
+            if len(ciphertext_token) > Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2:
+                plaintext = None
+                try:
+                    peer_pub_bytes = ciphertext_token[:Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2]
+                    peer_pub = X25519PublicKey.from_public_bytes(peer_pub_bytes)
 
-					plaintext += self.prv.decrypt(
-						ciphertext[start:end],
-						padding.OAEP(
-							mgf=padding.MGF1(algorithm=hashes.SHA1()),
-							algorithm=hashes.SHA1(),
-							label=None
-						)
-					)
-			except:
-				RNS.log("Decryption by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)+" failed", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-				
-			return plaintext;
-		else:
-			raise KeyError("Decryption failed because identity does not hold a private key")
+                    shared_key = self.prv.exchange(peer_pub)
+                    derived_key = derived_key = HKDF(
+                        algorithm=hashes.SHA256(),
+                        length=32,
+                        salt=self.get_salt(),
+                        info=self.get_context(),
+                    ).derive(shared_key)
+
+                    fernet = Fernet(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(derived_key))
+                    ciphertext = ciphertext_token[Identity.KEYSIZE//8//2:]
+                    plaintext = fernet.decrypt(base64.urlsafe_b64encode(ciphertext))
+
+                except Exception as e:
+                    RNS.log("Decryption by "+RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    
+                return plaintext;
+            else:
+                RNS.log("Decryption failed because the token size was invalid.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                return None
+        else:
+            raise KeyError("Decryption failed because identity does not hold a private key")
 
 
-	def sign(self, message):
-		if self.prv != None:
-			signature = self.prv.sign(
-				message,
-				padding.PSS(
-					mgf=padding.MGF1(hashes.SHA256()),
-					salt_length=padding.PSS.MAX_LENGTH
-				),
-				hashes.SHA256()
-			)
-			return signature
-		else:
-			raise KeyError("Signing failed because identity does not hold a private key")
+    def sign(self, message):
+        """
+        Signs information by the identity.
 
-	def validate(self, signature, message):
-		if self.pub != None:
-			try:
-				self.pub.verify(
-					signature,
-					message,
-					padding.PSS(
-						mgf=padding.MGF1(hashes.SHA256()),
-						salt_length=padding.PSS.MAX_LENGTH
-					),
-					hashes.SHA256()
-				)
-				return True
-			except Exception as e:
-				return False
-		else:
-			raise KeyError("Signature validation failed because identity does not hold a public key")
+        :param message: The message to be signed as *bytes*.
+        :returns: Signature as *bytes*.
+        :raises: *KeyError* if the instance does not hold a private key.
+        """
+        if self.sig_prv != None:
+            try:
+                return self.sig_prv.sign(message)    
+            except Exception as e:
+                RNS.log("The identity "+str(self)+" could not sign the requested message. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                raise e 
+        else:
+            raise KeyError("Signing failed because identity does not hold a private key")
 
-	def prove(self, packet, destination=None):
-		signature = self.sign(packet.packet_hash)
-		if RNS.Reticulum.should_use_implicit_proof():
-			proof_data = signature
-		else:
-			proof_data = packet.packet_hash + signature
-		
-		if destination == None:
-			destination = packet.generateProofDestination()
+    def validate(self, signature, message):
+        """
+        Validates the signature of a signed message.
 
-		proof = RNS.Packet(destination, proof_data, RNS.Packet.PROOF, attached_interface = packet.receiving_interface)
-		proof.send()
+        :param signature: The signature to be validated as *bytes*.
+        :param message: The message to be validated as *bytes*.
+        :returns: True if the signature is valid, otherwise False.
+        :raises: *KeyError* if the instance does not hold a public key.
+        """
+        if self.pub != None:
+            try:
+                self.sig_pub.verify(signature, message)
+                return True
+            except Exception as e:
+                return False
+        else:
+            raise KeyError("Signature validation failed because identity does not hold a public key")
 
-	def __str__(self):
-		return RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)
+    def prove(self, packet, destination=None):
+        signature = self.sign(packet.packet_hash)
+        if RNS.Reticulum.should_use_implicit_proof():
+            proof_data = signature
+        else:
+            proof_data = packet.packet_hash + signature
+        
+        if destination == None:
+            destination = packet.generate_proof_destination()
+
+        proof = RNS.Packet(destination, proof_data, RNS.Packet.PROOF, attached_interface = packet.receiving_interface)
+        proof.send()
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return RNS.prettyhexrep(self.hash)

RNS/Interfaces/AX25KISSInterface.py

@@ -2,304 +2,345 @@
 from .Interface import Interface
 from time import sleep
 import sys
-import serial
 import threading
 import time
 import RNS
 
 class KISS():
-	FEND			  = 0xC0
-	FESC			  = 0xDB
-	TFEND			  = 0xDC
-	TFESC			  = 0xDD
-	CMD_UNKNOWN		  = 0xFE
-	CMD_DATA		  = 0x00
-	CMD_TXDELAY		  = 0x01
-	CMD_P			  = 0x02
-	CMD_SLOTTIME	  = 0x03
-	CMD_TXTAIL		  = 0x04
-	CMD_FULLDUPLEX	  = 0x05
-	CMD_SETHARDWARE	  = 0x06
-	CMD_READY         = 0x0F
-	CMD_RETURN		  = 0xFF
+    FEND              = 0xC0
+    FESC              = 0xDB
+    TFEND             = 0xDC
+    TFESC             = 0xDD
+    CMD_UNKNOWN       = 0xFE
+    CMD_DATA          = 0x00
+    CMD_TXDELAY       = 0x01
+    CMD_P             = 0x02
+    CMD_SLOTTIME      = 0x03
+    CMD_TXTAIL        = 0x04
+    CMD_FULLDUPLEX    = 0x05
+    CMD_SETHARDWARE   = 0x06
+    CMD_READY         = 0x0F
+    CMD_RETURN        = 0xFF
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def escape(data):
-		data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
-		data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
-		return data
+    @staticmethod
+    def escape(data):
+        data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
+        data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
+        return data
 
 class AX25():
-	PID_NOLAYER3	= 0xF0
-	CTRL_UI			= 0x03
-	CRC_CORRECT     = bytes([0xF0])+bytes([0xB8])
-	HEADER_SIZE		= 16
+    PID_NOLAYER3    = 0xF0
+    CTRL_UI         = 0x03
+    CRC_CORRECT     = bytes([0xF0])+bytes([0xB8])
+    HEADER_SIZE     = 16
 
 
 class AX25KISSInterface(Interface):
-	MAX_CHUNK = 32768
+    MAX_CHUNK = 32768
 
-	owner    = None
-	port     = None
-	speed    = None
-	databits = None
-	parity   = None
-	stopbits = None
-	serial   = None
+    owner    = None
+    port     = None
+    speed    = None
+    databits = None
+    parity   = None
+    stopbits = None
+    serial   = None
 
-	def __init__(self, owner, name, callsign, ssid, port, speed, databits, parity, stopbits, preamble, txtail, persistence, slottime, flow_control):
-		self.serial   = None
-		self.owner    = owner
-		self.name	  = name
-		self.src_call = callsign.upper().encode("ascii")
-		self.src_ssid = ssid
-		self.dst_call = "APZRNS".encode("ascii")
-		self.dst_ssid = 0
-		self.port     = port
-		self.speed    = speed
-		self.databits = databits
-		self.parity   = serial.PARITY_NONE
-		self.stopbits = stopbits
-		self.timeout  = 100
-		self.online   = False
-		# TODO: Sane default and make this configurable
-		# TODO: Changed to 25ms instead of 100ms, check it
-		self.txdelay  = 0.025
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, callsign, ssid, port, speed, databits, parity, stopbits, preamble, txtail, persistence, slottime, flow_control):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('serial') != None:
+            import serial
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Using the AX.25 KISS interface requires a serial communication module to be installed.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install one with the command: python3 -m pip install pyserial", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
 
-		self.packet_queue    = []
-		self.flow_control    = flow_control
-		self.interface_ready = False
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        
+        self.pyserial = serial
+        self.serial   = None
+        self.owner    = owner
+        self.name     = name
+        self.src_call = callsign.upper().encode("ascii")
+        self.src_ssid = ssid
+        self.dst_call = "APZRNS".encode("ascii")
+        self.dst_ssid = 0
+        self.port     = port
+        self.speed    = speed
+        self.databits = databits
+        self.parity   = serial.PARITY_NONE
+        self.stopbits = stopbits
+        self.timeout  = 100
+        self.online   = False
 
-		if (len(self.src_call) < 3 or len(self.src_call) > 6):
-			raise ValueError("Invalid callsign for "+str(self))
+        self.packet_queue    = []
+        self.flow_control    = flow_control
+        self.interface_ready = False
+        self.flow_control_timeout = 5
+        self.flow_control_locked  = time.time()
 
-		if (self.src_ssid < 0 or self.src_ssid > 15):
-			raise ValueError("Invalid SSID for "+str(self))
+        if (len(self.src_call) < 3 or len(self.src_call) > 6):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid callsign for "+str(self))
 
-		self.preamble    = preamble if preamble != None else 350;
-		self.txtail      = txtail if txtail != None else 20;
-		self.persistence = persistence if persistence != None else 64;
-		self.slottime    = slottime if slottime != None else 20;
+        if (self.src_ssid < 0 or self.src_ssid > 15):
+            raise ValueError("Invalid SSID for "+str(self))
 
-		if parity.lower() == "e" or parity.lower() == "even":
-			self.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
+        self.preamble    = preamble if preamble != None else 350;
+        self.txtail      = txtail if txtail != None else 20;
+        self.persistence = persistence if persistence != None else 64;
+        self.slottime    = slottime if slottime != None else 20;
 
-		if parity.lower() == "o" or parity.lower() == "odd":
-			self.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
+        if parity.lower() == "e" or parity.lower() == "even":
+            self.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
 
-		try:
-			RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
-			self.serial = serial.Serial(
-				port = self.port,
-				baudrate = self.speed,
-				bytesize = self.databits,
-				parity = self.parity,
-				stopbits = self.stopbits,
-				xonxoff = False,
-				rtscts = False,
-				timeout = 0,
-				inter_byte_timeout = None,
-				write_timeout = None,
-				dsrdtr = False,
-			)
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			raise e
+        if parity.lower() == "o" or parity.lower() == "odd":
+            self.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
 
-		if self.serial.is_open:
-			# Allow time for interface to initialise before config
-			sleep(2.0)
-			thread = threading.Thread(target=self.readLoop)
-			thread.setDaemon(True)
-			thread.start()
-			self.online = True
-			RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
-			RNS.log("Configuring AX.25 KISS interface parameters...")
-			self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
-			self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
-			self.setPersistence(self.persistence)
-			self.setSlotTime(self.slottime)
-			self.setFlowControl(self.flow_control)
-			self.interface_ready = True
-			RNS.log("AX.25 KISS interface configured")
-			sleep(2)
-		else:
-			raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+        try:
+            self.open_port()
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise e
+
+        if self.serial.is_open:
+            self.configure_device()
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+
+    def open_port(self):
+        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
+            port = self.port,
+            baudrate = self.speed,
+            bytesize = self.databits,
+            parity = self.parity,
+            stopbits = self.stopbits,
+            xonxoff = False,
+            rtscts = False,
+            timeout = 0,
+            inter_byte_timeout = None,
+            write_timeout = None,
+            dsrdtr = False,
+        )
+
+    def configure_device(self):
+        # Allow time for interface to initialise before config
+        sleep(2.0)
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=self.readLoop)
+        thread.setDaemon(True)
+        thread.start()
+        self.online = True
+        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log("Configuring AX.25 KISS interface parameters...")
+        self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
+        self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
+        self.setPersistence(self.persistence)
+        self.setSlotTime(self.slottime)
+        self.setFlowControl(self.flow_control)
+        self.interface_ready = True
+        RNS.log("AX.25 KISS interface configured")
+
+    def setPreamble(self, preamble):
+        preamble_ms = preamble
+        preamble = int(preamble_ms / 10)
+        if preamble < 0:
+            preamble = 0
+        if preamble > 255:
+            preamble = 255
+
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
+
+    def setTxTail(self, txtail):
+        txtail_ms = txtail
+        txtail = int(txtail_ms / 10)
+        if txtail < 0:
+            txtail = 0
+        if txtail > 255:
+            txtail = 255
+
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
+
+    def setPersistence(self, persistence):
+        if persistence < 0:
+            persistence = 0
+        if persistence > 255:
+            persistence = 255
+
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
+
+    def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
+        slottime_ms = slottime
+        slottime = int(slottime_ms / 10)
+        if slottime < 0:
+            slottime = 0
+        if slottime > 255:
+            slottime = 255
+
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
+
+    def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            if (flow_control):
+                raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
+            else:
+                raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
 
 
-	def setPreamble(self, preamble):
-		preamble_ms = preamble
-		preamble = int(preamble_ms / 10)
-		if preamble < 0:
-			preamble = 0
-		if preamble > 255:
-			preamble = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
-
-	def setTxTail(self, txtail):
-		txtail_ms = txtail
-		txtail = int(txtail_ms / 10)
-		if txtail < 0:
-			txtail = 0
-		if txtail > 255:
-			txtail = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
-
-	def setPersistence(self, persistence):
-		if persistence < 0:
-			persistence = 0
-		if persistence > 255:
-			persistence = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
-
-	def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
-		slottime_ms = slottime
-		slottime = int(slottime_ms / 10)
-		if slottime < 0:
-			slottime = 0
-		if slottime > 255:
-			slottime = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure AX.25 KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
-
-	def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			if (flow_control):
-				raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
-			else:
-				raise IOError("Could not enable AX.25 KISS interface flow control")
+    def processIncoming(self, data):
+        if (len(data) > AX25.HEADER_SIZE):
+            self.rxb += len(data)
+            self.owner.inbound(data[AX25.HEADER_SIZE:], self)
 
 
-	def processIncoming(self, data):
-		if (len(data) > AX25.HEADER_SIZE):
-			self.owner.inbound(data[AX25.HEADER_SIZE:], self)
+    def processOutgoing(self,data):
+        datalen = len(data)
+        if self.online:
+            if self.interface_ready:
+                if self.flow_control:
+                    self.interface_ready = False
+                    self.flow_control_locked = time.time()
 
+                encoded_dst_ssid = bytes([0x60 | (self.dst_ssid << 1)])
+                encoded_src_ssid = bytes([0x60 | (self.src_ssid << 1) | 0x01])
 
-	def processOutgoing(self,data):
-		if self.online:
-			if self.interface_ready:
-				if self.flow_control:
-					self.interface_ready = False
+                addr = b""
 
-				encoded_dst_ssid = bytes([0x60 | (self.dst_ssid << 1)])
-				encoded_src_ssid = bytes([0x60 | (self.src_ssid << 1) | 0x01])
+                for i in range(0,6):
+                    if (i < len(self.dst_call)):
+                        addr += bytes([self.dst_call[i]<<1])
+                    else:
+                        addr += bytes([0x20])
+                addr += encoded_dst_ssid
 
-				addr = b""
+                for i in range(0,6):
+                    if (i < len(self.src_call)):
+                        addr += bytes([self.src_call[i]<<1])
+                    else:
+                        addr += bytes([0x20])
+                addr += encoded_src_ssid
 
-				for i in range(0,6):
-					if (i < len(self.dst_call)):
-						addr += bytes([self.dst_call[i]<<1])
-					else:
-						addr += bytes([0x20])
-				addr += encoded_dst_ssid
+                data = addr+bytes([AX25.CTRL_UI])+bytes([AX25.PID_NOLAYER3])+data
 
-				for i in range(0,6):
-					if (i < len(self.src_call)):
-						addr += bytes([self.src_call[i]<<1])
-					else:
-						addr += bytes([0x20])
-				addr += encoded_src_ssid
+                data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdd]))
+                data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdc]))
+                kiss_frame = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([0x00])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
 
-				data = addr+bytes([AX25.CTRL_UI])+bytes([AX25.PID_NOLAYER3])+data
+                written = self.serial.write(kiss_frame)
+                self.txb += datalen
 
-				data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdd]))
-				data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdc]))
-				kiss_frame = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([0x00])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+                if written != len(kiss_frame):
+                    if self.flow_control:
+                        self.interface_ready = True
+                    raise IOError("AX.25 interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(kiss_frame)))
+            else:
+                self.queue(data)
 
-				if (self.txdelay > 0):
-					RNS.log(str(self.name)+" delaying TX for "+str(self.txdelay)+" seconds", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
-					sleep(self.txdelay)
+    def queue(self, data):
+        self.packet_queue.append(data)
 
-				written = self.serial.write(kiss_frame)
-				if written != len(kiss_frame):
-					if self.flow_control:
-						self.interface_ready = True
-					raise IOError("AX.25 interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(kiss_frame)))
-			else:
-				self.queue(data)
+    def process_queue(self):
+        if len(self.packet_queue) > 0:
+            data = self.packet_queue.pop(0)
+            self.interface_ready = True
+            self.processOutgoing(data)
+        elif len(self.packet_queue) == 0:
+            self.interface_ready = True
 
-	def queue(self, data):
-		self.packet_queue.append(data)
+    def readLoop(self):
+        try:
+            in_frame = False
+            escape = False
+            command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+            data_buffer = b""
+            last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
 
-	def process_queue(self):
-		if len(self.packet_queue) > 0:
-			data = self.packet_queue.pop(0)
-			self.interface_ready = True
-			self.processOutgoing(data)
-		elif len(self.packet_queue) == 0:
-			self.interface_ready = True
+            while self.serial.is_open:
+                if self.serial.in_waiting:
+                    byte = ord(self.serial.read(1))
+                    last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
 
-	def readLoop(self):
-		try:
-			in_frame = False
-			escape = False
-			command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
-			data_buffer = b""
-			last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+                    if (in_frame and byte == KISS.FEND and command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
+                        in_frame = False
+                        self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
+                    elif (byte == KISS.FEND):
+                        in_frame = True
+                        command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+                        data_buffer = b""
+                    elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU+AX25.HEADER_SIZE):
+                        if (len(data_buffer) == 0 and command == KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN):
+                            # We only support one HDLC port for now, so
+                            # strip off the port nibble
+                            byte = byte & 0x0F
+                            command = byte
+                        elif (command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
+                            if (byte == KISS.FESC):
+                                escape = True
+                            else:
+                                if (escape):
+                                    if (byte == KISS.TFEND):
+                                        byte = KISS.FEND
+                                    if (byte == KISS.TFESC):
+                                        byte = KISS.FESC
+                                    escape = False
+                                data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
+                        elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
+                            self.process_queue()
+                else:
+                    time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
+                    if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
+                        data_buffer = b""
+                        in_frame = False
+                        command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+                        escape = False
+                    sleep(0.05)
 
-			while self.serial.is_open:
-				if self.serial.in_waiting:
-					byte = ord(self.serial.read(1))
-					last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+                    if self.flow_control:
+                        if not self.interface_ready:
+                            if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
+                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                self.process_queue()
 
-					if (in_frame and byte == KISS.FEND and command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
-						in_frame = False
-						self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
-					elif (byte == KISS.FEND):
-						in_frame = True
-						command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
-						data_buffer = b""
-					elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU+AX25.HEADER_SIZE):
-						if (len(data_buffer) == 0 and command == KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN):
-							# We only support one HDLC port for now, so
-							# strip off the port nibble
-							byte = byte & 0x0F
-							command = byte
-						elif (command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
-							if (byte == KISS.FESC):
-								escape = True
-							else:
-								if (escape):
-									if (byte == KISS.TFEND):
-										byte = KISS.FEND
-									if (byte == KISS.TFESC):
-										byte = KISS.FESC
-									escape = False
-								data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
-						elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
-							# TODO: add timeout and reset if ready
-							# command never arrives
-							self.process_queue()
-				else:
-					time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
-					if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-			 			data_buffer = b""
-			 			in_frame = False
-			 			command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
-			 			escape = False
-					sleep(0.08)
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.online = False
+            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            
+            if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
+                RNS.panic()
 
-		except Exception as e:
-			self.online = False
-			RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("The interface "+str(self.name)+" is now offline. Restart Reticulum to attempt reconnection.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to reconnect the interface periodically.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-	def __str__(self):
-		return "AX25KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+        self.online = False
+        self.serial.close()
+        self.reconnect_port()
+
+    def reconnect_port(self):
+        while not self.online:
+            try:
+                time.sleep(5)
+                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                self.open_port()
+                if self.serial.is_open:
+                    self.configure_device()
+            except Exception as e:
+                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "AX25KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"

RNS/Interfaces/AutoInterface.py

@@ -0,0 +1,285 @@
+from .Interface import Interface
+import socketserver
+import threading
+import socket
+import struct
+import time
+import sys
+import RNS
+
+
+class AutoInterface(Interface):
+    DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT = 29716
+    DEFAULT_DATA_PORT      = 42671
+    DEFAULT_GROUP_ID       = "reticulum".encode("utf-8")
+
+    SCOPE_LINK         = "2"
+    SCOPE_ADMIN        = "4"
+    SCOPE_SITE         = "5"
+    SCOPE_ORGANISATION = "8"
+    SCOPE_GLOBAL       = "e"
+
+    PEERING_TIMEOUT    = 6.0
+
+    DARWIN_IGNORE_IFS  = ["awdl0", "llw0", "lo0", "en5"]
+    ANDROID_IGNORE_IFS = ["dummy0", "lo", "tun0"]
+
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, group_id=None, discovery_scope=None, discovery_port=None, data_port=None, allowed_interfaces=None, ignored_interfaces=None):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('netifaces') != None:
+            import netifaces
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Using AutoInterface requires the netifaces module.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install it with the command: python3 -m pip install netifaces", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
+
+        self.netifaces = netifaces
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        self.IN  = True
+        self.OUT = False
+        self.name = name
+        self.online = False
+        self.peers = {}
+        self.link_local_addresses = []
+        self.adopted_interfaces = {}
+
+        self.outbound_udp_socket = None
+
+        self.announce_interval = AutoInterface.PEERING_TIMEOUT/4.0
+        self.peer_job_interval = AutoInterface.PEERING_TIMEOUT*1.1
+        self.peering_timeout   = AutoInterface.PEERING_TIMEOUT
+
+        if allowed_interfaces == None:
+            self.allowed_interfaces = []
+        else:
+            self.allowed_interfaces = allowed_interfaces
+
+        if ignored_interfaces == None:
+            self.ignored_interfaces = []
+        else:
+            self.ignored_interfaces = ignored_interfaces
+
+        if group_id == None:
+            self.group_id = AutoInterface.DEFAULT_GROUP_ID
+        else:
+            self.group_id = group_id.encode("utf-8")
+
+        if discovery_port == None:
+            self.discovery_port = AutoInterface.DEFAULT_DISCOVERY_PORT
+        else:
+            self.discovery_port = discovery_port
+
+        if data_port == None:
+            self.data_port = AutoInterface.DEFAULT_DATA_PORT
+        else:
+            self.data_port = data_port
+
+        if discovery_scope == None:
+            self.discovery_scope = AutoInterface.SCOPE_LINK
+        elif str(discovery_scope).lower() == "link":
+            self.discovery_scope = AutoInterface.SCOPE_LINK
+        elif str(discovery_scope).lower() == "admin":
+            self.discovery_scope = AutoInterface.SCOPE_ADMIN
+        elif str(discovery_scope).lower() == "site":
+            self.discovery_scope = AutoInterface.SCOPE_SITE
+        elif str(discovery_scope).lower() == "organisation":
+            self.discovery_scope = AutoInterface.SCOPE_ORGANISATION
+        elif str(discovery_scope).lower() == "global":
+            self.discovery_scope = AutoInterface.SCOPE_GLOBAL
+
+        self.group_hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.group_id)
+        g = self.group_hash
+        #gt  = "{:02x}".format(g[1]+(g[0]<<8))
+        gt  = "0"
+        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[3]+(g[2]<<8))
+        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[5]+(g[4]<<8))
+        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[7]+(g[6]<<8))
+        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[9]+(g[8]<<8))
+        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[11]+(g[10]<<8))
+        gt += ":"+"{:02x}".format(g[13]+(g[12]<<8))
+        self.mcast_discovery_address = "ff1"+self.discovery_scope+":"+gt
+
+        suitable_interfaces = 0
+        for ifname in self.netifaces.interfaces():
+            if RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_darwin() and ifname in AutoInterface.DARWIN_IGNORE_IFS and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Darwin AWDL or tethering interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            elif RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_darwin() and ifname == "lo0":
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Darwin loopback interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            elif RNS.vendor.platformutils.is_android() and ifname in AutoInterface.ANDROID_IGNORE_IFS and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" skipping Android system interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            elif ifname in self.ignored_interfaces:
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" ignoring disallowed interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            else:
+                if len(self.allowed_interfaces) > 0 and not ifname in self.allowed_interfaces:
+                    RNS.log(str(self)+" ignoring interface "+str(ifname)+" since it was not allowed", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                else:
+                    addresses = self.netifaces.ifaddresses(ifname)
+                    if self.netifaces.AF_INET6 in addresses:
+                        link_local_addr = None
+                        for address in addresses[self.netifaces.AF_INET6]:
+                            if "addr" in address:
+                                if address["addr"].startswith("fe80:"):
+                                    link_local_addr = address["addr"]
+                                    self.link_local_addresses.append(link_local_addr.split("%")[0])
+                                    self.adopted_interfaces[ifname] = link_local_addr.split("%")[0]
+                                    RNS.log(str(self)+" Selecting link-local address "+str(link_local_addr)+" for interface "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+
+                        if link_local_addr == None:
+                            RNS.log(str(self)+" No link-local IPv6 address configured for "+str(ifname)+", skipping interface", RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+                        else:
+                            mcast_addr = self.mcast_discovery_address
+                            RNS.log(str(self)+" Creating multicast discovery listener on "+str(ifname)+" with address "+str(mcast_addr), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+
+                            # Struct with interface index
+                            if_struct = struct.pack("I", socket.if_nametoindex(ifname))
+
+                            # Set up multicast socket
+                            discovery_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                            discovery_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEADDR, 1)
+                            discovery_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_REUSEPORT, 1)
+                            discovery_socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_MULTICAST_IF, if_struct)
+
+                            # Join multicast group
+                            mcast_group = socket.inet_pton(socket.AF_INET6, mcast_addr) + if_struct
+                            discovery_socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_JOIN_GROUP, mcast_group)
+
+                            # Bind socket
+                            addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(mcast_addr+"%"+ifname, self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                            discovery_socket.bind(addr_info[0][4])
+
+                            # Set up thread for discovery packets
+                            def discovery_loop():
+                                self.discovery_handler(discovery_socket, ifname)
+
+                            thread = threading.Thread(target=discovery_loop)
+                            thread.setDaemon(True)
+                            thread.start()
+
+                            suitable_interfaces += 1
+
+        if suitable_interfaces == 0:
+            RNS.log(str(self)+" could not autoconfigure. This interface currently provides no connectivity.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+        else:
+            self.receives = True
+
+            peering_wait = self.announce_interval*1.2
+            RNS.log(str(self)+" discovering peers for "+str(round(peering_wait, 2))+" seconds...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+
+            def handlerFactory(callback):
+                def createHandler(*args, **keys):
+                    return AutoInterfaceHandler(callback, *args, **keys)
+                return createHandler
+
+            self.owner = owner
+            socketserver.UDPServer.address_family = socket.AF_INET6
+
+            for ifname in self.adopted_interfaces:
+                local_addr = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]+"%"+ifname
+                addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(local_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                address = addr_info[0][4]
+
+                self.server = socketserver.UDPServer(address, handlerFactory(self.processIncoming))
+                
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.server.serve_forever)
+                thread.setDaemon(True)
+                thread.start()
+
+            job_thread = threading.Thread(target=self.peer_jobs)
+            job_thread.setDaemon(True)
+            job_thread.start()
+
+            time.sleep(peering_wait)
+
+            self.online = True
+
+
+    def discovery_handler(self, socket, ifname):
+        def announce_loop():
+            self.announce_handler(ifname)
+            
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=announce_loop)
+        thread.setDaemon(True)
+        thread.start()
+        
+        while True:
+            data, ipv6_src = socket.recvfrom(1024)
+            expected_hash = RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.group_id+ipv6_src[0].encode("utf-8"))
+            if data == expected_hash:
+                self.add_peer(ipv6_src[0], ifname)
+            else:
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" received peering packet on "+str(ifname)+" from "+str(ipv6_src[0])+", but authentication hash was incorrect.", RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+
+    def peer_jobs(self):
+        while True:
+            time.sleep(self.peer_job_interval)
+            now = time.time()
+            timed_out_peers = []
+            for peer_addr in self.peers:
+                peer = self.peers[peer_addr]
+                last_heard = peer[1]
+                if now > last_heard+self.peering_timeout:
+                    timed_out_peers.append(peer_addr)
+
+            for peer_addr in timed_out_peers:
+                removed_peer = self.peers.pop(peer_addr)
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" removed peer "+str(peer_addr)+" on "+str(removed_peer[0]), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                
+
+    def announce_handler(self, ifname):
+        while True:
+            self.peer_announce(ifname)
+            time.sleep(self.announce_interval)
+            
+    def peer_announce(self, ifname):
+        link_local_address = self.adopted_interfaces[ifname]
+        discovery_token = RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.group_id+link_local_address.encode("utf-8"))
+        announce_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+        addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(self.mcast_discovery_address, self.discovery_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+
+        ifis = struct.pack("I", socket.if_nametoindex(ifname))
+        announce_socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_IPV6, socket.IPV6_MULTICAST_IF, ifis)
+        announce_socket.sendto(discovery_token, addr_info[0][4])
+
+    def add_peer(self, addr, ifname):
+        if not addr in self.link_local_addresses:
+            if not addr in self.peers:
+                self.peers[addr] = [ifname, time.time()]
+                RNS.log(str(self)+" added peer "+str(addr)+" on "+str(ifname), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+            else:
+                self.refresh_peer(addr)
+
+    def refresh_peer(self, addr):
+        self.peers[addr][1] = time.time()
+
+    def processIncoming(self, data):
+        self.rxb += len(data)
+        self.owner.inbound(data, self)
+
+    def processOutgoing(self,data):
+            for peer in self.peers:
+                try:
+                    if self.outbound_udp_socket == None:
+                        self.outbound_udp_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                    
+                    peer_addr = str(peer)+"%"+str(self.peers[peer][0])
+                    addr_info = socket.getaddrinfo(peer_addr, self.data_port, socket.AF_INET6, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+                    self.outbound_udp_socket.sendto(data, addr_info[0][4])
+                except Exception as e:
+                    RNS.log("Could not transmit on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+            
+            self.txb += len(data)
+            
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "AutoInterface["+self.name+"]"
+
+class AutoInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
+    def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):
+        self.callback = callback
+        socketserver.BaseRequestHandler.__init__(self, *args, **keys)
+
+    def handle(self):
+        data = self.request[0]
+        self.callback(data)

RNS/Interfaces/Interface.py

@@ -8,8 +8,12 @@ class Interface:
     name = None
 
     def __init__(self):
-        pass
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        self.online = False
 
     def get_hash(self):
-    	# TODO: Maybe expand this to something more unique
-    	return RNS.Identity.fullHash(str(self).encode("utf-8"))
+        return RNS.Identity.full_hash(str(self).encode("utf-8"))
+
+    def detach(self):
+        pass

RNS/Interfaces/KISSInterface.py

@@ -1,256 +1,327 @@
 from .Interface import Interface
 from time import sleep
 import sys
-import serial
 import threading
 import time
 import RNS
 
 class KISS():
-	FEND			  = 0xC0
-	FESC			  = 0xDB
-	TFEND			  = 0xDC
-	TFESC			  = 0xDD
-	CMD_UNKNOWN		  = 0xFE
-	CMD_DATA		  = 0x00
-	CMD_TXDELAY		  = 0x01
-	CMD_P			  = 0x02
-	CMD_SLOTTIME	  = 0x03
-	CMD_TXTAIL		  = 0x04
-	CMD_FULLDUPLEX	  = 0x05
-	CMD_SETHARDWARE	  = 0x06
-	CMD_READY         = 0x0F
-	CMD_RETURN		  = 0xFF
+    FEND              = 0xC0
+    FESC              = 0xDB
+    TFEND             = 0xDC
+    TFESC             = 0xDD
+    CMD_UNKNOWN       = 0xFE
+    CMD_DATA          = 0x00
+    CMD_TXDELAY       = 0x01
+    CMD_P             = 0x02
+    CMD_SLOTTIME      = 0x03
+    CMD_TXTAIL        = 0x04
+    CMD_FULLDUPLEX    = 0x05
+    CMD_SETHARDWARE   = 0x06
+    CMD_READY         = 0x0F
+    CMD_RETURN        = 0xFF
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def escape(data):
-		data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
-		data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
-		return data
+    @staticmethod
+    def escape(data):
+        data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
+        data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
+        return data
 
 class KISSInterface(Interface):
-	MAX_CHUNK = 32768
+    MAX_CHUNK = 32768
 
-	owner    = None
-	port     = None
-	speed    = None
-	databits = None
-	parity   = None
-	stopbits = None
-	serial   = None
+    owner    = None
+    port     = None
+    speed    = None
+    databits = None
+    parity   = None
+    stopbits = None
+    serial   = None
 
-	def __init__(self, owner, name, port, speed, databits, parity, stopbits, preamble, txtail, persistence, slottime, flow_control):
-		self.serial   = None
-		self.owner    = owner
-		self.name     = name
-		self.port     = port
-		self.speed    = speed
-		self.databits = databits
-		self.parity   = serial.PARITY_NONE
-		self.stopbits = stopbits
-		self.timeout  = 100
-		self.online   = False
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, port, speed, databits, parity, stopbits, preamble, txtail, persistence, slottime, flow_control, beacon_interval, beacon_data):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('serial') != None:
+            import serial
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Using the KISS interface requires a serial communication module to be installed.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install one with the command: python3 -m pip install pyserial", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
 
-		self.packet_queue    = []
-		self.flow_control    = flow_control
-		self.interface_ready = False
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        
+        if beacon_data == None:
+            beacon_data = ""
 
-		self.preamble    = preamble if preamble != None else 350;
-		self.txtail      = txtail if txtail != None else 20;
-		self.persistence = persistence if persistence != None else 64;
-		self.slottime    = slottime if slottime != None else 20;
+        self.pyserial = serial
+        self.serial   = None
+        self.owner    = owner
+        self.name     = name
+        self.port     = port
+        self.speed    = speed
+        self.databits = databits
+        self.parity   = serial.PARITY_NONE
+        self.stopbits = stopbits
+        self.timeout  = 100
+        self.online   = False
+        self.beacon_i = beacon_interval
+        self.beacon_d = beacon_data.encode("utf-8")
+        self.first_tx = None
 
-		if parity.lower() == "e" or parity.lower() == "even":
-			self.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
+        self.packet_queue    = []
+        self.flow_control    = flow_control
+        self.interface_ready = False
+        self.flow_control_timeout = 5
+        self.flow_control_locked  = time.time()
 
-		if parity.lower() == "o" or parity.lower() == "odd":
-			self.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
+        self.preamble    = preamble if preamble != None else 350;
+        self.txtail      = txtail if txtail != None else 20;
+        self.persistence = persistence if persistence != None else 64;
+        self.slottime    = slottime if slottime != None else 20;
 
-		try:
-			RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
-			self.serial = serial.Serial(
-				port = self.port,
-				baudrate = self.speed,
-				bytesize = self.databits,
-				parity = self.parity,
-				stopbits = self.stopbits,
-				xonxoff = False,
-				rtscts = False,
-				timeout = 0,
-				inter_byte_timeout = None,
-				write_timeout = None,
-				dsrdtr = False,
-			)
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Could not open serial port "+self.port, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			raise e
+        if parity.lower() == "e" or parity.lower() == "even":
+            self.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
 
-		if self.serial.is_open:
-			# Allow time for interface to initialise before config
-			sleep(2.0)
-			thread = threading.Thread(target=self.readLoop)
-			thread.setDaemon(True)
-			thread.start()
-			self.online = True
-			RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
-			RNS.log("Configuring KISS interface parameters...")
-			self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
-			self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
-			self.setPersistence(self.persistence)
-			self.setSlotTime(self.slottime)
-			self.setFlowControl(self.flow_control)
-			self.interface_ready = True
-			RNS.log("KISS interface configured")
-		else:
-			raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+        if parity.lower() == "o" or parity.lower() == "odd":
+            self.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
+
+        try:
+            self.open_port()
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Could not open serial port "+self.port, RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise e
+
+        if self.serial.is_open:
+            self.configure_device()
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
-	def setPreamble(self, preamble):
-		preamble_ms = preamble
-		preamble = int(preamble_ms / 10)
-		if preamble < 0:
-			preamble = 0
-		if preamble > 255:
-			preamble = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
-
-	def setTxTail(self, txtail):
-		txtail_ms = txtail
-		txtail = int(txtail_ms / 10)
-		if txtail < 0:
-			txtail = 0
-		if txtail > 255:
-			txtail = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
-
-	def setPersistence(self, persistence):
-		if persistence < 0:
-			persistence = 0
-		if persistence > 255:
-			persistence = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
-
-	def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
-		slottime_ms = slottime
-		slottime = int(slottime_ms / 10)
-		if slottime < 0:
-			slottime = 0
-		if slottime > 255:
-			slottime = 255
-
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
-
-	def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
-		kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
-		written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
-		if written != len(kiss_command):
-			if (flow_control):
-				raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
-			else:
-				raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+    def open_port(self):
+        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
+            port = self.port,
+            baudrate = self.speed,
+            bytesize = self.databits,
+            parity = self.parity,
+            stopbits = self.stopbits,
+            xonxoff = False,
+            rtscts = False,
+            timeout = 0,
+            inter_byte_timeout = None,
+            write_timeout = None,
+            dsrdtr = False,
+        )
 
 
-	def processIncoming(self, data):
-		self.owner.inbound(data, self)
+    def configure_device(self):
+        # Allow time for interface to initialise before config
+        sleep(2.0)
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=self.readLoop)
+        thread.setDaemon(True)
+        thread.start()
+        self.online = True
+        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
+        RNS.log("Configuring KISS interface parameters...")
+        self.setPreamble(self.preamble)
+        self.setTxTail(self.txtail)
+        self.setPersistence(self.persistence)
+        self.setSlotTime(self.slottime)
+        self.setFlowControl(self.flow_control)
+        self.interface_ready = True
+        RNS.log("KISS interface configured")
 
 
-	def processOutgoing(self,data):
-		if self.online:
-			if self.interface_ready:
-				if self.flow_control:
-					self.interface_ready = False
+    def setPreamble(self, preamble):
+        preamble_ms = preamble
+        preamble = int(preamble_ms / 10)
+        if preamble < 0:
+            preamble = 0
+        if preamble > 255:
+            preamble = 255
 
-				data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdd]))
-				data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdc]))
-				frame = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([0x00])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXDELAY])+bytes([preamble])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface preamble to "+str(preamble_ms)+" (command value "+str(preamble)+")")
 
-				written = self.serial.write(frame)
-				if written != len(frame):
-					raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+    def setTxTail(self, txtail):
+        txtail_ms = txtail
+        txtail = int(txtail_ms / 10)
+        if txtail < 0:
+            txtail = 0
+        if txtail > 255:
+            txtail = 255
 
-			else:
-				self.queue(data)
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_TXTAIL])+bytes([txtail])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface TX tail to "+str(txtail_ms)+" (command value "+str(txtail)+")")
 
-	def queue(self, data):
-		self.packet_queue.append(data)
+    def setPersistence(self, persistence):
+        if persistence < 0:
+            persistence = 0
+        if persistence > 255:
+            persistence = 255
 
-	def process_queue(self):
-		if len(self.packet_queue) > 0:
-			data = self.packet_queue.pop(0)
-			self.interface_ready = True
-			self.processOutgoing(data)
-		elif len(self.packet_queue) == 0:
-			self.interface_ready = True
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_P])+bytes([persistence])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface persistence to "+str(persistence))
 
-	def readLoop(self):
-		try:
-			in_frame = False
-			escape = False
-			command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
-			data_buffer = b""
-			last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+    def setSlotTime(self, slottime):
+        slottime_ms = slottime
+        slottime = int(slottime_ms / 10)
+        if slottime < 0:
+            slottime = 0
+        if slottime > 255:
+            slottime = 255
 
-			while self.serial.is_open:
-				if self.serial.in_waiting:
-					byte = ord(self.serial.read(1))
-					last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_SLOTTIME])+bytes([slottime])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            raise IOError("Could not configure KISS interface slot time to "+str(slottime_ms)+" (command value "+str(slottime)+")")
 
-					if (in_frame and byte == KISS.FEND and command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
-						in_frame = False
-						self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
-					elif (byte == KISS.FEND):
-						in_frame = True
-						command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
-						data_buffer = b""
-					elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
-						if (len(data_buffer) == 0 and command == KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN):
-							# We only support one HDLC port for now, so
-							# strip off the port nibble
-							byte = byte & 0x0F
-							command = byte
-						elif (command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
-							if (byte == KISS.FESC):
-								escape = True
-							else:
-								if (escape):
-									if (byte == KISS.TFEND):
-										byte = KISS.FEND
-									if (byte == KISS.TFESC):
-										byte = KISS.FESC
-									escape = False
-								data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
-						elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
-							# TODO: add timeout and reset if ready
-							# command never arrives
-							self.process_queue()
-				else:
-					time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
-					if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-						data_buffer = b""
-						in_frame = False
-						command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
-						escape = False
-					sleep(0.08)
+    def setFlowControl(self, flow_control):
+        kiss_command = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_READY])+bytes([0x01])+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+        written = self.serial.write(kiss_command)
+        if written != len(kiss_command):
+            if (flow_control):
+                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
+            else:
+                raise IOError("Could not enable KISS interface flow control")
 
-		except Exception as e:
-			self.online = False
-			RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("The interface "+str(self.name)+" is now offline. Restart Reticulum to attempt reconnection.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-	def __str__(self):
-		return "KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"
+    def processIncoming(self, data):
+        self.rxb += len(data)  
+        self.owner.inbound(data, self)
+
+
+    def processOutgoing(self,data):
+        datalen = len(data)
+        if self.online:
+            if self.interface_ready:
+                if self.flow_control:
+                    self.interface_ready = False
+                    self.flow_control_locked = time.time()
+
+                data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdd]))
+                data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb])+bytes([0xdc]))
+                frame = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([0x00])+data+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+
+                written = self.serial.write(frame)
+                self.txb += datalen
+
+                if data == self.beacon_d:
+                    self.first_tx = None
+                else:
+                    if self.first_tx == None:
+                        self.first_tx = time.time()
+
+                if written != len(frame):
+                    raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+
+            else:
+                self.queue(data)
+
+    def queue(self, data):
+        self.packet_queue.append(data)
+
+    def process_queue(self):
+        if len(self.packet_queue) > 0:
+            data = self.packet_queue.pop(0)
+            self.interface_ready = True
+            self.processOutgoing(data)
+        elif len(self.packet_queue) == 0:
+            self.interface_ready = True
+
+    def readLoop(self):
+        try:
+            in_frame = False
+            escape = False
+            command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+            data_buffer = b""
+            last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+
+            while self.serial.is_open:
+                if self.serial.in_waiting:
+                    byte = ord(self.serial.read(1))
+                    last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+
+                    if (in_frame and byte == KISS.FEND and command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
+                        in_frame = False
+                        self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
+                    elif (byte == KISS.FEND):
+                        in_frame = True
+                        command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+                        data_buffer = b""
+                    elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
+                        if (len(data_buffer) == 0 and command == KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN):
+                            # We only support one HDLC port for now, so
+                            # strip off the port nibble
+                            byte = byte & 0x0F
+                            command = byte
+                        elif (command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
+                            if (byte == KISS.FESC):
+                                escape = True
+                            else:
+                                if (escape):
+                                    if (byte == KISS.TFEND):
+                                        byte = KISS.FEND
+                                    if (byte == KISS.TFESC):
+                                        byte = KISS.FESC
+                                    escape = False
+                                data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
+                        elif (command == KISS.CMD_READY):
+                            self.process_queue()
+                else:
+                    time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
+                    if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
+                        data_buffer = b""
+                        in_frame = False
+                        command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+                        escape = False
+                    sleep(0.05)
+
+                    if self.flow_control:
+                        if not self.interface_ready:
+                            if time.time() > self.flow_control_locked + self.flow_control_timeout:
+                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is unlocking flow control due to time-out. This should not happen. Your hardware might have missed a flow-control READY command, or maybe it does not support flow-control.", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                                self.process_queue()
+
+                    if self.beacon_i != None and self.beacon_d != None:
+                        if self.first_tx != None:
+                            if time.time() > self.first_tx + self.beacon_i:
+                                RNS.log("Interface "+str(self)+" is transmitting beacon data: "+str(self.beacon_d.decode("utf-8")), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                                self.first_tx = None
+                                self.processOutgoing(self.beacon_d)
+
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.online = False
+            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            
+            if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
+                RNS.panic()
+
+            RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to reconnect the interface periodically.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+        self.online = False
+        self.serial.close()
+        self.reconnect_port()
+
+    def reconnect_port(self):
+        while not self.online:
+            try:
+                time.sleep(5)
+                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                self.open_port()
+                if self.serial.is_open:
+                    self.configure_device()
+            except Exception as e:
+                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "KISSInterface["+self.name+"]"

RNS/Interfaces/LocalInterface.py

@@ -22,12 +22,20 @@ class ThreadingTCPServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, socketserver.TCPServer):
     pass
 
 class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
+    RECONNECT_WAIT = 3
 
     def __init__(self, owner, name, target_port = None, connected_socket=None):
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        self.online  = False
+        
         self.IN               = True
         self.OUT              = False
         self.socket           = None
         self.parent_interface = None
+        self.reconnecting     = False
+        self.never_connected  = True
+        self.detached         = False
         self.name             = name
 
         if connected_socket != None:
@@ -36,15 +44,13 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
             self.target_port = None
             self.socket      = connected_socket
 
+            self.is_connected_to_shared_instance = False
+
         elif target_port != None:
             self.receives    = True
             self.target_ip   = "127.0.0.1"
             self.target_port = target_port
-
-            self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
-            self.socket.connect((self.target_ip, self.target_port))
-
-            self.is_connected_to_shared_instance = True
+            self.connect()
 
         self.owner   = owner
         self.online  = True
@@ -55,9 +61,55 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
             thread.setDaemon(True)
             thread.start()
 
+    def connect(self):
+        self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+        self.socket.connect((self.target_ip, self.target_port))
+
+        self.online = True
+        self.is_connected_to_shared_instance = True
+        self.never_connected = False
+
+        return True
+
+
+    def reconnect(self):
+        if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
+            if not self.reconnecting:
+                self.reconnecting = True
+                attempts = 0
+
+                while not self.online:
+                    time.sleep(LocalClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT)
+                    attempts += 1
+
+                    try:
+                        self.connect()
+
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+
+                if not self.never_connected:
+                    RNS.log("Reconnected TCP socket for "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+
+                self.reconnecting = False
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
+                thread.setDaemon(True)
+                thread.start()
+                RNS.Transport.shared_connection_reappeared()
+        
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator shared local interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator local interface")
+
+
     def processIncoming(self, data):
+        self.rxb += len(data)
+        if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
+            self.parent_interface.rxb += len(data)
+            
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
+
     def processOutgoing(self, data):
         if self.online:
             while self.writing:
@@ -68,6 +120,10 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                 data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
                 self.socket.sendall(data)
                 self.writing = False
+                self.txb += len(data)
+                if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
+                    self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
+
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -105,8 +161,14 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
                                     escape = False
                                 data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("Socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                    self.teardown()
+                    self.online = False
+                    if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance and not self.detached:
+                        RNS.log("Socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        RNS.Transport.shared_connection_disappeared()
+                        self.reconnect()
+                    else:
+                        self.teardown(nowarning=True)
+
                     break
 
                 
@@ -116,7 +178,26 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
             RNS.log("Tearing down "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
             self.teardown()
 
-    def teardown(self):
+    def detach(self):
+        if self.socket != None:
+            if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
+                if callable(self.socket.close):
+                    RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    self.detached = True
+                    
+                    try:
+                        self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+
+                    try:
+                        self.socket.close()
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+
+                    self.socket = None
+
+    def teardown(self, nowarning=False):
         self.online = False
         self.OUT = False
         self.IN = False
@@ -126,6 +207,19 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 
         if self in RNS.Transport.local_client_interfaces:
             RNS.Transport.local_client_interfaces.remove(self)
+            if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
+                self.parent_interface.clients -= 1
+
+        if nowarning == False:
+            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
+                RNS.panic()
+
+        if self.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
+            if nowarning == False:
+                RNS.log("Permanently lost connection to local shared RNS instance. Exiting now.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+    
+            RNS.exit()
 
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -135,6 +229,11 @@ class LocalClientInterface(Interface):
 class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
 
     def __init__(self, owner, bindport=None):
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        self.online = False
+        self.clients = 0
+        
         self.IN  = True
         self.OUT = False
         self.name = "Reticulum"
@@ -153,12 +252,17 @@ class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
             self.is_local_shared_instance = True
 
             address = (self.bind_ip, self.bind_port)
+
+            ThreadingTCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True
             self.server = ThreadingTCPServer(address, handlerFactory(self.incoming_connection))
 
             thread = threading.Thread(target=self.server.serve_forever)
             thread.setDaemon(True)
             thread.start()
 
+            self.online = True
+
+
 
     def incoming_connection(self, handler):
         interface_name = str(str(handler.client_address[1]))
@@ -171,13 +275,14 @@ class LocalServerInterface(Interface):
         RNS.log("Accepting new connection to shared instance: "+str(spawned_interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
         RNS.Transport.local_client_interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
+        self.clients += 1
         spawned_interface.read_loop()
 
     def processOutgoing(self, data):
         pass
 
     def __str__(self):
-        return "Shared Instance ["+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+        return "Shared Instance["+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
 
 class LocalInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
     def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):

RNS/Interfaces/SerialInterface.py

@@ -1,136 +1,180 @@
 from .Interface import Interface
 from time import sleep
 import sys
-import serial
 import threading
 import time
 import RNS
 
 class HDLC():
-	# The Serial Interface packetizes data using
-	# simplified HDLC framing, similar to PPP
-	FLAG			  = 0x7E
-	ESC               = 0x7D
-	ESC_MASK          = 0x20
+    # The Serial Interface packetizes data using
+    # simplified HDLC framing, similar to PPP
+    FLAG              = 0x7E
+    ESC               = 0x7D
+    ESC_MASK          = 0x20
 
-	@staticmethod
-	def escape(data):
-		data = data.replace(bytes([HDLC.ESC]), bytes([HDLC.ESC, HDLC.ESC^HDLC.ESC_MASK]))
-		data = data.replace(bytes([HDLC.FLAG]), bytes([HDLC.ESC, HDLC.FLAG^HDLC.ESC_MASK]))
-		return data
+    @staticmethod
+    def escape(data):
+        data = data.replace(bytes([HDLC.ESC]), bytes([HDLC.ESC, HDLC.ESC^HDLC.ESC_MASK]))
+        data = data.replace(bytes([HDLC.FLAG]), bytes([HDLC.ESC, HDLC.FLAG^HDLC.ESC_MASK]))
+        return data
 
 class SerialInterface(Interface):
-	MAX_CHUNK = 32768
+    MAX_CHUNK = 32768
 
-	owner    = None
-	port     = None
-	speed    = None
-	databits = None
-	parity   = None
-	stopbits = None
-	serial   = None
+    owner    = None
+    port     = None
+    speed    = None
+    databits = None
+    parity   = None
+    stopbits = None
+    serial   = None
 
-	def __init__(self, owner, name, port, speed, databits, parity, stopbits):
-		self.serial   = None
-		self.owner    = owner
-		self.name     = name
-		self.port     = port
-		self.speed    = speed
-		self.databits = databits
-		self.parity   = serial.PARITY_NONE
-		self.stopbits = stopbits
-		self.timeout  = 100
-		self.online   = False
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, port, speed, databits, parity, stopbits):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('serial') != None:
+            import serial
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Using the Serial interface requires a serial communication module to be installed.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install one with the command: python3 -m pip install pyserial", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
 
-		if parity.lower() == "e" or parity.lower() == "even":
-			self.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        
+        self.pyserial = serial
+        self.serial   = None
+        self.owner    = owner
+        self.name     = name
+        self.port     = port
+        self.speed    = speed
+        self.databits = databits
+        self.parity   = serial.PARITY_NONE
+        self.stopbits = stopbits
+        self.timeout  = 100
+        self.online   = False
 
-		if parity.lower() == "o" or parity.lower() == "odd":
-			self.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
+        if parity.lower() == "e" or parity.lower() == "even":
+            self.parity = serial.PARITY_EVEN
 
-		try:
-			RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...")
-			self.serial = serial.Serial(
-				port = self.port,
-				baudrate = self.speed,
-				bytesize = self.databits,
-				parity = self.parity,
-				stopbits = self.stopbits,
-				xonxoff = False,
-				rtscts = False,
-				timeout = 0,
-				inter_byte_timeout = None,
-				write_timeout = None,
-				dsrdtr = False,
-			)
-		except Exception as e:
-			RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			raise e
+        if parity.lower() == "o" or parity.lower() == "odd":
+            self.parity = serial.PARITY_ODD
 
-		if self.serial.is_open:
-			sleep(0.5)
-			thread = threading.Thread(target=self.readLoop)
-			thread.setDaemon(True)
-			thread.start()
-			self.online = True
-			RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
-		else:
-			raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
+        try:
+            self.open_port()
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Could not open serial port for interface "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise e
+
+        if self.serial.is_open:
+            self.configure_device()
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Could not open serial port")
 
 
-	def processIncoming(self, data):
-		self.owner.inbound(data, self)
+    def open_port(self):
+        RNS.log("Opening serial port "+self.port+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+        self.serial = self.pyserial.Serial(
+            port = self.port,
+            baudrate = self.speed,
+            bytesize = self.databits,
+            parity = self.parity,
+            stopbits = self.stopbits,
+            xonxoff = False,
+            rtscts = False,
+            timeout = 0,
+            inter_byte_timeout = None,
+            write_timeout = None,
+            dsrdtr = False,
+        )
 
 
-	def processOutgoing(self,data):
-		if self.online:
-			data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
-			written = self.serial.write(data)
-			if written != len(data):
-				raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
+    def configure_device(self):
+        sleep(0.5)
+        thread = threading.Thread(target=self.readLoop)
+        thread.setDaemon(True)
+        thread.start()
+        self.online = True
+        RNS.log("Serial port "+self.port+" is now open")
 
 
-	def readLoop(self):
-		try:
-			in_frame = False
-			escape = False
-			data_buffer = b""
-			last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+    def processIncoming(self, data):
+        self.rxb += len(data)            
+        self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
-			while self.serial.is_open:
-				if self.serial.in_waiting:
-					byte = ord(self.serial.read(1))
-					last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
 
-					if (in_frame and byte == HDLC.FLAG):
-						in_frame = False
-						self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
-					elif (byte == HDLC.FLAG):
-						in_frame = True
-						data_buffer = b""
-					elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
-						if (byte == HDLC.ESC):
-							escape = True
-						else:
-							if (escape):
-								if (byte == HDLC.FLAG ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
-									byte = HDLC.FLAG
-								if (byte == HDLC.ESC  ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
-									byte = HDLC.ESC
-								escape = False
-							data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
-						
-				else:
-					time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
-					if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
-						data_buffer = b""
-						in_frame = False
-						escape = False
-					sleep(0.08)
-		except Exception as e:
-			self.online = False
-			RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-			RNS.log("The interface "+str(self.name)+" is now offline. Restart Reticulum to attempt reconnection.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+    def processOutgoing(self,data):
+        if self.online:
+            data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
+            written = self.serial.write(data)
+            self.txb += len(data)            
+            if written != len(data):
+                raise IOError("Serial interface only wrote "+str(written)+" bytes of "+str(len(data)))
 
-	def __str__(self):
-		return "SerialInterface["+self.name+"]"
+
+    def readLoop(self):
+        try:
+            in_frame = False
+            escape = False
+            data_buffer = b""
+            last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+
+            while self.serial.is_open:
+                if self.serial.in_waiting:
+                    byte = ord(self.serial.read(1))
+                    last_read_ms = int(time.time()*1000)
+
+                    if (in_frame and byte == HDLC.FLAG):
+                        in_frame = False
+                        self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
+                    elif (byte == HDLC.FLAG):
+                        in_frame = True
+                        data_buffer = b""
+                    elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
+                        if (byte == HDLC.ESC):
+                            escape = True
+                        else:
+                            if (escape):
+                                if (byte == HDLC.FLAG ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
+                                    byte = HDLC.FLAG
+                                if (byte == HDLC.ESC  ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
+                                    byte = HDLC.ESC
+                                escape = False
+                            data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
+                        
+                else:
+                    time_since_last = int(time.time()*1000) - last_read_ms
+                    if len(data_buffer) > 0 and time_since_last > self.timeout:
+                        data_buffer = b""
+                        in_frame = False
+                        escape = False
+                    sleep(0.08)
+                    
+        except Exception as e:
+            self.online = False
+            RNS.log("A serial port error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is now offline.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            
+            if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
+                RNS.panic()
+
+            RNS.log("Reticulum will attempt to reconnect the interface periodically.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+        self.online = False
+        self.serial.close()
+        self.reconnect_port()
+
+    def reconnect_port(self):
+        while not self.online:
+            try:
+                time.sleep(5)
+                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect serial port "+str(self.port)+" for "+str(self)+"...", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                self.open_port()
+                if self.serial.is_open:
+                    self.configure_device()
+            except Exception as e:
+                RNS.log("Error while reconnecting port, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+        RNS.log("Reconnected serial port for "+str(self))
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "SerialInterface["+self.name+"]"

RNS/Interfaces/TCPInterface.py

@@ -1,6 +1,7 @@
 from .Interface import Interface
 import socketserver
 import threading
+import platform
 import socket
 import time
 import sys
@@ -18,17 +19,55 @@ class HDLC():
         data = data.replace(bytes([HDLC.FLAG]), bytes([HDLC.ESC, HDLC.FLAG^HDLC.ESC_MASK]))
         return data
 
+class KISS():
+    FEND              = 0xC0
+    FESC              = 0xDB
+    TFEND             = 0xDC
+    TFESC             = 0xDD
+    CMD_DATA          = 0x00
+    CMD_UNKNOWN       = 0xFE
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def escape(data):
+        data = data.replace(bytes([0xdb]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdd]))
+        data = data.replace(bytes([0xc0]), bytes([0xdb, 0xdc]))
+        return data
+
 class ThreadingTCPServer(socketserver.ThreadingMixIn, socketserver.TCPServer):
     pass
 
 class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
+    RECONNECT_WAIT = 5
+    RECONNECT_MAX_TRIES = None
 
-    def __init__(self, owner, name, target_ip=None, target_port=None, connected_socket=None):
+    # TCP socket options
+    TCP_USER_TIMEOUT = 20
+    TCP_PROBE_AFTER = 5
+    TCP_PROBE_INTERVAL = 3
+    TCP_PROBES = 5
+
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, target_ip=None, target_port=None, connected_socket=None, max_reconnect_tries=None, kiss_framing=False):
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        
         self.IN               = True
         self.OUT              = False
         self.socket           = None
         self.parent_interface = None
         self.name             = name
+        self.initiator        = False
+        self.reconnecting     = False
+        self.never_connected  = True
+        self.owner            = owner
+        self.writing          = False
+        self.online           = False
+        self.detached         = False
+        self.kiss_framing     = kiss_framing
+
+        if max_reconnect_tries == None:
+            self.max_reconnect_tries = TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_MAX_TRIES
+        else:
+            self.max_reconnect_tries = max_reconnect_tries
 
         if connected_socket != None:
             self.receives    = True
@@ -36,24 +75,131 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
             self.target_port = None
             self.socket      = connected_socket
 
+            if platform.system() == "Linux":
+                self.set_timeouts_linux()
+            elif platform.system() == "Darwin":
+                self.set_timeouts_osx()
+
         elif target_ip != None and target_port != None:
             self.receives    = True
             self.target_ip   = target_ip
             self.target_port = target_port
+            self.initiator   = True
+            
+            if not self.connect(initial=True):
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.reconnect)
+                thread.setDaemon(True)
+                thread.start()
+            else:
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
+                thread.setDaemon(True)
+                thread.start()
+                if not self.kiss_framing:
+                    self.wants_tunnel = True
 
+
+    def set_timeouts_linux(self):
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_USER_TIMEOUT, int(TCPClientInterface.TCP_USER_TIMEOUT * 1000))
+
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPIDLE, int(TCPClientInterface.TCP_PROBE_AFTER))
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPINTVL, int(TCPClientInterface.TCP_PROBE_INTERVAL))
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, socket.TCP_KEEPCNT, int(TCPClientInterface.TCP_PROBES))
+
+    def set_timeouts_osx(self):
+        if hasattr(socket, "TCP_KEEPALIVE"):
+            TCP_KEEPIDLE = socket.TCP_KEEPALIVE
+        else:
+            TCP_KEEPIDLE = 0x10
+
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_KEEPALIVE, 1)
+        self.socket.setsockopt(socket.IPPROTO_TCP, TCP_KEEPIDLE, int(TCPClientInterface.TCP_PROBE_AFTER))
+
+    def detach(self):
+        if self.socket != None:
+            if hasattr(self.socket, "close"):
+                if callable(self.socket.close):
+                    RNS.log("Detaching "+str(self), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+                    self.detached = True
+                    
+                    try:
+                        self.socket.shutdown(socket.SHUT_RDWR)
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        RNS.log("Error while shutting down socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+
+                    try:
+                        self.socket.close()
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        RNS.log("Error while closing socket for "+str(self)+": "+str(e))
+
+                    self.socket = None
+
+    def connect(self, initial=False):
+        try:
             self.socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
             self.socket.connect((self.target_ip, self.target_port))
+            self.online  = True
+        
+        except Exception as e:
+            if initial:
+                RNS.log("Initial connection for "+str(self)+" could not be established: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                RNS.log("Leaving unconnected and retrying connection in "+str(TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT)+" seconds.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                return False
+            
+            else:
+                raise e
 
-        self.owner   = owner
+        if platform.system() == "Linux":
+            self.set_timeouts_linux()
+        elif platform.system() == "Darwin":
+            self.set_timeouts_osx()
+        
         self.online  = True
         self.writing = False
+        self.never_connected = False
 
-        if connected_socket == None:
-            thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
-            thread.setDaemon(True)
-            thread.start()
+        return True
+
+
+    def reconnect(self):
+        if self.initiator:
+            if not self.reconnecting:
+                self.reconnecting = True
+                attempts = 0
+                while not self.online:
+                    time.sleep(TCPClientInterface.RECONNECT_WAIT)
+                    attempts += 1
+
+                    if self.max_reconnect_tries != None and attempts > self.max_reconnect_tries:
+                        RNS.log("Max reconnection attempts reached for "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                        self.teardown()
+                        break
+
+                    try:
+                        self.connect()
+
+                    except Exception as e:
+                        RNS.log("Connection attempt for "+str(self)+" failed: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_DEBUG)
+
+                if not self.never_connected:
+                    RNS.log("Reconnected TCP socket for "+str(self)+".", RNS.LOG_INFO)
+
+                self.reconnecting = False
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.read_loop)
+                thread.setDaemon(True)
+                thread.start()
+                if not self.kiss_framing:
+                    RNS.Transport.synthesize_tunnel(self)
+
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface. This should not happen.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            raise IOError("Attempt to reconnect on a non-initiator TCP interface")
 
     def processIncoming(self, data):
+        self.rxb += len(data)
+        if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
+            self.parent_interface.rxb += len(data)
+                    
         self.owner.inbound(data, self)
 
     def processOutgoing(self, data):
@@ -63,9 +209,18 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
             try:
                 self.writing = True
-                data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
+
+                if self.kiss_framing:
+                    data = bytes([KISS.FEND])+bytes([KISS.CMD_DATA])+KISS.escape(data)+bytes([KISS.FEND])
+                else:
+                    data = bytes([HDLC.FLAG])+HDLC.escape(data)+bytes([HDLC.FLAG])
+
                 self.socket.sendall(data)
                 self.writing = False
+                self.txb += len(data)
+                if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
+                    self.parent_interface.txb += len(data)
+
             except Exception as e:
                 RNS.log("Exception occurred while transmitting via "+str(self)+", tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
                 RNS.log("The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
@@ -77,6 +232,7 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
             in_frame = False
             escape = False
             data_buffer = b""
+            command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
 
             while True:
                 data_in = self.socket.recv(4096)
@@ -85,41 +241,94 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
                     while pointer < len(data_in):
                         byte = data_in[pointer]
                         pointer += 1
-                        if (in_frame and byte == HDLC.FLAG):
-                            in_frame = False
-                            self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
-                        elif (byte == HDLC.FLAG):
-                            in_frame = True
-                            data_buffer = b""
-                        elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
-                            if (byte == HDLC.ESC):
-                                escape = True
-                            else:
-                                if (escape):
-                                    if (byte == HDLC.FLAG ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
-                                        byte = HDLC.FLAG
-                                    if (byte == HDLC.ESC  ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
-                                        byte = HDLC.ESC
-                                    escape = False
-                                data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
+
+                        if self.kiss_framing:
+                            # Read loop for KISS framing
+                            if (in_frame and byte == KISS.FEND and command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
+                                in_frame = False
+                                self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
+                            elif (byte == KISS.FEND):
+                                in_frame = True
+                                command = KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN
+                                data_buffer = b""
+                            elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
+                                if (len(data_buffer) == 0 and command == KISS.CMD_UNKNOWN):
+                                    # We only support one HDLC port for now, so
+                                    # strip off the port nibble
+                                    byte = byte & 0x0F
+                                    command = byte
+                                elif (command == KISS.CMD_DATA):
+                                    if (byte == KISS.FESC):
+                                        escape = True
+                                    else:
+                                        if (escape):
+                                            if (byte == KISS.TFEND):
+                                                byte = KISS.FEND
+                                            if (byte == KISS.TFESC):
+                                                byte = KISS.FESC
+                                            escape = False
+                                        data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
+
+                        else:
+                            # Read loop for HDLC framing
+                            if (in_frame and byte == HDLC.FLAG):
+                                in_frame = False
+                                self.processIncoming(data_buffer)
+                            elif (byte == HDLC.FLAG):
+                                in_frame = True
+                                data_buffer = b""
+                            elif (in_frame and len(data_buffer) < RNS.Reticulum.MTU):
+                                if (byte == HDLC.ESC):
+                                    escape = True
+                                else:
+                                    if (escape):
+                                        if (byte == HDLC.FLAG ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
+                                            byte = HDLC.FLAG
+                                        if (byte == HDLC.ESC  ^ HDLC.ESC_MASK):
+                                            byte = HDLC.ESC
+                                        escape = False
+                                    data_buffer = data_buffer+bytes([byte])
                 else:
-                    RNS.log("TCP socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, tearing down interface", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
-                    self.teardown()
+                    self.online = False
+                    if self.initiator and not self.detached:
+                        RNS.log("TCP socket for "+str(self)+" was closed, attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                        self.reconnect()
+                    else:
+                        RNS.log("TCP socket for remote client "+str(self)+" was closed.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+                        self.teardown()
+
                     break
 
                 
         except Exception as e:
             self.online = False
-            RNS.log("An interface error occurred, the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            RNS.log("Tearing down "+str(self), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-            self.teardown()
+            RNS.log("An interface error occurred for "+str(self)+", the contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+
+            if self.initiator:
+                RNS.log("Attempting to reconnect...", RNS.LOG_WARNING)
+                self.reconnect()
+            else:
+                self.teardown()
 
     def teardown(self):
+        if self.initiator and not self.detached:
+            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" experienced an unrecoverable error and is being torn down. Restart Reticulum to attempt to open this interface again.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            if RNS.Reticulum.panic_on_interface_error:
+                RNS.panic()
+
+        else:
+            RNS.log("The interface "+str(self)+" is being torn down.", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
+
         self.online = False
         self.OUT = False
         self.IN = False
+
+        if hasattr(self, "parent_interface") and self.parent_interface != None:
+            self.parent_interface.clients -= 1
+
         if self in RNS.Transport.interfaces:
-            RNS.Transport.interfaces.remove(self)
+            if not self.initiator:
+                RNS.Transport.interfaces.remove(self)
 
 
     def __str__(self):
@@ -127,12 +336,41 @@ class TCPClientInterface(Interface):
 
 
 class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_address_for_if(name):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('netifaces') != None:
+            import netifaces
+            return netifaces.ifaddresses(name)[netifaces.AF_INET][0]['addr']
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Getting interface addresses from device names requires the netifaces module.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install it with the command: python3 -m pip install netifaces", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
 
-    def __init__(self, owner, name, bindip=None, bindport=None):
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_broadcast_for_if(name):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('netifaces') != None:
+            import netifaces
+            return netifaces.ifaddresses(name)[netifaces.AF_INET][0]['broadcast']
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Getting interface addresses from device names requires the netifaces module.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install it with the command: python3 -m pip install netifaces", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
+
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, device=None, bindip=None, bindport=None):
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        self.online = False
+        self.clients = 0
+        
         self.IN  = True
         self.OUT = False
         self.name = name
 
+        if device != None:
+            bindip = TCPServerInterface.get_address_for_if(device)
+
         if (bindip != None and bindport != None):
             self.receives = True
             self.bind_ip = bindip
@@ -145,12 +383,16 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
 
             self.owner = owner
             address = (self.bind_ip, self.bind_port)
+
+            ThreadingTCPServer.allow_reuse_address = True
             self.server = ThreadingTCPServer(address, handlerFactory(self.incoming_connection))
 
             thread = threading.Thread(target=self.server.serve_forever)
             thread.setDaemon(True)
             thread.start()
 
+            self.online = True
+
 
     def incoming_connection(self, handler):
         RNS.log("Accepting incoming TCP connection", RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
@@ -161,8 +403,10 @@ class TCPServerInterface(Interface):
         spawned_interface.target_ip = handler.client_address[0]
         spawned_interface.target_port = str(handler.client_address[1])
         spawned_interface.parent_interface = self
+        spawned_interface.online = True
         RNS.log("Spawned new TCPClient Interface: "+str(spawned_interface), RNS.LOG_VERBOSE)
         RNS.Transport.interfaces.append(spawned_interface)
+        self.clients += 1
         spawned_interface.read_loop()
 
     def processOutgoing(self, data):
@@ -177,4 +421,4 @@ class TCPInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
         socketserver.BaseRequestHandler.__init__(self, *args, **keys)
 
     def handle(self):
-        self.callback(handler=self)
+        self.callback(handler=self)

RNS/Interfaces/UDPInterface.py

@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+from .Interface import Interface
+import socketserver
+import threading
+import socket
+import time
+import sys
+import RNS
+
+
+class UDPInterface(Interface):
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_address_for_if(name):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('netifaces') != None:
+            import netifaces
+            return netifaces.ifaddresses(name)[netifaces.AF_INET][0]['addr']
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Getting interface addresses from device names requires the netifaces module.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install it with the command: python3 -m pip install netifaces", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
+
+    @staticmethod
+    def get_broadcast_for_if(name):
+        import importlib
+        if importlib.util.find_spec('netifaces') != None:
+            import netifaces
+            return netifaces.ifaddresses(name)[netifaces.AF_INET][0]['broadcast']
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Getting interface addresses from device names requires the netifaces module.", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.log("You can install it with the command: python3 -m pip install netifaces", RNS.LOG_CRITICAL)
+            RNS.panic()
+
+    def __init__(self, owner, name, device=None, bindip=None, bindport=None, forwardip=None, forwardport=None):
+        self.rxb = 0
+        self.txb = 0
+        self.IN  = True
+        self.OUT = False
+        self.name = name
+        self.online = False
+
+        if device != None:
+            if bindip == None:
+                bindip = UDPInterface.get_broadcast_for_if(device)
+            if forwardip == None:
+                forwardip = UDPInterface.get_broadcast_for_if(device)
+
+
+        if (bindip != None and bindport != None):
+            self.receives = True
+            self.bind_ip = bindip
+            self.bind_port = bindport
+
+            def handlerFactory(callback):
+                def createHandler(*args, **keys):
+                    return UDPInterfaceHandler(callback, *args, **keys)
+                return createHandler
+
+            self.owner = owner
+            address = (self.bind_ip, self.bind_port)
+            socketserver.UDPServer.address_family = socket.AF_INET
+            self.server = socketserver.UDPServer(address, handlerFactory(self.processIncoming))
+
+            thread = threading.Thread(target=self.server.serve_forever)
+            thread.setDaemon(True)
+            thread.start()
+
+            self.online = True
+
+        if (forwardip != None and forwardport != None):
+            self.forwards = True
+            self.forward_ip = forwardip
+            self.forward_port = forwardport
+
+
+    def processIncoming(self, data):
+        self.rxb += len(data)
+        self.owner.inbound(data, self)
+
+    def processOutgoing(self,data):
+        try:
+            udp_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
+            udp_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_BROADCAST, 1)
+            udp_socket.sendto(data, (self.forward_ip, self.forward_port))
+            self.txb += len(data)
+            
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Could not transmit on "+str(self)+". The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+
+    def __str__(self):
+        return "UDPInterface["+self.name+"/"+self.bind_ip+":"+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
+
+class UDPInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
+    def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):
+        self.callback = callback
+        socketserver.BaseRequestHandler.__init__(self, *args, **keys)
+
+    def handle(self):
+        data = self.request[0]
+        self.callback(data)

RNS/Interfaces/UdpInterface.py

@@ -1,64 +0,0 @@
-from .Interface import Interface
-import socketserver
-import threading
-import socket
-import time
-import sys
-import RNS
-
-class UdpInterface(Interface):
-
-    def __init__(self, owner, name, bindip=None, bindport=None, forwardip=None, forwardport=None):
-        self.IN  = True
-        self.OUT = False
-
-        # TODO: Optimise so this is not needed
-        self.transmit_delay = 0.001
-
-        self.name = name
-
-        if (bindip != None and bindport != None):
-            self.receives = True
-            self.bind_ip = bindip
-            self.bind_port = bindport
-
-            def handlerFactory(callback):
-                def createHandler(*args, **keys):
-                    return UdpInterfaceHandler(callback, *args, **keys)
-                return createHandler
-
-            self.owner = owner
-            address = (self.bind_ip, self.bind_port)
-            self.server = socketserver.UDPServer(address, handlerFactory(self.processIncoming))
-
-            thread = threading.Thread(target=self.server.serve_forever)
-            thread.setDaemon(True)
-            thread.start()
-
-        if (forwardip != None and forwardport != None):
-            self.forwards = True
-            self.forward_ip = forwardip
-            self.forward_port = forwardport
-
-
-    def processIncoming(self, data):
-        self.owner.inbound(data, self)
-
-    def processOutgoing(self,data):
-        time.sleep(self.transmit_delay)
-        udp_socket = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_DGRAM)
-        udp_socket.setsockopt(socket.SOL_SOCKET, socket.SO_BROADCAST, 1)
-        udp_socket.sendto(data, (self.forward_ip, self.forward_port))
-
-
-    def __str__(self):
-        return "UdpInterface["+self.name+"/"+self.bind_ip+":"+str(self.bind_port)+"]"
-
-class UdpInterfaceHandler(socketserver.BaseRequestHandler):
-    def __init__(self, callback, *args, **keys):
-        self.callback = callback
-        socketserver.BaseRequestHandler.__init__(self, *args, **keys)
-
-    def handle(self):
-        data = self.request[0]
-        self.callback(data)

RNS/Packet.py

@@ -5,407 +5,498 @@ import time
 import RNS
 
 class Packet:
-	# Packet types
-	DATA         = 0x00		# Data packets
-	ANNOUNCE     = 0x01		# Announces
-	LINKREQUEST  = 0x02		# Link requests
-	PROOF        = 0x03		# Proofs
-	types        = [DATA, ANNOUNCE, LINKREQUEST, PROOF]
+    """
+    The Packet class is used to create packet instances that can be sent
+    over a Reticulum network. Packets to will automatically be encrypted if
+    they are adressed to a ``RNS.Destination.SINGLE`` destination,
+    ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` destination or a :ref:`RNS.Link<api-link>`.
 
-	# Header types
-	HEADER_1     = 0x00		# Normal header format
-	HEADER_2     = 0x01		# Header format used for packets in transport
-	HEADER_3     = 0x02		# Reserved
-	HEADER_4     = 0x03		# Reserved
-	header_types = [HEADER_1, HEADER_2, HEADER_3, HEADER_4]
+    For ``RNS.Destination.GROUP`` destinations, Reticulum will use the
+    pre-shared key configured for the destination.
 
-	# Data packet context types
-	NONE 		   = 0x00	# Generic data packet
-	RESOURCE       = 0x01	# Packet is part of a resource
-	RESOURCE_ADV   = 0x02	# Packet is a resource advertisement
-	RESOURCE_REQ   = 0x03	# Packet is a resource part request
-	RESOURCE_HMU   = 0x04	# Packet is a resource hashmap update
-	RESOURCE_PRF   = 0x05	# Packet is a resource proof
-	RESOURCE_ICL   = 0x06	# Packet is a resource initiator cancel message
-	RESOURCE_RCL   = 0x07	# Packet is a resource receiver cancel message
-	CACHE_REQUEST  = 0x08	# Packet is a cache request
-	REQUEST        = 0x09	# Packet is a request
-	RESPONSE       = 0x0A	# Packet is a response to a request
-	PATH_RESPONSE  = 0x0B	# Packet is a response to a path request
-	COMMAND        = 0x0C	# Packet is a command
-	COMMAND_STATUS = 0x0D	# Packet is a status of an executed command
-	KEEPALIVE      = 0xFB	# Packet is a keepalive packet
-	LINKCLOSE      = 0xFC	# Packet is a link close message
-	LINKPROOF      = 0xFD	# Packet is a link packet proof
-	LRRTT		   = 0xFE	# Packet is a link request round-trip time measurement
-	LRPROOF        = 0xFF	# Packet is a link request proof
+    For ``RNS.Destination.SINGLE`` destinations and :ref:`RNS.Link<api-link>`
+    destinations, reticulum will use ephemeral keys, and offers **Forward Secrecy**.
 
-	# This is used to calculate allowable
-	# payload sizes
-	HEADER_MAXSIZE = 23
-	MDU            = RNS.Reticulum.MDU
+    :param destination: A :ref:`RNS.Destination<api-destination>` instance to which the packet will be sent.
+    :param data: The data payload to be included in the packet as *bytes*.
+    :param create_receipt: Specifies whether a :ref:`RNS.PacketReceipt<api-packetreceipt>` should be created when instantiating the packet.
+    """
 
-	# With an MTU of 500, the maximum RSA-encrypted
-	# amount of data we can send in a single packet
-	# is given by the below calculation; 258 bytes.
-	RSA_MDU   = math.floor(MDU/RNS.Identity.DECRYPT_CHUNKSIZE)*RNS.Identity.ENCRYPT_CHUNKSIZE
-	PLAIN_MDU = MDU
+    # Packet types
+    DATA         = 0x00     # Data packets
+    ANNOUNCE     = 0x01     # Announces
+    LINKREQUEST  = 0x02     # Link requests
+    PROOF        = 0x03     # Proofs
+    types        = [DATA, ANNOUNCE, LINKREQUEST, PROOF]
 
-	# TODO: This should be calculated
-	# more intelligently
-	# Default packet timeout
-	TIMEOUT 	 = 60
+    # Header types
+    HEADER_1     = 0x00     # Normal header format
+    HEADER_2     = 0x01     # Header format used for packets in transport
+    HEADER_3     = 0x02     # Reserved
+    HEADER_4     = 0x03     # Reserved
+    header_types = [HEADER_1, HEADER_2, HEADER_3, HEADER_4]
 
-	def __init__(self, destination, data, packet_type = DATA, context = NONE, transport_type = RNS.Transport.BROADCAST, header_type = HEADER_1, transport_id = None, attached_interface = None, create_receipt = True):
-		if destination != None:
-			if transport_type == None:
-				transport_type = RNS.Transport.BROADCAST
+    # Packet context types
+    NONE           = 0x00   # Generic data packet
+    RESOURCE       = 0x01   # Packet is part of a resource
+    RESOURCE_ADV   = 0x02   # Packet is a resource advertisement
+    RESOURCE_REQ   = 0x03   # Packet is a resource part request
+    RESOURCE_HMU   = 0x04   # Packet is a resource hashmap update
+    RESOURCE_PRF   = 0x05   # Packet is a resource proof
+    RESOURCE_ICL   = 0x06   # Packet is a resource initiator cancel message
+    RESOURCE_RCL   = 0x07   # Packet is a resource receiver cancel message
+    CACHE_REQUEST  = 0x08   # Packet is a cache request
+    REQUEST        = 0x09   # Packet is a request
+    RESPONSE       = 0x0A   # Packet is a response to a request
+    PATH_RESPONSE  = 0x0B   # Packet is a response to a path request
+    COMMAND        = 0x0C   # Packet is a command
+    COMMAND_STATUS = 0x0D   # Packet is a status of an executed command
+    KEEPALIVE      = 0xFA   # Packet is a keepalive packet
+    LINKIDENTIFY   = 0xFB   # Packet is a link peer identification proof
+    LINKCLOSE      = 0xFC   # Packet is a link close message
+    LINKPROOF      = 0xFD   # Packet is a link packet proof
+    LRRTT          = 0xFE   # Packet is a link request round-trip time measurement
+    LRPROOF        = 0xFF   # Packet is a link request proof
 
-			self.header_type    = header_type
-			self.packet_type    = packet_type
-			self.transport_type = transport_type
-			self.context        = context
+    # This is used to calculate allowable
+    # payload sizes
+    HEADER_MAXSIZE = RNS.Reticulum.HEADER_MAXSIZE
+    MDU            = RNS.Reticulum.MDU
 
-			self.hops           = 0;
-			self.destination    = destination
-			self.transport_id   = transport_id
-			self.data           = data
-			self.flags          = self.getPackedFlags()
+    # With an MTU of 500, the maximum of data we can
+    # send in a single encrypted packet is given by
+    # the below calculation; 383 bytes.
+    ENCRYPTED_MDU  = math.floor((RNS.Reticulum.MDU-RNS.Identity.FERNET_OVERHEAD-RNS.Identity.KEYSIZE//16)/RNS.Identity.AES128_BLOCKSIZE)*RNS.Identity.AES128_BLOCKSIZE - 1
+    """
+    The maximum size of the payload data in a single encrypted packet 
+    """
+    PLAIN_MDU      = MDU
+    """
+    The maximum size of the payload data in a single unencrypted packet 
+    """
 
-			self.raw            = None
-			self.packed         = False
-			self.sent           = False
-			self.create_receipt = create_receipt
-			self.receipt        = None
-			self.fromPacked     = False
-		else:
-			self.raw            = data
-			self.packed         = True
-			self.fromPacked     = True
-			self.create_receipt = False
+    TIMEOUT_PER_HOP = RNS.Reticulum.DEFAULT_PER_HOP_TIMEOUT
 
-		self.MTU         = RNS.Reticulum.MTU
-		self.sent_at     = None
-		self.packet_hash = None
+    def __init__(self, destination, data, packet_type = DATA, context = NONE, transport_type = RNS.Transport.BROADCAST, header_type = HEADER_1, transport_id = None, attached_interface = None, create_receipt = True):
+        if destination != None:
+            if transport_type == None:
+                transport_type = RNS.Transport.BROADCAST
 
-		self.attached_interface = attached_interface
+            self.header_type    = header_type
+            self.packet_type    = packet_type
+            self.transport_type = transport_type
+            self.context        = context
 
-	def getPackedFlags(self):
-		if self.context == Packet.LRPROOF:
-			packed_flags = (self.header_type << 6) | (self.transport_type << 4) | RNS.Destination.LINK | self.packet_type
-		else:
-			packed_flags = (self.header_type << 6) | (self.transport_type << 4) | (self.destination.type << 2) | self.packet_type
-		return packed_flags
+            self.hops           = 0;
+            self.destination    = destination
+            self.transport_id   = transport_id
+            self.data           = data
+            self.flags          = self.get_packed_flags()
 
-	def pack(self):
-		self.destination_hash = self.destination.hash
-		self.header = b""
-		self.header += struct.pack("!B", self.flags)
-		self.header += struct.pack("!B", self.hops)
+            self.raw            = None
+            self.packed         = False
+            self.sent           = False
+            self.create_receipt = create_receipt
+            self.receipt        = None
+            self.fromPacked     = False
+        else:
+            self.raw            = data
+            self.packed         = True
+            self.fromPacked     = True
+            self.create_receipt = False
 
-		if self.context == Packet.LRPROOF:
-			self.header += self.destination.link_id
-			self.ciphertext = self.data
-		else:
-			if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_1:
-				self.header += self.destination.hash
+        self.MTU         = RNS.Reticulum.MTU
+        self.sent_at     = None
+        self.packet_hash = None
 
-				if self.packet_type == Packet.ANNOUNCE:
-					# Announce packets are not encrypted
-					self.ciphertext = self.data
-				elif self.packet_type == Packet.PROOF and self.context == Packet.RESOURCE_PRF:
-					# Resource proofs are not encrypted
-					self.ciphertext = self.data
-				elif self.packet_type == Packet.PROOF and self.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
-					# Packet proofs over links are not encrypted
-					self.ciphertext = self.data
-				elif self.context == Packet.RESOURCE:
-					# A resource takes care of symmetric
-					# encryption by itself
-					self.ciphertext = self.data
-				elif self.context == Packet.KEEPALIVE:
-					# Keepalive packets contain no actual
-					# data
-					self.ciphertext = self.data
-				else:
-					# In all other cases, we encrypt the packet
-					# with the destination's public key
-					self.ciphertext = self.destination.encrypt(self.data)
+        self.attached_interface = attached_interface
+        self.receiving_interface = None
+        self.rssi = None
+        self.snr = None
 
-			if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_2:
-				if self.transport_id != None:
-					self.header += self.transport_id
-					self.header += self.destination.hash
+    def get_packed_flags(self):
+        if self.context == Packet.LRPROOF:
+            packed_flags = (self.header_type << 6) | (self.transport_type << 4) | RNS.Destination.LINK | self.packet_type
+        else:
+            packed_flags = (self.header_type << 6) | (self.transport_type << 4) | (self.destination.type << 2) | self.packet_type
+        return packed_flags
 
-					if self.packet_type == Packet.ANNOUNCE:
-						# Announce packets are not encrypted
-						self.ciphertext = self.data
-				else:
-					raise IOError("Packet with header type 2 must have a transport ID")
+    def pack(self):
+        self.destination_hash = self.destination.hash
+        self.header = b""
+        self.header += struct.pack("!B", self.flags)
+        self.header += struct.pack("!B", self.hops)
+
+        if self.context == Packet.LRPROOF:
+            self.header += self.destination.link_id
+            self.ciphertext = self.data
+        else:
+            if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_1:
+                self.header += self.destination.hash
+
+                if self.packet_type == Packet.ANNOUNCE:
+                    # Announce packets are not encrypted
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                elif self.packet_type == Packet.LINKREQUEST:
+                    # Link request packets are not encrypted
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                elif self.packet_type == Packet.PROOF and self.context == Packet.RESOURCE_PRF:
+                    # Resource proofs are not encrypted
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                elif self.packet_type == Packet.PROOF and self.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
+                    # Packet proofs over links are not encrypted
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                elif self.context == Packet.RESOURCE:
+                    # A resource takes care of symmetric
+                    # encryption by itself
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                elif self.context == Packet.KEEPALIVE:
+                    # Keepalive packets contain no actual
+                    # data
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                elif self.context == Packet.CACHE_REQUEST:
+                    # Cache-requests are not encrypted
+                    self.ciphertext = self.data
+                else:
+                    # In all other cases, we encrypt the packet
+                    # with the destination's encryption method
+                    self.ciphertext = self.destination.encrypt(self.data)
+
+            if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_2:
+                if self.transport_id != None:
+                    self.header += self.transport_id
+                    self.header += self.destination.hash
+
+                    if self.packet_type == Packet.ANNOUNCE:
+                        # Announce packets are not encrypted
+                        self.ciphertext = self.data
+                else:
+                    raise IOError("Packet with header type 2 must have a transport ID")
 
 
-		self.header += bytes([self.context])
-		self.raw = self.header + self.ciphertext
+        self.header += bytes([self.context])
+        self.raw = self.header + self.ciphertext
 
-		if len(self.raw) > self.MTU:
-			raise IOError("Packet size of "+str(len(self.raw))+" exceeds MTU of "+str(self.MTU)+" bytes")
+        if len(self.raw) > self.MTU:
+            raise IOError("Packet size of "+str(len(self.raw))+" exceeds MTU of "+str(self.MTU)+" bytes")
 
-		self.packed = True
-		self.updateHash()
+        self.packed = True
+        self.update_hash()
 
-	def unpack(self):
-		self.flags = self.raw[0]
-		self.hops  = self.raw[1]
 
-		self.header_type      = (self.flags & 0b11000000) >> 6
-		self.transport_type   = (self.flags & 0b00110000) >> 4
-		self.destination_type = (self.flags & 0b00001100) >> 2
-		self.packet_type      = (self.flags & 0b00000011)
+    def unpack(self):
+        try:
+            self.flags = self.raw[0]
+            self.hops  = self.raw[1]
 
-		if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_2:
-			self.transport_id = self.raw[2:12]
-			self.destination_hash = self.raw[12:22]
-			self.context = ord(self.raw[22:23])
-			self.data = self.raw[23:]
-		else:
-			self.transport_id = None
-			self.destination_hash = self.raw[2:12]
-			self.context = ord(self.raw[12:13])
-			self.data = self.raw[13:]
+            self.header_type      = (self.flags & 0b11000000) >> 6
+            self.transport_type   = (self.flags & 0b00110000) >> 4
+            self.destination_type = (self.flags & 0b00001100) >> 2
+            self.packet_type      = (self.flags & 0b00000011)
 
-		self.packed = False
-		self.updateHash()
+            if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_2:
+                self.transport_id = self.raw[2:12]
+                self.destination_hash = self.raw[12:22]
+                self.context = ord(self.raw[22:23])
+                self.data = self.raw[23:]
+            else:
+                self.transport_id = None
+                self.destination_hash = self.raw[2:12]
+                self.context = ord(self.raw[12:13])
+                self.data = self.raw[13:]
 
-	# Sends the packet. Returns a receipt if one is generated,
-	# or None if no receipt is available. Returns False if the
-	# packet could not be sent.
-	def send(self):
-		if not self.sent:
-			if self.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
-				if self.destination.status == RNS.Link.CLOSED:
-					raise IOError("Attempt to transmit over a closed link")
-				else:
-					self.destination.last_outbound = time.time()
-					self.destination.tx += 1
-					self.destination.txbytes += len(self.data)
+            self.packed = False
+            self.update_hash()
+            return True
 
-			if not self.packed:
-				self.pack()
-	
-			if RNS.Transport.outbound(self):
-				return self.receipt
-			else:
-				RNS.log("No interfaces could process the outbound packet", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-				self.sent = False
-				self.receipt = None
-				return False
-				
-		else:
-			raise IOError("Packet was already sent")
+        except Exception as e:
+            RNS.log("Received malformed packet, dropping it. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_EXTREME)
+            return False
 
-	def resend(self):
-		if self.sent:
-			if RNS.Transport.outbound(self):
-				return self.receipt
-			else:
-				RNS.log("No interfaces could process the outbound packet", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
-				self.sent = False
-				self.receipt = None
-				return False
-		else:
-			raise IOError("Packet was not sent yet")
+    def send(self):
+        """
+        Sends the packet.
+        
+        :returns: A :ref:`RNS.PacketReceipt<api-packetreceipt>` instance if *create_receipt* was set to *True* when the packet was instantiated, if not returns *None*. If the packet could not be sent *False* is returned.
+        """
+        if not self.sent:
+            if self.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
+                if self.destination.status == RNS.Link.CLOSED:
+                    raise IOError("Attempt to transmit over a closed link")
+                else:
+                    self.destination.last_outbound = time.time()
+                    self.destination.tx += 1
+                    self.destination.txbytes += len(self.data)
 
-	def prove(self, destination=None):
-		if self.fromPacked and hasattr(self, "destination") and self.destination:
-			if self.destination.identity and self.destination.identity.prv:
-				self.destination.identity.prove(self, destination)
-		elif self.fromPacked and hasattr(self, "link") and self.link:
-			self.link.prove_packet(self)
-		else:
-			RNS.log("Could not prove packet associated with neither a destination nor a link", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            if not self.packed:
+                self.pack()
+    
+            if RNS.Transport.outbound(self):
+                return self.receipt
+            else:
+                RNS.log("No interfaces could process the outbound packet", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                self.sent = False
+                self.receipt = None
+                return False
+                
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Packet was already sent")
 
-	# Generates a special destination that allows Reticulum
-	# to direct the proof back to the proved packet's sender
-	def generateProofDestination(self):
-		return ProofDestination(self)
+    def resend(self):
+        """
+        Re-sends the packet.
+        
+        :returns: A :ref:`RNS.PacketReceipt<api-packetreceipt>` instance if *create_receipt* was set to *True* when the packet was instantiated, if not returns *None*. If the packet could not be sent *False* is returned.
+        """
+        if self.sent:
+            if RNS.Transport.outbound(self):
+                return self.receipt
+            else:
+                RNS.log("No interfaces could process the outbound packet", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                self.sent = False
+                self.receipt = None
+                return False
+        else:
+            raise IOError("Packet was not sent yet")
 
-	def validateProofPacket(self, proof_packet):
-		return self.receipt.validateProofPacket(proof_packet)
+    def prove(self, destination=None):
+        if self.fromPacked and hasattr(self, "destination") and self.destination:
+            if self.destination.identity and self.destination.identity.prv:
+                self.destination.identity.prove(self, destination)
+        elif self.fromPacked and hasattr(self, "link") and self.link:
+            self.link.prove_packet(self)
+        else:
+            RNS.log("Could not prove packet associated with neither a destination nor a link", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
 
-	def validateProof(self, proof):
-		return self.receipt.validateProof(proof)
+    # Generates a special destination that allows Reticulum
+    # to direct the proof back to the proved packet's sender
+    def generate_proof_destination(self):
+        return ProofDestination(self)
 
-	def updateHash(self):
-		self.packet_hash = self.getHash()
+    def validate_proof_packet(self, proof_packet):
+        return self.receipt.validate_proof_packet(proof_packet)
 
-	def getHash(self):
-		return RNS.Identity.fullHash(self.getHashablePart())
+    def validate_proof(self, proof):
+        return self.receipt.validate_proof(proof)
 
-	def getTruncatedHash(self):
-		return RNS.Identity.truncatedHash(self.getHashablePart())
+    def update_hash(self):
+        self.packet_hash = self.get_hash()
 
-	def getHashablePart(self):
-		hashable_part = bytes([self.raw[0] & 0b00001111])
-		if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_2:
-			hashable_part += self.raw[12:]
-		else:
-			hashable_part += self.raw[2:]
+    def get_hash(self):
+        return RNS.Identity.full_hash(self.get_hashable_part())
 
-		return hashable_part
+    def getTruncatedHash(self):
+        return RNS.Identity.truncated_hash(self.get_hashable_part())
+
+    def get_hashable_part(self):
+        hashable_part = bytes([self.raw[0] & 0b00001111])
+        if self.header_type == Packet.HEADER_2:
+            hashable_part += self.raw[12:]
+        else:
+            hashable_part += self.raw[2:]
+
+        return hashable_part
 
 class ProofDestination:
-	def __init__(self, packet):
-		self.hash = packet.getHash()[:10];
-		self.type = RNS.Destination.SINGLE
+    def __init__(self, packet):
+        self.hash = packet.get_hash()[:10];
+        self.type = RNS.Destination.SINGLE
 
-	def encrypt(self, plaintext):
-		return plaintext
+    def encrypt(self, plaintext):
+        return plaintext
 
 
 class PacketReceipt:
-	# Receipt status constants
-	FAILED    = 0x00
-	SENT	  = 0x01
-	DELIVERED = 0x02
-	CULLED    = 0xFF
+    """
+    The PacketReceipt class is used to receive notifications about
+    :ref:`RNS.Packet<api-packet>` instances sent over the network. Instances
+    of this class are never created manually, but always returned from
+    the *send()* method of a :ref:`RNS.Packet<api-packet>` instance.
+    """
+    # Receipt status constants
+    FAILED    = 0x00
+    SENT      = 0x01
+    DELIVERED = 0x02
+    CULLED    = 0xFF
 
 
-	EXPL_LENGTH = RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8+RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8
-	IMPL_LENGTH = RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8
+    EXPL_LENGTH = RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8+RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8
+    IMPL_LENGTH = RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8
 
-	# Creates a new packet receipt from a sent packet
-	def __init__(self, packet):
-		self.hash    = packet.getHash()
-		self.sent    = True
-		self.sent_at = time.time()
-		self.timeout = Packet.TIMEOUT
-		self.proved  = False
-		self.status  = PacketReceipt.SENT
-		self.destination = packet.destination
-		self.callbacks   = PacketReceiptCallbacks()
-		self.concluded_at = None
+    # Creates a new packet receipt from a sent packet
+    def __init__(self, packet):
+        self.hash           = packet.get_hash()
+        self.truncated_hash = packet.getTruncatedHash()
+        self.sent           = True
+        self.sent_at        = time.time()
+        self.proved         = False
+        self.status         = PacketReceipt.SENT
+        self.destination    = packet.destination
+        self.callbacks      = PacketReceiptCallbacks()
+        self.concluded_at   = None
+        self.proof_packet   = None
 
-	# Validate a proof packet
-	def validateProofPacket(self, proof_packet):
-		if hasattr(proof_packet, "link") and proof_packet.link:
-			return self.validate_link_proof(proof_packet.data, proof_packet.link)
-		else:
-			return self.validateProof(proof_packet.data)
-
-	# Validate a raw proof for a link
-	def validate_link_proof(self, proof, link):
-		# TODO: Hardcoded as explicit proofs for now
-		if True or len(proof) == PacketReceipt.EXPL_LENGTH:
-			# This is an explicit proof
-			proof_hash = proof[:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8]
-			signature = proof[RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8+RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
-			if proof_hash == self.hash:
-				proof_valid = link.validate(signature, self.hash)
-				if proof_valid:
-					self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
-					self.proved = True
-					self.concluded_at = time.time()
-					if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
-						self.callbacks.delivery(self)
-					return True
-				else:
-					return False
-			else:
-				return False
-		elif len(proof) == PacketReceipt.IMPL_LENGTH:
-			pass
-			# TODO: Why is this disabled?
-			# signature = proof[:RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
-			# proof_valid = self.link.validate(signature, self.hash)
-			# if proof_valid:
-			# 		self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
-			# 		self.proved = True
-			# 		self.concluded_at = time.time()
-			# 		if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
-			# 			self.callbacks.delivery(self)
-			# 		RNS.log("valid")
-			# 		return True
-			# else:
-			# 	RNS.log("invalid")
-			# 	return False
-		else:
-			return False
-
-	# Validate a raw proof
-	def validateProof(self, proof):
-		if len(proof) == PacketReceipt.EXPL_LENGTH:
-			# This is an explicit proof
-			proof_hash = proof[:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8]
-			signature = proof[RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8+RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
-			if proof_hash == self.hash:
-				proof_valid = self.destination.identity.validate(signature, self.hash)
-				if proof_valid:
-					self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
-					self.proved = True
-					self.concluded_at = time.time()
-					if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
-						self.callbacks.delivery(self)
-					return True
-				else:
-					return False
-			else:
-				return False
-		elif len(proof) == PacketReceipt.IMPL_LENGTH:
-			# This is an implicit proof
-			if self.destination.identity == None:
-				return False
-
-			signature = proof[:RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
-			proof_valid = self.destination.identity.validate(signature, self.hash)
-			if proof_valid:
-					self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
-					self.proved = True
-					self.concluded_at = time.time()
-					if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
-						self.callbacks.delivery(self)
-					return True
-			else:
-				return False
-		else:
-			return False
-
-	def rtt(self):
-		return self.concluded_at - self.sent_at
-
-	def is_timed_out(self):
-		return (self.sent_at+self.timeout < time.time())
-
-	def check_timeout(self):
-		if self.is_timed_out():
-			if self.timeout == -1:
-				self.status = PacketReceipt.CULLED
-			else:
-				self.status = PacketReceipt.FAILED
-
-			self.concluded_at = time.time()
-
-			if self.callbacks.timeout:
-				thread = threading.Thread(target=self.callbacks.timeout, args=(self,))
-				thread.setDaemon(True)
-				thread.start()
-				#self.callbacks.timeout(self)
+        if packet.destination.type == RNS.Destination.LINK:
+            self.timeout    = packet.destination.rtt * packet.destination.traffic_timeout_factor
+        else:
+            self.timeout    = Packet.TIMEOUT_PER_HOP * RNS.Transport.hops_to(self.destination.hash)
 
 
-	# Set the timeout in seconds
-	def set_timeout(self, timeout):
-		self.timeout = float(timeout)
+    def get_status(self):
+        """
+        :returns: The status of the associated :ref:`RNS.Packet<api-packet>` instance. Can be one of ``RNS.PacketReceipt.SENT``, ``RNS.PacketReceipt.DELIVERED``, ``RNS.PacketReceipt.FAILED`` or ``RNS.PacketReceipt.CULLED``. 
+        """
+        return self.status
 
-	# Set a function that gets called when
-	# a successfull delivery has been proved
-	def delivery_callback(self, callback):
-		self.callbacks.delivery = callback
+    # Validate a proof packet
+    def validate_proof_packet(self, proof_packet):
+        if hasattr(proof_packet, "link") and proof_packet.link:
+            return self.validate_link_proof(proof_packet.data, proof_packet.link, proof_packet)
+        else:
+            return self.validate_proof(proof_packet.data, proof_packet)
 
-	# Set a function that gets called if the
-	# delivery times out
-	def timeout_callback(self, callback):
-		self.callbacks.timeout = callback
+    # Validate a raw proof for a link
+    def validate_link_proof(self, proof, link, proof_packet=None):
+        # TODO: Hardcoded as explicit proofs for now
+        if True or len(proof) == PacketReceipt.EXPL_LENGTH:
+            # This is an explicit proof
+            proof_hash = proof[:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8]
+            signature = proof[RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8+RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
+            if proof_hash == self.hash:
+                proof_valid = link.validate(signature, self.hash)
+                if proof_valid:
+                    self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
+                    self.proved = True
+                    self.concluded_at = time.time()
+                    self.proof_packet = proof_packet
+
+                    if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
+                        self.callbacks.delivery(self)
+                    return True
+                else:
+                    return False
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif len(proof) == PacketReceipt.IMPL_LENGTH:
+            pass
+            # TODO: Why is this disabled?
+            # signature = proof[:RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
+            # proof_valid = self.link.validate(signature, self.hash)
+            # if proof_valid:
+            #       self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
+            #       self.proved = True
+            #       self.concluded_at = time.time()
+            #       if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
+            #           self.callbacks.delivery(self)
+            #       RNS.log("valid")
+            #       return True
+            # else:
+            #   RNS.log("invalid")
+            #   return False
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    # Validate a raw proof
+    def validate_proof(self, proof, proof_packet=None):
+        if len(proof) == PacketReceipt.EXPL_LENGTH:
+            # This is an explicit proof
+            proof_hash = proof[:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8]
+            signature = proof[RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8:RNS.Identity.HASHLENGTH//8+RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
+            if proof_hash == self.hash:
+                proof_valid = self.destination.identity.validate(signature, self.hash)
+                if proof_valid:
+                    self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
+                    self.proved = True
+                    self.concluded_at = time.time()
+                    self.proof_packet = proof_packet
+
+                    if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
+                        try:
+                            self.callbacks.delivery(self)
+                        except Exception as e:
+                            RNS.log("Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+
+                    return True
+                else:
+                    return False
+            else:
+                return False
+        elif len(proof) == PacketReceipt.IMPL_LENGTH:
+            # This is an implicit proof
+            if self.destination.identity == None:
+                return False
+
+            signature = proof[:RNS.Identity.SIGLENGTH//8]
+            proof_valid = self.destination.identity.validate(signature, self.hash)
+            if proof_valid:
+                    self.status = PacketReceipt.DELIVERED
+                    self.proved = True
+                    self.concluded_at = time.time()
+                    self.proof_packet = proof_packet
+
+                    if self.callbacks.delivery != None:
+                        try:
+                            self.callbacks.delivery(self)
+                        except Exception as e:
+                            RNS.log("Error while executing proof validated callback. The contained exception was: "+str(e), RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+                            
+                    return True
+            else:
+                return False
+        else:
+            return False
+
+    def get_rtt(self):
+        """
+        :returns: The round-trip-time in seconds
+        """
+        return self.concluded_at - self.sent_at
+
+    def is_timed_out(self):
+        return (self.sent_at+self.timeout < time.time())
+
+    def check_timeout(self):
+        if self.status == PacketReceipt.SENT and self.is_timed_out():
+            if self.timeout == -1:
+                self.status = PacketReceipt.CULLED
+            else:
+                self.status = PacketReceipt.FAILED
+
+            self.concluded_at = time.time()
+
+            if self.callbacks.timeout:
+                thread = threading.Thread(target=self.callbacks.timeout, args=(self,))
+                thread.setDaemon(True)
+                thread.start()
+
+
+    def set_timeout(self, timeout):
+        """
+        Sets a timeout in seconds
+        
+        :param timeout: The timeout in seconds.
+        """
+        self.timeout = float(timeout)
+
+    def set_delivery_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Sets a function that gets called if a successfull delivery has been proven.
+
+        :param callback: A *callable* with the signature *callback(packet_receipt)*
+        """
+        self.callbacks.delivery = callback
+
+    # Set a function that gets called if the
+    # delivery times out
+    def set_timeout_callback(self, callback):
+        """
+        Sets a function that gets called if the delivery times out.
+
+        :param callback: A *callable* with the signature *callback(packet_receipt)*
+        """
+        self.callbacks.timeout = callback
 
 class PacketReceiptCallbacks:
-	def __init__(self):
-		self.delivery = None
-		self.timeout  = None
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.delivery = None
+        self.timeout  = None

RNS/Utilities/__init__.py

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+import os
+import glob
+
+modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
+__all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]

RNS/Utilities/rnpath.py

@@ -0,0 +1,97 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import RNS
+import sys
+import time
+import argparse
+
+from RNS._version import __version__
+
+
+def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, verbosity):
+    try:
+        dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+        try:
+            destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid destination entered. Check your input.")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(str(e))
+        exit()
+
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir = configdir, loglevel = 3+verbosity)
+
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    i = 0
+    syms = "⢄⢂⢁⡁⡈⡐⡠"
+    while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        i = (i+1)%len(syms)
+
+    hops = RNS.Transport.hops_to(destination_hash)
+    next_hop = RNS.prettyhexrep(reticulum.get_next_hop(destination_hash))
+    next_hop_interface = reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash)
+
+    if hops != 1:
+        ms = "s"
+    else:
+        ms = ""
+
+    print("\rPath found, destination "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" is "+str(hops)+" hop"+ms+" away via "+next_hop+" on "+next_hop_interface)
+    
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Reticulum Path Discovery Utility")
+
+        parser.add_argument("--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--version",
+            action="version",
+            version="rnpath {version}".format(version=__version__)
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
+        
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if not args.destination:
+            print("")
+            parser.print_help()
+            print("")
+        else:
+            program_setup(configdir = configarg, destination_hexhash = args.destination, verbosity = args.verbose)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

RNS/Utilities/rnprobe.py

@@ -0,0 +1,192 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import RNS
+import os
+import sys
+import time
+import argparse
+
+from RNS._version import __version__
+
+DEFAULT_PROBE_SIZE = 16
+
+def program_setup(configdir, destination_hexhash, size=DEFAULT_PROBE_SIZE, full_name = None, verbosity = 0):
+    if full_name == None:
+        print("The full destination name including application name aspects must be specified for the destination")
+        exit()
+    
+    try:
+        app_name, aspects = RNS.Destination.app_and_aspects_from_name(full_name)
+
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(str(e))
+        exit()
+
+    try:
+        dest_len = (RNS.Reticulum.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH//8)*2
+        if len(destination_hexhash) != dest_len:
+            raise ValueError("Destination length is invalid, must be {hex} hexadecimal characters ({byte} bytes).".format(hex=dest_len, byte=dest_len//2))
+        try:
+            destination_hash = bytes.fromhex(destination_hexhash)
+        except Exception as e:
+            raise ValueError("Invalid destination entered. Check your input.")
+    except Exception as e:
+        print(str(e))
+        exit()
+
+    if verbosity > 0:
+        more_output = True
+        verbosity -= 1
+    else:
+        more_output = False
+        verbosity -= 1
+
+
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir = configdir, loglevel = 3+verbosity)
+
+    if not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        RNS.Transport.request_path(destination_hash)
+        print("Path to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+" requested  ", end=" ")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    i = 0
+    syms = "⢄⢂⢁⡁⡈⡐⡠"
+    while not RNS.Transport.has_path(destination_hash):
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        i = (i+1)%len(syms)
+
+    server_identity = RNS.Identity.recall(destination_hash)
+
+    request_destination = RNS.Destination(
+        server_identity,
+        RNS.Destination.OUT,
+        RNS.Destination.SINGLE,
+        app_name,
+        *aspects
+    )
+
+    probe = RNS.Packet(request_destination, os.urandom(size))
+    receipt = probe.send()
+
+    if more_output:
+        more = " via "+RNS.prettyhexrep(reticulum.get_next_hop(destination_hash))+" on "+str(reticulum.get_next_hop_if_name(destination_hash))
+    else:
+        more = ""
+
+    print("\rSent "+str(size)+" byte probe to "+RNS.prettyhexrep(destination_hash)+more+"  ", end=" ")
+
+    i = 0
+    while not receipt.status == RNS.PacketReceipt.DELIVERED:
+        time.sleep(0.1)
+        print(("\b\b"+syms[i]+" "), end="")
+        sys.stdout.flush()
+        i = (i+1)%len(syms)
+
+    print("\b\b ")
+    sys.stdout.flush()
+
+    hops = RNS.Transport.hops_to(destination_hash)
+    if hops != 1:
+        ms = "s"
+    else:
+        ms = ""
+
+    rtt = receipt.get_rtt()
+    if (rtt >= 1):
+        rtt = round(rtt, 3)
+        rttstring = str(rtt)+" seconds"
+    else:
+        rtt = round(rtt*1000, 3)
+        rttstring = str(rtt)+" milliseconds"
+
+    reception_stats = ""
+    if reticulum.is_connected_to_shared_instance:
+        reception_rssi = reticulum.get_packet_rssi(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
+        reception_snr  = reticulum.get_packet_snr(receipt.proof_packet.packet_hash)
+
+        if reception_rssi != None:
+            reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(reception_rssi)+" dBm]"
+        
+        if reception_snr != None:
+            reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(reception_snr)+" dB]"
+
+    else:
+        if receipt.proof_packet != None:
+            if receipt.proof_packet.rssi != None:
+                reception_stats += " [RSSI "+str(receipt.proof_packet.rssi)+" dBm]"
+            
+            if receipt.proof_packet.snr != None:
+                reception_stats += " [SNR "+str(receipt.proof_packet.snr)+" dB]"
+
+    print(
+        "Valid reply received from "+
+        RNS.prettyhexrep(receipt.destination.hash)+
+        "\nRound-trip time is "+rttstring+
+        " over "+str(hops)+" hop"+ms+
+        reception_stats
+    )
+
+    
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Reticulum Probe Utility")
+
+        parser.add_argument("--config",
+            action="store",
+            default=None,
+            help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "--version",
+            action="version",
+            version="rnprobe {version}".format(version=__version__)
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "full_name",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="full destination name in dotted notation",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "destination_hash",
+            nargs="?",
+            default=None,
+            help="hexadecimal hash of the destination",
+            type=str
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
+
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        if not args.destination_hash:
+            print("")
+            parser.print_help()
+            print("")
+        else:
+            program_setup(
+                configdir = configarg,
+                destination_hexhash = args.destination_hash,
+                full_name = args.full_name,
+                verbosity = args.verbose
+            )
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

RNS/Utilities/rnsd.py

@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import RNS
+import argparse
+import time
+
+from RNS._version import __version__
+
+
+def program_setup(configdir, verbosity = 0, quietness = 0, service = False):
+    targetloglevel = 3+verbosity-quietness
+
+    if service:
+        RNS.logdest = RNS.LOG_FILE
+        RNS.logfile = RNS.Reticulum.configdir+"/logfile"
+        targetloglevel = None
+
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir=configdir, loglevel=targetloglevel)
+    RNS.log("Started rnsd version {version}".format(version=__version__), RNS.LOG_NOTICE)
+    while True:
+        time.sleep(1)
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Reticulum Network Stack Daemon")
+        parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
+        parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
+        parser.add_argument('-q', '--quiet', action='count', default=0)
+        parser.add_argument('-s', '--service', action='store_true', default=False, help="rnsd is running as a service and should log to file")
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnsd {version}".format(version=__version__))
+        
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        program_setup(configdir = configarg, verbosity=args.verbose, quietness=args.quiet, service=args.service)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

RNS/Utilities/rnstatus.py

@@ -0,0 +1,93 @@
+#!/usr/bin/env python3
+
+import RNS
+import argparse
+
+from RNS._version import __version__
+
+def size_str(num, suffix='B'):
+    units = ['','K','M','G','T','P','E','Z']
+    last_unit = 'Y'
+
+    if suffix == 'b':
+        num *= 8
+        units = ['','K','M','G','T','P','E','Z']
+        last_unit = 'Y'
+
+    for unit in units:
+        if abs(num) < 1000.0:
+            if unit == "":
+                return "%.0f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+            else:
+                return "%.2f %s%s" % (num, unit, suffix)
+        num /= 1000.0
+
+    return "%.2f%s%s" % (num, last_unit, suffix)
+
+def program_setup(configdir, dispall=False, verbosity = 0):
+    reticulum = RNS.Reticulum(configdir = configdir, loglevel = 3+verbosity)
+    
+    ifstats = reticulum.get_interface_stats()
+    if ifstats != None:
+        for ifstat in ifstats:
+            name = ifstat["name"]
+
+            if dispall or not (name.startswith("LocalInterface[") or name.startswith("TCPInterface[Client")):
+                print("")
+                if ifstat["status"]:
+                    ss = "Up"
+                else:
+                    ss = "Down"
+
+                if ifstat["clients"] != None:
+                    clients = ifstat["clients"]
+                    if name.startswith("Shared Instance["):
+                        clients_string = "Connected applications: "+str(max(clients-1,0))
+                    else:
+                        clients_string = "Connected clients: "+str(clients)
+
+                else:
+                    clients = None
+
+                print(" {n}".format(n=ifstat["name"]))
+                print("\tStatus: {ss}".format(ss=ss))
+                if clients != None:
+                    print("\t"+clients_string)
+                print("\tRX: {rxb}\n\tTX: {txb}".format(rxb=size_str(ifstat["rxb"]), txb=size_str(ifstat["txb"])))
+
+        print("")
+                
+    else:
+        print("Could not get RNS status")
+
+def main():
+    try:
+        parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(description="Reticulum Network Stack Status")
+        parser.add_argument("--config", action="store", default=None, help="path to alternative Reticulum config directory", type=str)
+        parser.add_argument("--version", action="version", version="rnstatus {version}".format(version=__version__))
+
+        parser.add_argument(
+            "-a",
+            "--all",
+            action="store_true",
+            help="show all interfaces",
+            default=False
+        )
+
+        parser.add_argument('-v', '--verbose', action='count', default=0)
+        
+        args = parser.parse_args()
+
+        if args.config:
+            configarg = args.config
+        else:
+            configarg = None
+
+        program_setup(configdir = configarg, dispall = args.all, verbosity=args.verbose)
+
+    except KeyboardInterrupt:
+        print("")
+        exit()
+
+if __name__ == "__main__":
+    main()

RNS/__init__.py

@@ -3,15 +3,18 @@ import sys
 import glob
 import time
 import random
+import threading
+
+from ._version import __version__
 
 from .Reticulum import Reticulum
 from .Identity import Identity
-from .Link import Link
+from .Link import Link, RequestReceipt
 from .Transport import Transport
 from .Destination import Destination
 from .Packet import Packet
 from .Packet import PacketReceipt
-from .Resource import Resource
+from .Resource import Resource, ResourceAdvertisement
 
 modules = glob.glob(os.path.dirname(__file__)+"/*.py")
 __all__ = [ os.path.basename(f)[:-3] for f in modules if not f.endswith('__init__.py')]
@@ -25,65 +28,106 @@ LOG_VERBOSE  = 5
 LOG_DEBUG    = 6
 LOG_EXTREME  = 7
 
-LOG_STDOUT	 = 0x91
+LOG_STDOUT   = 0x91
 LOG_FILE     = 0x92
 
-loglevel 	 = LOG_NOTICE
+LOG_MAXSIZE  = 5*1024*1024
+
+loglevel     = LOG_NOTICE
 logfile      = None
 logdest      = LOG_STDOUT
 logtimefmt   = "%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S"
 
 random.seed(os.urandom(10))
 
+_always_override_destination = False
+
+logging_lock = threading.Lock()
+
 def loglevelname(level):
-	if (level == LOG_CRITICAL):
-		return "Critical"
-	if (level == LOG_ERROR):
-		return "Error"
-	if (level == LOG_WARNING):
-		return "Warning"
-	if (level == LOG_NOTICE):
-		return "Notice"
-	if (level == LOG_INFO):
-		return "Info"
-	if (level == LOG_VERBOSE):
-		return "Verbose"
-	if (level == LOG_DEBUG):
-		return "Debug"
-	if (level == LOG_EXTREME):
-		return "Extra"
-	
-	return "Unknown"
+    if (level == LOG_CRITICAL):
+        return "Critical"
+    if (level == LOG_ERROR):
+        return "Error"
+    if (level == LOG_WARNING):
+        return "Warning"
+    if (level == LOG_NOTICE):
+        return "Notice"
+    if (level == LOG_INFO):
+        return "Info"
+    if (level == LOG_VERBOSE):
+        return "Verbose"
+    if (level == LOG_DEBUG):
+        return "Debug"
+    if (level == LOG_EXTREME):
+        return "Extra"
+    
+    return "Unknown"
 
-def log(msg, level=3):
-	# TODO: not thread safe
-	if loglevel >= level:
-		timestamp = time.time()
-		logstring = "["+time.strftime(logtimefmt)+"] ["+loglevelname(level)+"] "+msg
+def version():
+    return __version__
 
-		if (logdest == LOG_STDOUT):
-			print(logstring)
+def host_os():
+    from .vendor.platformutils import get_platform
+    return get_platform()
 
-		if (logdest == LOG_FILE and logfile != None):
-			file = open(logfile, "a")
-			file.write(logstring+"\n")
-			file.close()
+def log(msg, level=3, _override_destination = False):
+    global _always_override_destination
+    
+    if loglevel >= level:
+        timestamp = time.time()
+        logstring = "["+time.strftime(logtimefmt)+"] ["+loglevelname(level)+"] "+msg
+        logging_lock.acquire()
+
+        if (logdest == LOG_STDOUT or _always_override_destination or _override_destination):
+            print(logstring)
+            logging_lock.release()
+
+        elif (logdest == LOG_FILE and logfile != None):
+            try:
+                file = open(logfile, "a")
+                file.write(logstring+"\n")
+                file.close()
+                
+                if os.path.getsize(logfile) > LOG_MAXSIZE:
+                    prevfile = logfile+".1"
+                    if os.path.isfile(prevfile):
+                        os.unlink(prevfile)
+                    os.rename(logfile, prevfile)
+
+                logging_lock.release()
+            except Exception as e:
+                logging_lock.release()
+                _always_override_destination = True
+                log("Exception occurred while writing log message to log file: "+str(e), LOG_CRITICAL)
+                log("Dumping future log events to console!", LOG_CRITICAL)
+                log(msg, level)
+                
 
 def rand():
-	result = random.random()
-	return result
+    result = random.random()
+    return result
 
 def hexrep(data, delimit=True):
-	delimiter = ":"
-	if not delimit:
-		delimiter = ""
-	hexrep = delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)
-	return hexrep
+    try:
+        iter(data)
+    except TypeError:
+        data = [data]
+        
+    delimiter = ":"
+    if not delimit:
+        delimiter = ""
+    hexrep = delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)
+    return hexrep
 
 def prettyhexrep(data):
-	delimiter = ""
-	hexrep = "<"+delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)+">"
-	return hexrep
+    delimiter = ""
+    hexrep = "<"+delimiter.join("{:02x}".format(c) for c in data)+">"
+    return hexrep
 
 def panic():
-	os._exit(255)
+    os._exit(255)
+
+def exit():
+    print("")
+    sys.exit(0)

RNS/_version.py

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+__version__ = "0.3.2"

RNS/vendor/configobj.py

@@ -19,7 +19,7 @@ import sys
 
 from codecs import BOM_UTF8, BOM_UTF16, BOM_UTF16_BE, BOM_UTF16_LE
 
-import six
+import RNS.vendor.six as six
 __version__ = '5.0.6'
 
 # imported lazily to avoid startup performance hit if it isn't used

RNS/vendor/platformutils.py

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+def get_platform():
+    from os import environ
+    if "ANDROID_ARGUMENT" in environ:
+        return "android"
+    elif "ANDROID_ROOT" in environ:
+        return "android"
+    else:
+        import sys
+        return sys.platform
+
+def is_darwin():
+    if get_platform() == "darwin":
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+def is_android():
+    if get_platform() == "android":
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+def is_windows():
+    if str(get_platform()).startswith("win"):
+        return True
+    else:
+        return False
+
+def platform_checks():
+    if is_windows():
+        import sys
+        if sys.version_info.major >= 3 and sys.version_info.minor >= 8:
+            pass
+        else:
+            import RNS
+            RNS.log("On Windows, Reticulum requires Python 3.8 or higher.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.log("Please update Python to run Reticulum.", RNS.LOG_ERROR)
+            RNS.panic()

RNS/vendor/six.py

@@ -0,0 +1,998 @@
+# Copyright (c) 2010-2020 Benjamin Peterson
+#
+# Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+# of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+# in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+# to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+# copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+# furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+#
+# The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+# copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+#
+# THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+# IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+# FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+# AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+# LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+# OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+# SOFTWARE.
+
+"""Utilities for writing code that runs on Python 2 and 3"""
+
+from __future__ import absolute_import
+
+import functools
+import itertools
+import operator
+import sys
+import types
+
+__author__ = "Benjamin Peterson <benjamin@python.org>"
+__version__ = "1.16.0"
+
+
+# Useful for very coarse version differentiation.
+PY2 = sys.version_info[0] == 2
+PY3 = sys.version_info[0] == 3
+PY34 = sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 4)
+
+if PY3:
+    string_types = str,
+    integer_types = int,
+    class_types = type,
+    text_type = str
+    binary_type = bytes
+
+    MAXSIZE = sys.maxsize
+else:
+    string_types = basestring,
+    integer_types = (int, long)
+    class_types = (type, types.ClassType)
+    text_type = unicode
+    binary_type = str
+
+    if sys.platform.startswith("java"):
+        # Jython always uses 32 bits.
+        MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+    else:
+        # It's possible to have sizeof(long) != sizeof(Py_ssize_t).
+        class X(object):
+
+            def __len__(self):
+                return 1 << 31
+        try:
+            len(X())
+        except OverflowError:
+            # 32-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 31) - 1)
+        else:
+            # 64-bit
+            MAXSIZE = int((1 << 63) - 1)
+        del X
+
+if PY34:
+    from importlib.util import spec_from_loader
+else:
+    spec_from_loader = None
+
+
+def _add_doc(func, doc):
+    """Add documentation to a function."""
+    func.__doc__ = doc
+
+
+def _import_module(name):
+    """Import module, returning the module after the last dot."""
+    __import__(name)
+    return sys.modules[name]
+
+
+class _LazyDescr(object):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        self.name = name
+
+    def __get__(self, obj, tp):
+        result = self._resolve()
+        setattr(obj, self.name, result)  # Invokes __set__.
+        try:
+            # This is a bit ugly, but it avoids running this again by
+            # removing this descriptor.
+            delattr(obj.__class__, self.name)
+        except AttributeError:
+            pass
+        return result
+
+
+class MovedModule(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old, new=None):
+        super(MovedModule, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new is None:
+                new = name
+            self.mod = new
+        else:
+            self.mod = old
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        return _import_module(self.mod)
+
+    def __getattr__(self, attr):
+        _module = self._resolve()
+        value = getattr(_module, attr)
+        setattr(self, attr, value)
+        return value
+
+
+class _LazyModule(types.ModuleType):
+
+    def __init__(self, name):
+        super(_LazyModule, self).__init__(name)
+        self.__doc__ = self.__class__.__doc__
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        attrs = ["__doc__", "__name__"]
+        attrs += [attr.name for attr in self._moved_attributes]
+        return attrs
+
+    # Subclasses should override this
+    _moved_attributes = []
+
+
+class MovedAttribute(_LazyDescr):
+
+    def __init__(self, name, old_mod, new_mod, old_attr=None, new_attr=None):
+        super(MovedAttribute, self).__init__(name)
+        if PY3:
+            if new_mod is None:
+                new_mod = name
+            self.mod = new_mod
+            if new_attr is None:
+                if old_attr is None:
+                    new_attr = name
+                else:
+                    new_attr = old_attr
+            self.attr = new_attr
+        else:
+            self.mod = old_mod
+            if old_attr is None:
+                old_attr = name
+            self.attr = old_attr
+
+    def _resolve(self):
+        module = _import_module(self.mod)
+        return getattr(module, self.attr)
+
+
+class _SixMetaPathImporter(object):
+
+    """
+    A meta path importer to import six.moves and its submodules.
+
+    This class implements a PEP302 finder and loader. It should be compatible
+    with Python 2.5 and all existing versions of Python3
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self, six_module_name):
+        self.name = six_module_name
+        self.known_modules = {}
+
+    def _add_module(self, mod, *fullnames):
+        for fullname in fullnames:
+            self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname] = mod
+
+    def _get_module(self, fullname):
+        return self.known_modules[self.name + "." + fullname]
+
+    def find_module(self, fullname, path=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return self
+        return None
+
+    def find_spec(self, fullname, path, target=None):
+        if fullname in self.known_modules:
+            return spec_from_loader(fullname, self)
+        return None
+
+    def __get_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            return self.known_modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise ImportError("This loader does not know module " + fullname)
+
+    def load_module(self, fullname):
+        try:
+            # in case of a reload
+            return sys.modules[fullname]
+        except KeyError:
+            pass
+        mod = self.__get_module(fullname)
+        if isinstance(mod, MovedModule):
+            mod = mod._resolve()
+        else:
+            mod.__loader__ = self
+        sys.modules[fullname] = mod
+        return mod
+
+    def is_package(self, fullname):
+        """
+        Return true, if the named module is a package.
+
+        We need this method to get correct spec objects with
+        Python 3.4 (see PEP451)
+        """
+        return hasattr(self.__get_module(fullname), "__path__")
+
+    def get_code(self, fullname):
+        """Return None
+
+        Required, if is_package is implemented"""
+        self.__get_module(fullname)  # eventually raises ImportError
+        return None
+    get_source = get_code  # same as get_code
+
+    def create_module(self, spec):
+        return self.load_module(spec.name)
+
+    def exec_module(self, module):
+        pass
+
+_importer = _SixMetaPathImporter(__name__)
+
+
+class _MovedItems(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+
+
+_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("cStringIO", "cStringIO", "io", "StringIO"),
+    MovedAttribute("filter", "itertools", "builtins", "ifilter", "filter"),
+    MovedAttribute("filterfalse", "itertools", "itertools", "ifilterfalse", "filterfalse"),
+    MovedAttribute("input", "__builtin__", "builtins", "raw_input", "input"),
+    MovedAttribute("intern", "__builtin__", "sys"),
+    MovedAttribute("map", "itertools", "builtins", "imap", "map"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwd", "os", "os", "getcwdu", "getcwd"),
+    MovedAttribute("getcwdb", "os", "os", "getcwd", "getcwdb"),
+    MovedAttribute("getoutput", "commands", "subprocess"),
+    MovedAttribute("range", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("reload_module", "__builtin__", "importlib" if PY34 else "imp", "reload"),
+    MovedAttribute("reduce", "__builtin__", "functools"),
+    MovedAttribute("shlex_quote", "pipes", "shlex", "quote"),
+    MovedAttribute("StringIO", "StringIO", "io"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserDict", "UserDict", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserList", "UserList", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("UserString", "UserString", "collections"),
+    MovedAttribute("xrange", "__builtin__", "builtins", "xrange", "range"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip", "itertools", "builtins", "izip", "zip"),
+    MovedAttribute("zip_longest", "itertools", "itertools", "izip_longest", "zip_longest"),
+    MovedModule("builtins", "__builtin__"),
+    MovedModule("configparser", "ConfigParser"),
+    MovedModule("collections_abc", "collections", "collections.abc" if sys.version_info >= (3, 3) else "collections"),
+    MovedModule("copyreg", "copy_reg"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_gnu", "gdbm", "dbm.gnu"),
+    MovedModule("dbm_ndbm", "dbm", "dbm.ndbm"),
+    MovedModule("_dummy_thread", "dummy_thread", "_dummy_thread" if sys.version_info < (3, 9) else "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookiejar", "cookielib", "http.cookiejar"),
+    MovedModule("http_cookies", "Cookie", "http.cookies"),
+    MovedModule("html_entities", "htmlentitydefs", "html.entities"),
+    MovedModule("html_parser", "HTMLParser", "html.parser"),
+    MovedModule("http_client", "httplib", "http.client"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_base", "email.MIMEBase", "email.mime.base"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_image", "email.MIMEImage", "email.mime.image"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_multipart", "email.MIMEMultipart", "email.mime.multipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_nonmultipart", "email.MIMENonMultipart", "email.mime.nonmultipart"),
+    MovedModule("email_mime_text", "email.MIMEText", "email.mime.text"),
+    MovedModule("BaseHTTPServer", "BaseHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("CGIHTTPServer", "CGIHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("SimpleHTTPServer", "SimpleHTTPServer", "http.server"),
+    MovedModule("cPickle", "cPickle", "pickle"),
+    MovedModule("queue", "Queue"),
+    MovedModule("reprlib", "repr"),
+    MovedModule("socketserver", "SocketServer"),
+    MovedModule("_thread", "thread", "_thread"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter", "Tkinter"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dialog", "Dialog", "tkinter.dialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_filedialog", "FileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_scrolledtext", "ScrolledText", "tkinter.scrolledtext"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_simpledialog", "SimpleDialog", "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tix", "Tix", "tkinter.tix"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_ttk", "ttk", "tkinter.ttk"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_constants", "Tkconstants", "tkinter.constants"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_dnd", "Tkdnd", "tkinter.dnd"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_colorchooser", "tkColorChooser",
+                "tkinter.colorchooser"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_commondialog", "tkCommonDialog",
+                "tkinter.commondialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tkfiledialog", "tkFileDialog", "tkinter.filedialog"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_font", "tkFont", "tkinter.font"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_messagebox", "tkMessageBox", "tkinter.messagebox"),
+    MovedModule("tkinter_tksimpledialog", "tkSimpleDialog",
+                "tkinter.simpledialog"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_parse", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_error", __name__ + ".moves.urllib_error", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedModule("urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib", __name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+    MovedModule("urllib_robotparser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_client", "xmlrpclib", "xmlrpc.client"),
+    MovedModule("xmlrpc_server", "SimpleXMLRPCServer", "xmlrpc.server"),
+]
+# Add windows specific modules.
+if sys.platform == "win32":
+    _moved_attributes += [
+        MovedModule("winreg", "_winreg"),
+    ]
+
+for attr in _moved_attributes:
+    setattr(_MovedItems, attr.name, attr)
+    if isinstance(attr, MovedModule):
+        _importer._add_module(attr, "moves." + attr.name)
+del attr
+
+_MovedItems._moved_attributes = _moved_attributes
+
+moves = _MovedItems(__name__ + ".moves")
+_importer._add_module(moves, "moves")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_parse"""
+
+
+_urllib_parse_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("ParseResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("SplitResult", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qs", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_qsl", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urldefrag", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urljoin", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunparse", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlunsplit", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("quote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_plus", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("unquote_to_bytes", "urllib", "urllib.parse", "unquote", "unquote_to_bytes"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlencode", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitquery", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splittag", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splituser", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("splitvalue", "urllib", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_fragment", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_netloc", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_params", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_query", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+    MovedAttribute("uses_relative", "urlparse", "urllib.parse"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_parse_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_parse._moved_attributes = _urllib_parse_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_parse(__name__ + ".moves.urllib_parse"),
+                      "moves.urllib_parse", "moves.urllib.parse")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_error(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_error"""
+
+
+_urllib_error_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("URLError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPError", "urllib2", "urllib.error"),
+    MovedAttribute("ContentTooShortError", "urllib", "urllib.error"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_error_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_error, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_error._moved_attributes = _urllib_error_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_error(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.error"),
+                      "moves.urllib_error", "moves.urllib.error")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_request(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_request"""
+
+
+_urllib_request_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("urlopen", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("install_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("build_opener", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("pathname2url", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("url2pathname", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("getproxies", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("Request", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("OpenerDirector", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDefaultErrorHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPRedirectHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPCookieProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("BaseHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgr", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPPasswordMgrWithDefaultRealm", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyBasicAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("AbstractDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("ProxyDigestAuthHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPSHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FileHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("CacheFTPHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("UnknownHandler", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("HTTPErrorProcessor", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlretrieve", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("urlcleanup", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("URLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("FancyURLopener", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("proxy_bypass", "urllib", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_http_list", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+    MovedAttribute("parse_keqv_list", "urllib2", "urllib.request"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_request_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_request, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_request._moved_attributes = _urllib_request_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_request(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.request"),
+                      "moves.urllib_request", "moves.urllib.request")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_response(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_response"""
+
+
+_urllib_response_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("addbase", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addclosehook", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfo", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+    MovedAttribute("addinfourl", "urllib", "urllib.response"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_response_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_response, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_response._moved_attributes = _urllib_response_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_response(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.response"),
+                      "moves.urllib_response", "moves.urllib.response")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(_LazyModule):
+
+    """Lazy loading of moved objects in six.moves.urllib_robotparser"""
+
+
+_urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes = [
+    MovedAttribute("RobotFileParser", "robotparser", "urllib.robotparser"),
+]
+for attr in _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes:
+    setattr(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser, attr.name, attr)
+del attr
+
+Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser._moved_attributes = _urllib_robotparser_moved_attributes
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib_robotparser(__name__ + ".moves.urllib.robotparser"),
+                      "moves.urllib_robotparser", "moves.urllib.robotparser")
+
+
+class Module_six_moves_urllib(types.ModuleType):
+
+    """Create a six.moves.urllib namespace that resembles the Python 3 namespace"""
+    __path__ = []  # mark as package
+    parse = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_parse")
+    error = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_error")
+    request = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_request")
+    response = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_response")
+    robotparser = _importer._get_module("moves.urllib_robotparser")
+
+    def __dir__(self):
+        return ['parse', 'error', 'request', 'response', 'robotparser']
+
+_importer._add_module(Module_six_moves_urllib(__name__ + ".moves.urllib"),
+                      "moves.urllib")
+
+
+def add_move(move):
+    """Add an item to six.moves."""
+    setattr(_MovedItems, move.name, move)
+
+
+def remove_move(name):
+    """Remove item from six.moves."""
+    try:
+        delattr(_MovedItems, name)
+    except AttributeError:
+        try:
+            del moves.__dict__[name]
+        except KeyError:
+            raise AttributeError("no such move, %r" % (name,))
+
+
+if PY3:
+    _meth_func = "__func__"
+    _meth_self = "__self__"
+
+    _func_closure = "__closure__"
+    _func_code = "__code__"
+    _func_defaults = "__defaults__"
+    _func_globals = "__globals__"
+else:
+    _meth_func = "im_func"
+    _meth_self = "im_self"
+
+    _func_closure = "func_closure"
+    _func_code = "func_code"
+    _func_defaults = "func_defaults"
+    _func_globals = "func_globals"
+
+
+try:
+    advance_iterator = next
+except NameError:
+    def advance_iterator(it):
+        return it.next()
+next = advance_iterator
+
+
+try:
+    callable = callable
+except NameError:
+    def callable(obj):
+        return any("__call__" in klass.__dict__ for klass in type(obj).__mro__)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound
+
+    create_bound_method = types.MethodType
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return func
+
+    Iterator = object
+else:
+    def get_unbound_function(unbound):
+        return unbound.im_func
+
+    def create_bound_method(func, obj):
+        return types.MethodType(func, obj, obj.__class__)
+
+    def create_unbound_method(func, cls):
+        return types.MethodType(func, None, cls)
+
+    class Iterator(object):
+
+        def next(self):
+            return type(self).__next__(self)
+
+    callable = callable
+_add_doc(get_unbound_function,
+         """Get the function out of a possibly unbound function""")
+
+
+get_method_function = operator.attrgetter(_meth_func)
+get_method_self = operator.attrgetter(_meth_self)
+get_function_closure = operator.attrgetter(_func_closure)
+get_function_code = operator.attrgetter(_func_code)
+get_function_defaults = operator.attrgetter(_func_defaults)
+get_function_globals = operator.attrgetter(_func_globals)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.keys(**kw))
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.values(**kw))
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.items(**kw))
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return iter(d.lists(**kw))
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("keys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("values")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("items")
+else:
+    def iterkeys(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterkeys(**kw)
+
+    def itervalues(d, **kw):
+        return d.itervalues(**kw)
+
+    def iteritems(d, **kw):
+        return d.iteritems(**kw)
+
+    def iterlists(d, **kw):
+        return d.iterlists(**kw)
+
+    viewkeys = operator.methodcaller("viewkeys")
+
+    viewvalues = operator.methodcaller("viewvalues")
+
+    viewitems = operator.methodcaller("viewitems")
+
+_add_doc(iterkeys, "Return an iterator over the keys of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(itervalues, "Return an iterator over the values of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iteritems,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, value) pairs of a dictionary.")
+_add_doc(iterlists,
+         "Return an iterator over the (key, [values]) pairs of a dictionary.")
+
+
+if PY3:
+    def b(s):
+        return s.encode("latin-1")
+
+    def u(s):
+        return s
+    unichr = chr
+    import struct
+    int2byte = struct.Struct(">B").pack
+    del struct
+    byte2int = operator.itemgetter(0)
+    indexbytes = operator.getitem
+    iterbytes = iter
+    import io
+    StringIO = io.StringIO
+    BytesIO = io.BytesIO
+    del io
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertCountEqual"
+    if sys.version_info[1] <= 1:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+        _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegexpMatches"
+    else:
+        _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegex"
+        _assertRegex = "assertRegex"
+        _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegex"
+else:
+    def b(s):
+        return s
+    # Workaround for standalone backslash
+
+    def u(s):
+        return unicode(s.replace(r'\\', r'\\\\'), "unicode_escape")
+    unichr = unichr
+    int2byte = chr
+
+    def byte2int(bs):
+        return ord(bs[0])
+
+    def indexbytes(buf, i):
+        return ord(buf[i])
+    iterbytes = functools.partial(itertools.imap, ord)
+    import StringIO
+    StringIO = BytesIO = StringIO.StringIO
+    _assertCountEqual = "assertItemsEqual"
+    _assertRaisesRegex = "assertRaisesRegexp"
+    _assertRegex = "assertRegexpMatches"
+    _assertNotRegex = "assertNotRegexpMatches"
+_add_doc(b, """Byte literal""")
+_add_doc(u, """Text literal""")
+
+
+def assertCountEqual(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertCountEqual)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRaisesRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRaisesRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def assertNotRegex(self, *args, **kwargs):
+    return getattr(self, _assertNotRegex)(*args, **kwargs)
+
+
+if PY3:
+    exec_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "exec")
+
+    def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+        try:
+            if value is None:
+                value = tp()
+            if value.__traceback__ is not tb:
+                raise value.with_traceback(tb)
+            raise value
+        finally:
+            value = None
+            tb = None
+
+else:
+    def exec_(_code_, _globs_=None, _locs_=None):
+        """Execute code in a namespace."""
+        if _globs_ is None:
+            frame = sys._getframe(1)
+            _globs_ = frame.f_globals
+            if _locs_ is None:
+                _locs_ = frame.f_locals
+            del frame
+        elif _locs_ is None:
+            _locs_ = _globs_
+        exec("""exec _code_ in _globs_, _locs_""")
+
+    exec_("""def reraise(tp, value, tb=None):
+    try:
+        raise tp, value, tb
+    finally:
+        tb = None
+""")
+
+
+if sys.version_info[:2] > (3,):
+    exec_("""def raise_from(value, from_value):
+    try:
+        raise value from from_value
+    finally:
+        value = None
+""")
+else:
+    def raise_from(value, from_value):
+        raise value
+
+
+print_ = getattr(moves.builtins, "print", None)
+if print_ is None:
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        """The new-style print function for Python 2.4 and 2.5."""
+        fp = kwargs.pop("file", sys.stdout)
+        if fp is None:
+            return
+
+        def write(data):
+            if not isinstance(data, basestring):
+                data = str(data)
+            # If the file has an encoding, encode unicode with it.
+            if (isinstance(fp, file) and
+                    isinstance(data, unicode) and
+                    fp.encoding is not None):
+                errors = getattr(fp, "errors", None)
+                if errors is None:
+                    errors = "strict"
+                data = data.encode(fp.encoding, errors)
+            fp.write(data)
+        want_unicode = False
+        sep = kwargs.pop("sep", None)
+        if sep is not None:
+            if isinstance(sep, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(sep, str):
+                raise TypeError("sep must be None or a string")
+        end = kwargs.pop("end", None)
+        if end is not None:
+            if isinstance(end, unicode):
+                want_unicode = True
+            elif not isinstance(end, str):
+                raise TypeError("end must be None or a string")
+        if kwargs:
+            raise TypeError("invalid keyword arguments to print()")
+        if not want_unicode:
+            for arg in args:
+                if isinstance(arg, unicode):
+                    want_unicode = True
+                    break
+        if want_unicode:
+            newline = unicode("\n")
+            space = unicode(" ")
+        else:
+            newline = "\n"
+            space = " "
+        if sep is None:
+            sep = space
+        if end is None:
+            end = newline
+        for i, arg in enumerate(args):
+            if i:
+                write(sep)
+            write(arg)
+        write(end)
+if sys.version_info[:2] < (3, 3):
+    _print = print_
+
+    def print_(*args, **kwargs):
+        fp = kwargs.get("file", sys.stdout)
+        flush = kwargs.pop("flush", False)
+        _print(*args, **kwargs)
+        if flush and fp is not None:
+            fp.flush()
+
+_add_doc(reraise, """Reraise an exception.""")
+
+if sys.version_info[0:2] < (3, 4):
+    # This does exactly the same what the :func:`py3:functools.update_wrapper`
+    # function does on Python versions after 3.2. It sets the ``__wrapped__``
+    # attribute on ``wrapper`` object and it doesn't raise an error if any of
+    # the attributes mentioned in ``assigned`` and ``updated`` are missing on
+    # ``wrapped`` object.
+    def _update_wrapper(wrapper, wrapped,
+                        assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+                        updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        for attr in assigned:
+            try:
+                value = getattr(wrapped, attr)
+            except AttributeError:
+                continue
+            else:
+                setattr(wrapper, attr, value)
+        for attr in updated:
+            getattr(wrapper, attr).update(getattr(wrapped, attr, {}))
+        wrapper.__wrapped__ = wrapped
+        return wrapper
+    _update_wrapper.__doc__ = functools.update_wrapper.__doc__
+
+    def wraps(wrapped, assigned=functools.WRAPPER_ASSIGNMENTS,
+              updated=functools.WRAPPER_UPDATES):
+        return functools.partial(_update_wrapper, wrapped=wrapped,
+                                 assigned=assigned, updated=updated)
+    wraps.__doc__ = functools.wraps.__doc__
+
+else:
+    wraps = functools.wraps
+
+
+def with_metaclass(meta, *bases):
+    """Create a base class with a metaclass."""
+    # This requires a bit of explanation: the basic idea is to make a dummy
+    # metaclass for one level of class instantiation that replaces itself with
+    # the actual metaclass.
+    class metaclass(type):
+
+        def __new__(cls, name, this_bases, d):
+            if sys.version_info[:2] >= (3, 7):
+                # This version introduced PEP 560 that requires a bit
+                # of extra care (we mimic what is done by __build_class__).
+                resolved_bases = types.resolve_bases(bases)
+                if resolved_bases is not bases:
+                    d['__orig_bases__'] = bases
+            else:
+                resolved_bases = bases
+            return meta(name, resolved_bases, d)
+
+        @classmethod
+        def __prepare__(cls, name, this_bases):
+            return meta.__prepare__(name, bases)
+    return type.__new__(metaclass, 'temporary_class', (), {})
+
+
+def add_metaclass(metaclass):
+    """Class decorator for creating a class with a metaclass."""
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        orig_vars = cls.__dict__.copy()
+        slots = orig_vars.get('__slots__')
+        if slots is not None:
+            if isinstance(slots, str):
+                slots = [slots]
+            for slots_var in slots:
+                orig_vars.pop(slots_var)
+        orig_vars.pop('__dict__', None)
+        orig_vars.pop('__weakref__', None)
+        if hasattr(cls, '__qualname__'):
+            orig_vars['__qualname__'] = cls.__qualname__
+        return metaclass(cls.__name__, cls.__bases__, orig_vars)
+    return wrapper
+
+
+def ensure_binary(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    """Coerce **s** to six.binary_type.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> encoded to `str`
+      - `str` -> `str`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> encoded to `bytes`
+      - `bytes` -> `bytes`
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s
+    if isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+
+
+def ensure_str(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    """Coerce *s* to `str`.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> encoded to `str`
+      - `str` -> `str`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> `str`
+      - `bytes` -> decoded to `str`
+    """
+    # Optimization: Fast return for the common case.
+    if type(s) is str:
+        return s
+    if PY2 and isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s.encode(encoding, errors)
+    elif PY3 and isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    elif not isinstance(s, (text_type, binary_type)):
+        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+    return s
+
+
+def ensure_text(s, encoding='utf-8', errors='strict'):
+    """Coerce *s* to six.text_type.
+
+    For Python 2:
+      - `unicode` -> `unicode`
+      - `str` -> `unicode`
+
+    For Python 3:
+      - `str` -> `str`
+      - `bytes` -> decoded to `str`
+    """
+    if isinstance(s, binary_type):
+        return s.decode(encoding, errors)
+    elif isinstance(s, text_type):
+        return s
+    else:
+        raise TypeError("not expecting type '%s'" % type(s))
+
+
+def python_2_unicode_compatible(klass):
+    """
+    A class decorator that defines __unicode__ and __str__ methods under Python 2.
+    Under Python 3 it does nothing.
+
+    To support Python 2 and 3 with a single code base, define a __str__ method
+    returning text and apply this decorator to the class.
+    """
+    if PY2:
+        if '__str__' not in klass.__dict__:
+            raise ValueError("@python_2_unicode_compatible cannot be applied "
+                             "to %s because it doesn't define __str__()." %
+                             klass.__name__)
+        klass.__unicode__ = klass.__str__
+        klass.__str__ = lambda self: self.__unicode__().encode('utf-8')
+    return klass
+
+
+# Complete the moves implementation.
+# This code is at the end of this module to speed up module loading.
+# Turn this module into a package.
+__path__ = []  # required for PEP 302 and PEP 451
+__package__ = __name__  # see PEP 366 @ReservedAssignment
+if globals().get("__spec__") is not None:
+    __spec__.submodule_search_locations = []  # PEP 451 @UndefinedVariable
+# Remove other six meta path importers, since they cause problems. This can
+# happen if six is removed from sys.modules and then reloaded. (Setuptools does
+# this for some reason.)
+if sys.meta_path:
+    for i, importer in enumerate(sys.meta_path):
+        # Here's some real nastiness: Another "instance" of the six module might
+        # be floating around. Therefore, we can't use isinstance() to check for
+        # the six meta path importer, since the other six instance will have
+        # inserted an importer with different class.
+        if (type(importer).__name__ == "_SixMetaPathImporter" and
+                importer.name == __name__):
+            del sys.meta_path[i]
+            break
+    del i, importer
+# Finally, add the importer to the meta path import hook.
+sys.meta_path.append(_importer)

RNS/vendor/umsgpack.py

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-# u-msgpack-python v2.5.0 - v at sergeev.io
+# u-msgpack-python v2.7.1 - v at sergeev.io
 # https://github.com/vsergeev/u-msgpack-python
 #
 # u-msgpack-python is a lightweight MessagePack serializer and deserializer
@@ -10,7 +10,7 @@
 #
 # MIT License
 #
-# Copyright (c) 2013-2016 vsergeev / Ivan (Vanya) A. Sergeev
+# Copyright (c) 2013-2020 vsergeev / Ivan (Vanya) A. Sergeev
 #
 # Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
 # of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
@@ -31,7 +31,7 @@
 # THE SOFTWARE.
 #
 """
-u-msgpack-python v2.5.0 - v at sergeev.io
+u-msgpack-python v2.7.1 - v at sergeev.io
 https://github.com/vsergeev/u-msgpack-python
 
 u-msgpack-python is a lightweight MessagePack serializer and deserializer
@@ -49,10 +49,15 @@ import datetime
 import sys
 import io
 
-__version__ = "2.5.0"
+if sys.version_info[0:2] >= (3, 3):
+    from collections.abc import Hashable
+else:
+    from collections import Hashable
+
+__version__ = "2.7.1"
 "Module version string"
 
-version = (2, 5, 0)
+version = (2, 7, 1)
 "Module version tuple"
 
 
@@ -61,7 +66,7 @@ version = (2, 5, 0)
 ##############################################################################
 
 # Extension type for application-defined types and data
-class Ext:
+class Ext(object):
     """
     The Ext class facilitates creating a serializable extension object to store
     an application-defined type and data byte array.
@@ -75,23 +80,33 @@ class Ext:
             type: application-defined type integer
             data: application-defined data byte array
 
+        TypeError:
+            Type is not an integer.
+        ValueError:
+            Type is out of range of -128 to 127.
+        TypeError::
+            Data is not type 'bytes' (Python 3) or not type 'str' (Python 2).
+
         Example:
-        >>> foo = umsgpack.Ext(0x05, b"\x01\x02\x03")
+        >>> foo = umsgpack.Ext(5, b"\x01\x02\x03")
         >>> umsgpack.packb({u"special stuff": foo, u"awesome": True})
         '\x82\xa7awesome\xc3\xadspecial stuff\xc7\x03\x05\x01\x02\x03'
         >>> bar = umsgpack.unpackb(_)
         >>> print(bar["special stuff"])
-        Ext Object (Type: 0x05, Data: 01 02 03)
+        Ext Object (Type: 5, Data: 01 02 03)
         >>>
         """
-        # Check type is type int
+        # Check type is type int and in range
         if not isinstance(type, int):
             raise TypeError("ext type is not type integer")
-        # Check data is type bytes
+        elif not (-2**7 <= type <= 2**7 - 1):
+            raise ValueError("ext type value {:d} is out of range (-128 to 127)".format(type))
+        # Check data is type bytes or str
         elif sys.version_info[0] == 3 and not isinstance(data, bytes):
             raise TypeError("ext data is not type \'bytes\'")
         elif sys.version_info[0] == 2 and not isinstance(data, str):
             raise TypeError("ext data is not type \'str\'")
+
         self.type = type
         self.data = data
 
@@ -99,9 +114,8 @@ class Ext:
         """
         Compare this Ext object with another for equality.
         """
-        return (isinstance(other, self.__class__) and
-                self.type == other.type and
-                self.data == other.data)
+        return isinstance(other, self.__class__) \
+            and self.type == other.type and self.data == other.data
 
     def __ne__(self, other):
         """
@@ -113,8 +127,8 @@ class Ext:
         """
         String representation of this Ext object.
         """
-        s = "Ext Object (Type: 0x%02x, Data: " % self.type
-        s += " ".join(["0x%02x" % ord(self.data[i:i + 1])
+        s = "Ext Object (Type: {:d}, Data: ".format(self.type)
+        s += " ".join(["0x{:02}".format(ord(self.data[i:i + 1]))
                        for i in xrange(min(len(self.data), 8))])
         if len(self.data) > 8:
             s += " ..."
@@ -130,7 +144,52 @@ class Ext:
 
 class InvalidString(bytes):
     """Subclass of bytes to hold invalid UTF-8 strings."""
-    pass
+
+
+##############################################################################
+# Ext Serializable Decorator
+##############################################################################
+
+_ext_class_to_type = {}
+_ext_type_to_class = {}
+
+
+def ext_serializable(ext_type):
+    """
+    Return a decorator to register a class for automatic packing and unpacking
+    with the specified Ext type code. The application class should implement a
+    `packb()` method that returns serialized bytes, and an `unpackb()` class
+    method or static method that accepts serialized bytes and returns an
+    instance of the application class.
+
+    Args:
+        ext_type: application-defined Ext type code
+
+    Raises:
+        TypeError:
+            Ext type is not an integer.
+        ValueError:
+            Ext type is out of range of -128 to 127.
+        ValueError:
+            Ext type or class already registered.
+    """
+    def wrapper(cls):
+        if not isinstance(ext_type, int):
+            raise TypeError("Ext type is not type integer")
+        elif not (-2**7 <= ext_type <= 2**7 - 1):
+            raise ValueError("Ext type value {:d} is out of range of -128 to 127".format(ext_type))
+        elif ext_type in _ext_type_to_class:
+            raise ValueError("Ext type {:d} already registered with class {:s}".format(ext_type, repr(_ext_type_to_class[ext_type])))
+        elif cls in _ext_class_to_type:
+            raise ValueError("Class {:s} already registered with Ext type {:d}".format(repr(cls), ext_type))
+
+        _ext_type_to_class[ext_type] = cls
+        _ext_class_to_type[cls] = ext_type
+
+        return cls
+
+    return wrapper
+
 
 ##############################################################################
 # Exceptions
@@ -140,39 +199,32 @@ class InvalidString(bytes):
 # Base Exception classes
 class PackException(Exception):
     "Base class for exceptions encountered during packing."
-    pass
 
 
 class UnpackException(Exception):
     "Base class for exceptions encountered during unpacking."
-    pass
 
 
 # Packing error
 class UnsupportedTypeException(PackException):
     "Object type not supported for packing."
-    pass
 
 
 # Unpacking error
 class InsufficientDataException(UnpackException):
     "Insufficient data to unpack the serialized object."
-    pass
 
 
 class InvalidStringException(UnpackException):
     "Invalid UTF-8 string encountered during unpacking."
-    pass
 
 
 class UnsupportedTimestampException(UnpackException):
     "Unsupported timestamp format encountered during unpacking."
-    pass
 
 
 class ReservedCodeException(UnpackException):
     "Reserved code encountered during unpacking."
-    pass
 
 
 class UnhashableKeyException(UnpackException):
@@ -180,12 +232,10 @@ class UnhashableKeyException(UnpackException):
     Unhashable key encountered during map unpacking.
     The serialized map cannot be deserialized into a Python dictionary.
     """
-    pass
 
 
 class DuplicateKeyException(UnpackException):
     "Duplicate key encountered during map unpacking."
-    pass
 
 
 # Backwards compatibility
@@ -250,15 +300,15 @@ def _pack_integer(obj, fp, options):
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge signed int")
     else:
-        if obj <= 127:
+        if obj < 128:
             fp.write(struct.pack("B", obj))
-        elif obj <= 2**8 - 1:
+        elif obj < 2**8:
             fp.write(b"\xcc" + struct.pack("B", obj))
-        elif obj <= 2**16 - 1:
+        elif obj < 2**16:
             fp.write(b"\xcd" + struct.pack(">H", obj))
-        elif obj <= 2**32 - 1:
+        elif obj < 2**32:
             fp.write(b"\xce" + struct.pack(">I", obj))
-        elif obj <= 2**64 - 1:
+        elif obj < 2**64:
             fp.write(b"\xcf" + struct.pack(">Q", obj))
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge unsigned int")
@@ -285,94 +335,99 @@ def _pack_float(obj, fp, options):
 
 def _pack_string(obj, fp, options):
     obj = obj.encode('utf-8')
-    if len(obj) <= 31:
-        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0xa0 | len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**8 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xd9" + struct.pack("B", len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**16 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xda" + struct.pack(">H", len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**32 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xdb" + struct.pack(">I", len(obj)) + obj)
+    obj_len = len(obj)
+    if obj_len < 32:
+        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0xa0 | obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**8:
+        fp.write(b"\xd9" + struct.pack("B", obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**16:
+        fp.write(b"\xda" + struct.pack(">H", obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**32:
+        fp.write(b"\xdb" + struct.pack(">I", obj_len) + obj)
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge string")
 
 
 def _pack_binary(obj, fp, options):
-    if len(obj) <= 2**8 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xc4" + struct.pack("B", len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**16 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xc5" + struct.pack(">H", len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**32 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xc6" + struct.pack(">I", len(obj)) + obj)
+    obj_len = len(obj)
+    if obj_len < 2**8:
+        fp.write(b"\xc4" + struct.pack("B", obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**16:
+        fp.write(b"\xc5" + struct.pack(">H", obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**32:
+        fp.write(b"\xc6" + struct.pack(">I", obj_len) + obj)
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge binary string")
 
 
 def _pack_oldspec_raw(obj, fp, options):
-    if len(obj) <= 31:
-        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0xa0 | len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**16 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xda" + struct.pack(">H", len(obj)) + obj)
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**32 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xdb" + struct.pack(">I", len(obj)) + obj)
+    obj_len = len(obj)
+    if obj_len < 32:
+        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0xa0 | obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**16:
+        fp.write(b"\xda" + struct.pack(">H", obj_len) + obj)
+    elif obj_len < 2**32:
+        fp.write(b"\xdb" + struct.pack(">I", obj_len) + obj)
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge raw string")
 
 
 def _pack_ext(obj, fp, options):
-    if len(obj.data) == 1:
+    obj_len = len(obj.data)
+    if obj_len == 1:
         fp.write(b"\xd4" + struct.pack("B", obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) == 2:
+    elif obj_len == 2:
         fp.write(b"\xd5" + struct.pack("B", obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) == 4:
+    elif obj_len == 4:
         fp.write(b"\xd6" + struct.pack("B", obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) == 8:
+    elif obj_len == 8:
         fp.write(b"\xd7" + struct.pack("B", obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) == 16:
+    elif obj_len == 16:
         fp.write(b"\xd8" + struct.pack("B", obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) <= 2**8 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xc7" +
-                 struct.pack("BB", len(obj.data), obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) <= 2**16 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xc8" +
-                 struct.pack(">HB", len(obj.data), obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
-    elif len(obj.data) <= 2**32 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xc9" +
-                 struct.pack(">IB", len(obj.data), obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
+    elif obj_len < 2**8:
+        fp.write(b"\xc7" + struct.pack("BB", obj_len, obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
+    elif obj_len < 2**16:
+        fp.write(b"\xc8" + struct.pack(">HB", obj_len, obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
+    elif obj_len < 2**32:
+        fp.write(b"\xc9" + struct.pack(">IB", obj_len, obj.type & 0xff) + obj.data)
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge ext data")
 
 
 def _pack_ext_timestamp(obj, fp, options):
-    delta = obj - _epoch
+    if not obj.tzinfo:
+        # Object is naive datetime, convert to aware date time,
+        # assuming UTC timezone
+        delta = obj.replace(tzinfo=_utc_tzinfo) - _epoch
+    else:
+        # Object is aware datetime
+        delta = obj - _epoch
+
     seconds = delta.seconds + delta.days * 86400
     microseconds = delta.microseconds
 
     if microseconds == 0 and 0 <= seconds <= 2**32 - 1:
         # 32-bit timestamp
-        fp.write(b"\xd6\xff" +
-                 struct.pack(">I", seconds))
+        fp.write(b"\xd6\xff" + struct.pack(">I", seconds))
     elif 0 <= seconds <= 2**34 - 1:
         # 64-bit timestamp
         value = ((microseconds * 1000) << 34) | seconds
-        fp.write(b"\xd7\xff" +
-                 struct.pack(">Q", value))
+        fp.write(b"\xd7\xff" + struct.pack(">Q", value))
     elif -2**63 <= abs(seconds) <= 2**63 - 1:
         # 96-bit timestamp
-        fp.write(b"\xc7\x0c\xff" +
-                 struct.pack(">I", microseconds * 1000) +
-                 struct.pack(">q", seconds))
+        fp.write(b"\xc7\x0c\xff" + struct.pack(">Iq", microseconds * 1000, seconds))
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge timestamp")
 
 
 def _pack_array(obj, fp, options):
-    if len(obj) <= 15:
-        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0x90 | len(obj)))
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**16 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xdc" + struct.pack(">H", len(obj)))
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**32 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xdd" + struct.pack(">I", len(obj)))
+    obj_len = len(obj)
+    if obj_len < 16:
+        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0x90 | obj_len))
+    elif obj_len < 2**16:
+        fp.write(b"\xdc" + struct.pack(">H", obj_len))
+    elif obj_len < 2**32:
+        fp.write(b"\xdd" + struct.pack(">I", obj_len))
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge array")
 
@@ -381,12 +436,13 @@ def _pack_array(obj, fp, options):
 
 
 def _pack_map(obj, fp, options):
-    if len(obj) <= 15:
-        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0x80 | len(obj)))
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**16 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xde" + struct.pack(">H", len(obj)))
-    elif len(obj) <= 2**32 - 1:
-        fp.write(b"\xdf" + struct.pack(">I", len(obj)))
+    obj_len = len(obj)
+    if obj_len < 16:
+        fp.write(struct.pack("B", 0x80 | obj_len))
+    elif obj_len < 2**16:
+        fp.write(b"\xde" + struct.pack(">H", obj_len))
+    elif obj_len < 2**32:
+        fp.write(b"\xdf" + struct.pack(">I", obj_len))
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException("huge array")
 
@@ -435,9 +491,14 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
         _pack_nil(obj, fp, options)
     elif ext_handlers and obj.__class__ in ext_handlers:
         _pack_ext(ext_handlers[obj.__class__](obj), fp, options)
+    elif obj.__class__ in _ext_class_to_type:
+        try:
+            _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[obj.__class__], obj.packb()), fp, options)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(obj.__class__)))
     elif isinstance(obj, bool):
         _pack_boolean(obj, fp, options)
-    elif isinstance(obj, int) or isinstance(obj, long):
+    elif isinstance(obj, (int, long)):
         _pack_integer(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, float):
         _pack_float(obj, fp, options)
@@ -449,7 +510,7 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
         _pack_string(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, str):
         _pack_binary(obj, fp, options)
-    elif isinstance(obj, list) or isinstance(obj, tuple):
+    elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
         _pack_array(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, dict):
         _pack_map(obj, fp, options)
@@ -464,9 +525,19 @@ def _pack2(obj, fp, **options):
             _pack_ext(ext_handlers[t](obj), fp, options)
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-                "unsupported type: %s" % str(type(obj)))
+                "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+    elif _ext_class_to_type:
+        # Linear search for superclass
+        t = next((t for t in _ext_class_to_type if isinstance(obj, t)), None)
+        if t:
+            try:
+                _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[t], obj.packb()), fp, options)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(t)))
+        else:
+            raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
     else:
-        raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: %s" % str(type(obj)))
+        raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
 
 
 # Pack for Python 3, with unicode 'str' type, 'bytes' type, and no 'long' type
@@ -507,6 +578,11 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
         _pack_nil(obj, fp, options)
     elif ext_handlers and obj.__class__ in ext_handlers:
         _pack_ext(ext_handlers[obj.__class__](obj), fp, options)
+    elif obj.__class__ in _ext_class_to_type:
+        try:
+            _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[obj.__class__], obj.packb()), fp, options)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(obj.__class__)))
     elif isinstance(obj, bool):
         _pack_boolean(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, int):
@@ -521,7 +597,7 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
         _pack_string(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, bytes):
         _pack_binary(obj, fp, options)
-    elif isinstance(obj, list) or isinstance(obj, tuple):
+    elif isinstance(obj, (list, tuple)):
         _pack_array(obj, fp, options)
     elif isinstance(obj, dict):
         _pack_map(obj, fp, options)
@@ -536,10 +612,20 @@ def _pack3(obj, fp, **options):
             _pack_ext(ext_handlers[t](obj), fp, options)
         else:
             raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-                "unsupported type: %s" % str(type(obj)))
+                "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
+    elif _ext_class_to_type:
+        # Linear search for superclass
+        t = next((t for t in _ext_class_to_type if isinstance(obj, t)), None)
+        if t:
+            try:
+                _pack_ext(Ext(_ext_class_to_type[t], obj.packb()), fp, options)
+            except AttributeError:
+                raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of packb()".format(repr(t)))
+        else:
+            raise UnsupportedTypeException("unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTypeException(
-            "unsupported type: %s" % str(type(obj)))
+            "unsupported type: {:s}".format(str(type(obj))))
 
 
 def _packb2(obj, **options):
@@ -613,9 +699,20 @@ def _packb3(obj, **options):
 
 
 def _read_except(fp, n):
+    if n == 0:
+        return b""
+
     data = fp.read(n)
-    if len(data) < n:
+    if len(data) == 0:
         raise InsufficientDataException()
+
+    while len(data) < n:
+        chunk = fp.read(n - len(data))
+        if len(chunk) == 0:
+            raise InsufficientDataException()
+
+        data += chunk
+
     return data
 
 
@@ -640,21 +737,21 @@ def _unpack_integer(code, fp, options):
         return struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     elif code == b'\xcf':
         return struct.unpack(">Q", _read_except(fp, 8))[0]
-    raise Exception("logic error, not int: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+    raise Exception("logic error, not int: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
 
 def _unpack_reserved(code, fp, options):
     if code == b'\xc1':
         raise ReservedCodeException(
-            "encountered reserved code: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+            "encountered reserved code: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
     raise Exception(
-        "logic error, not reserved code: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+        "logic error, not reserved code: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
 
 def _unpack_nil(code, fp, options):
     if code == b'\xc0':
         return None
-    raise Exception("logic error, not nil: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+    raise Exception("logic error, not nil: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
 
 def _unpack_boolean(code, fp, options):
@@ -662,7 +759,7 @@ def _unpack_boolean(code, fp, options):
         return False
     elif code == b'\xc3':
         return True
-    raise Exception("logic error, not boolean: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+    raise Exception("logic error, not boolean: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
 
 def _unpack_float(code, fp, options):
@@ -670,7 +767,7 @@ def _unpack_float(code, fp, options):
         return struct.unpack(">f", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     elif code == b'\xcb':
         return struct.unpack(">d", _read_except(fp, 8))[0]
-    raise Exception("logic error, not float: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+    raise Exception("logic error, not float: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
 
 def _unpack_string(code, fp, options):
@@ -683,7 +780,7 @@ def _unpack_string(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdb':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not string: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+        raise Exception("logic error, not string: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
     # Always return raw bytes in compatibility mode
     global compatibility
@@ -707,7 +804,7 @@ def _unpack_binary(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xc6':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not binary: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+        raise Exception("logic error, not binary: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
     return _read_except(fp, length)
 
@@ -730,43 +827,48 @@ def _unpack_ext(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xc9':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not ext: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+        raise Exception("logic error, not ext: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
     ext_type = struct.unpack("b", _read_except(fp, 1))[0]
     ext_data = _read_except(fp, length)
 
-    # Create extension object
-    ext = Ext(ext_type, ext_data)
-
     # Unpack with ext handler, if we have one
     ext_handlers = options.get("ext_handlers")
-    if ext_handlers and ext.type in ext_handlers:
-        return ext_handlers[ext.type](ext)
+    if ext_handlers and ext_type in ext_handlers:
+        return ext_handlers[ext_type](Ext(ext_type, ext_data))
+
+    # Unpack with ext classes, if type is registered
+    if ext_type in _ext_type_to_class:
+        try:
+            return _ext_type_to_class[ext_type].unpackb(ext_data)
+        except AttributeError:
+            raise NotImplementedError("Ext serializable class {:s} is missing implementation of unpackb()".format(repr(_ext_type_to_class[ext_type])))
 
     # Timestamp extension
-    if ext.type == -1:
-        return _unpack_ext_timestamp(ext, options)
+    if ext_type == -1:
+        return _unpack_ext_timestamp(ext_data, options)
 
-    return ext
+    return Ext(ext_type, ext_data)
 
 
-def _unpack_ext_timestamp(ext, options):
-    if len(ext.data) == 4:
+def _unpack_ext_timestamp(ext_data, options):
+    obj_len = len(ext_data)
+    if obj_len == 4:
         # 32-bit timestamp
-        seconds = struct.unpack(">I", ext.data)[0]
+        seconds = struct.unpack(">I", ext_data)[0]
         microseconds = 0
-    elif len(ext.data) == 8:
+    elif obj_len == 8:
         # 64-bit timestamp
-        value = struct.unpack(">Q", ext.data)[0]
+        value = struct.unpack(">Q", ext_data)[0]
         seconds = value & 0x3ffffffff
         microseconds = (value >> 34) // 1000
-    elif len(ext.data) == 12:
+    elif obj_len == 12:
         # 96-bit timestamp
-        seconds = struct.unpack(">q", ext.data[4:12])[0]
-        microseconds = struct.unpack(">I", ext.data[0:4])[0] // 1000
+        seconds = struct.unpack(">q", ext_data[4:12])[0]
+        microseconds = struct.unpack(">I", ext_data[0:4])[0] // 1000
     else:
         raise UnsupportedTimestampException(
-            "unsupported timestamp with data length %d" % len(ext.data))
+            "unsupported timestamp with data length {:d}".format(len(ext_data)))
 
     return _epoch + datetime.timedelta(seconds=seconds,
                                        microseconds=microseconds)
@@ -780,7 +882,10 @@ def _unpack_array(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdd':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not array: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+        raise Exception("logic error, not array: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
+
+    if options.get('use_tuple'):
+        return tuple((_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length)))
 
     return [_unpack(fp, options) for i in xrange(length)]
 
@@ -799,10 +904,9 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
     elif code == b'\xdf':
         length = struct.unpack(">I", _read_except(fp, 4))[0]
     else:
-        raise Exception("logic error, not map: 0x%02x" % ord(code))
+        raise Exception("logic error, not map: 0x{:02x}".format(ord(code)))
 
-    d = {} if not options.get('use_ordered_dict') \
-        else collections.OrderedDict()
+    d = {} if not options.get('use_ordered_dict') else collections.OrderedDict()
     for _ in xrange(length):
         # Unpack key
         k = _unpack(fp, options)
@@ -810,12 +914,12 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
         if isinstance(k, list):
             # Attempt to convert list into a hashable tuple
             k = _deep_list_to_tuple(k)
-        elif not isinstance(k, collections.Hashable):
+        elif not isinstance(k, Hashable):
             raise UnhashableKeyException(
-                "encountered unhashable key: %s, %s" % (str(k), str(type(k))))
+                "encountered unhashable key: \"{:s}\" ({:s})".format(str(k), str(type(k))))
         elif k in d:
             raise DuplicateKeyException(
-                "encountered duplicate key: %s, %s" % (str(k), str(type(k))))
+                "encountered duplicate key: \"{:s}\" ({:s})".format(str(k), str(type(k))))
 
         # Unpack value
         v = _unpack(fp, options)
@@ -824,7 +928,7 @@ def _unpack_map(code, fp, options):
             d[k] = v
         except TypeError:
             raise UnhashableKeyException(
-                "encountered unhashable key: %s" % str(k))
+                "encountered unhashable key: \"{:s}\"".format(str(k)))
     return d
 
 
@@ -848,6 +952,8 @@ def _unpack2(fp, **options):
                              Ext into an object
         use_ordered_dict (bool): unpack maps into OrderedDict, instead of
                                  unordered dict (default False)
+        use_tuple (bool): unpacks arrays into tuples, instead of lists (default
+                          False)
         allow_invalid_utf8 (bool): unpack invalid strings into instances of
                                    InvalidString, for access to the bytes
                                    (default False)
@@ -892,6 +998,8 @@ def _unpack3(fp, **options):
                              Ext into an object
         use_ordered_dict (bool): unpack maps into OrderedDict, instead of
                                  unordered dict (default False)
+        use_tuple (bool): unpacks arrays into tuples, instead of lists (default
+                          False)
         allow_invalid_utf8 (bool): unpack invalid strings into instances of
                                    InvalidString, for access to the bytes
                                    (default False)
@@ -937,6 +1045,8 @@ def _unpackb2(s, **options):
                              Ext into an object
         use_ordered_dict (bool): unpack maps into OrderedDict, instead of
                                  unordered dict (default False)
+        use_tuple (bool): unpacks arrays into tuples, instead of lists (default
+                          False)
         allow_invalid_utf8 (bool): unpack invalid strings into instances of
                                    InvalidString, for access to the bytes
                                    (default False)
@@ -985,6 +1095,8 @@ def _unpackb3(s, **options):
                              Ext into an object
         use_ordered_dict (bool): unpack maps into OrderedDict, instead of
                                  unordered dict (default False)
+        use_tuple (bool): unpacks arrays into tuples, instead of lists (default
+                          False)
         allow_invalid_utf8 (bool): unpack invalid strings into instances of
                                    InvalidString, for access to the bytes
                                    (default False)
@@ -1045,9 +1157,21 @@ def __init():
     if sys.version_info[0] == 3:
         _utc_tzinfo = datetime.timezone.utc
     else:
-        _utc_tzinfo = None
+        class UTC(datetime.tzinfo):
+            ZERO = datetime.timedelta(0)
 
-    # Calculate epoch datetime
+            def utcoffset(self, dt):
+                return UTC.ZERO
+
+            def tzname(self, dt):
+                return "UTC"
+
+            def dst(self, dt):
+                return UTC.ZERO
+
+        _utc_tzinfo = UTC()
+
+    # Calculate an aware epoch datetime
     _epoch = datetime.datetime(1970, 1, 1, tzinfo=_utc_tzinfo)
 
     # Auto-detect system float precision

docs/Makefile

@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+# Minimal makefile for Sphinx documentation
+#
+
+# You can set these variables from the command line, and also
+# from the environment for the first two.
+SPHINXOPTS    ?=
+SPHINXBUILD   ?= sphinx-build
+SOURCEDIR     = source
+BUILDDIR      = build
+
+# Put it first so that "make" without argument is like "make help".
+help:
+	@$(SPHINXBUILD) -M help "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS) $(O)
+
+.PHONY: help Makefile
+
+# Catch-all target: route all unknown targets to Sphinx using the new
+# "make mode" option.  $(O) is meant as a shortcut for $(SPHINXOPTS).
+%: Makefile
+	@$(SPHINXBUILD) -M $@ "$(SOURCEDIR)" "$(BUILDDIR)" $(SPHINXOPTS) $(O)
+	@if [ $@ = "html" ]; then \
+		rm -rf html; \
+		rm -rf manual; \
+		cp -r build/html ./; \
+		mv html manual; \
+		echo "HTML Manual Generated"; \
+	fi
+
+	@if [ $@ = "latexpdf" ]; then \
+		cp -r build/latex/reticulumnetworkstack.pdf ./Reticulum\ Manual.pdf; \
+		echo "PDF Manual Generated"; \
+	fi

docs/index.html

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta http-equiv="refresh" content="0;URL='./manual/'" />
+  </head>
+  <body>
+  </body>
+</html>

docs/manual/.buildinfo

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+# Sphinx build info version 1
+# This file hashes the configuration used when building these files. When it is not found, a full rebuild will be done.
+config: e7106bc1351404c40787ba74340593af
+tags: 645f666f9bcd5a90fca523b33c5a78b7

docs/manual/_sources/examples.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+.. _examples-main:
+
+*************
+Code Examples
+*************
+
+A number of examples are included in the source distribution of Reticulum.
+You can use these examples to learn how to write your own programs.
+
+.. _example-minimal:
+
+Minimal
+=======
+
+The *Minimal* example demonstrates the bare-minimum setup required to connect to
+a Reticulum network from your program. In about five lines of code, you will
+have the Reticulum Network Stack initialised, and ready to pass traffic in your
+program.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Minimal.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Minimal.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-announce:
+
+Announce
+========
+
+The *Announce* example builds upon the previous example by exploring how to
+announce a destination on the network, and how to let your program receive
+notifications about announces from relevant destinations.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Announce.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Announce.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-broadcast:
+
+Broadcast
+=========
+The *Broadcast* example explores how to transmit plaintext broadcast messages
+over the network.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Broadcast.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Broadcast.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-echo:
+
+Echo
+====
+
+The *Echo* example demonstrates communication between two destinations using
+the Packet interface.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Echo.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Echo.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-link:
+
+Link
+====
+
+The *Link* example explores establishing an encrypted link to a remote
+destination, and passing traffic back and forth over the link.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Link.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Link.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-identify:
+
+Identification
+==============
+
+The *Identify* example explores identifying an intiator of a link, once
+the link has been established.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Identify.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Identify.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-request:
+
+Requests & Responses
+====================
+
+The *Request* example explores sendig requests and receiving responses.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Request.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Request.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-filetransfer:
+
+Filetransfer
+============
+
+The *Filetransfer* example implements a basic file-server program that
+allow clients to connect and download files. The program uses the Resource
+interface to efficiently pass files of any size over a Reticulum :ref:`Link<api-link>`.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Filetransfer.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Filetransfer.py>`_.

docs/manual/_sources/gettingstartedfast.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+********************
+Getting Started Fast
+********************
+
+The best way to get started with the Reticulum Network Stack depends on what
+you want to do. This guide will outline sensible starting paths for different
+scenarios.
+
+Try Using a Reticulum-based Program
+=============================================
+If you simply want to try using a program built with Reticulum, you can take
+a look at `Nomad Network <https://github.com/markqvist/nomadnet>`_, which
+provides a complete encrypted communications suite built with Reticulum.
+
+.. image:: screenshots/nomadnet_3.png
+    :target: _images/nomadnet_3.png
+
+`Nomad Network <https://github.com/markqvist/nomadnet>`_ is a user-facing client
+for the messaging and information-sharing protocol
+`LXMF <https://github.com/markqvist/lxmf>`_, another project built with Reticulum.
+
+You can install Nomad Network via pip:
+
+.. code::
+
+   # Install ...
+   pip3 install nomadnet
+
+   # ... and run
+   nomadnet
+
+
+
+Using the Included Utilities
+=============================================
+Reticulum comes with a range of included utilities that make it easier to
+manage your network, check connectivity and make Reticulum available to other
+programs on your system.
+
+You can use ``rnsd`` to run Reticulum as a background or foreground service,
+and the ``rnstatus``, ``rnpath`` and ``rnprobe`` utilities to view and query
+network status and connectivity.
+
+To learn more about these utility programs, have a look at the
+:ref:`Using Reticulum on Your System<using-main>` chapter of this manual.
+
+Creating a Network With Reticulum
+=============================================
+To create a network, you will need to specify one or more *interfaces* for
+Reticulum to use. This is done in the Reticulum configuration file, which by
+default is located at ``~/.reticulum/config``. You can edit this file by hand,
+or use the interactive ``rnsconfig`` utility. 
+
+When Reticulum is started for the first time, it will create a default
+configuration file, with one active interface. This default interface uses
+your existing ethernet network (if there is one), and only allows you to
+communicate with other Reticulum peers within your local broadcast domain.
+
+To communicate further, you will have to add one or more interfaces. The default
+configuration includes a number of examples, ranging from using TCP over the
+internet, to LoRa and Packet Radio interfaces.
+
+Possibly, the examples in the config file are enough to get you started. If
+you want more information, you can read the :ref:`Building Networks<networks-main>`
+and :ref:`Interfaces<interfaces-main>` chapters of this manual.
+
+
+Develop a Program with Reticulum
+===========================================
+If you want to develop programs that use Reticulum, the easiest way to get
+started is to install the latest release of Reticulum via pip:
+
+.. code::
+
+   pip3 install rns
+
+The above command will install Reticulum and dependencies, and you will be
+ready to import and use RNS in your own programs. The next step will most
+likely be to look at some :ref:`Example Programs<examples-main>`.
+
+For extended functionality, you can install optional dependencies:
+
+.. code::
+
+   pip3 install pyserial netifaces
+
+
+Further information can be found in the :ref:`API Reference<api-main>`.
+
+
+Participate in Reticulum Development
+==============================================
+If you want to participate in the development of Reticulum and associated
+utilities, you'll want to get the latest source from GitHub. In that case,
+don't use pip, but try this recipe:
+
+.. code::
+
+    # Install dependencies
+    pip3 install cryptography pyserial netifaces
+
+    # Clone repository
+    git clone https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum.git
+
+    # Move into Reticulum folder and symlink library to examples folder
+    cd Reticulum
+    ln -s ../RNS ./Examples/
+
+    # Run an example
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
+
+    # Unless you've manually created a config file, Reticulum will do so now,
+    # and immediately exit. Make any necessary changes to the file:
+    nano ~/.reticulum/config
+
+    # ... and launch the example again.
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
+
+    # You can now repeat the process on another computer,
+    # and run the same example with -h to get command line options.
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py -h
+
+    # Run the example in client mode to "ping" the server.
+    # Replace the hash below with the actual destination hash of your server.
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py 3e12fc71692f8ec47bc5
+
+    # Have a look at another example
+    python3 Examples/Filetransfer.py -h
+
+When you have experimented with the basic examples, it's time to go read the
+:ref:`Understanding Reticulum<understanding-main>` chapter.
+
+
+Reticulum on ARM64
+==============================================
+On some architectures, including ARM64, not all dependencies have precompiled
+binaries. On such systems, you will need to install ``python3-dev`` before
+installing Reticulum or programs that depend on Reticulum.
+
+.. code::
+
+   # Install Python and development packages
+   sudo apt update
+   sudo apt install python3 python3-pip python3-dev
+
+   # Install Reticulum
+   python3 -m pip install rns
+
+
+Reticulum on Android
+==============================================
+Reticulum can be used on Android in different ways. The easiest way to get
+started is using the `Termux app <https://termux.com/>`_, at the time of writing
+available on `F-droid <https://f-droid.org>`_.
+
+Termux is a terminal emulator and Linux environment for Android based devices,
+which includes the ability to use many different programs and libraries,
+including Reticulum.
+
+Since the Python cryptography.io module does not offer pre-built wheels for
+Android, the standard one-line install of Reticulum does not work on Android,
+and a few extra commands are required.
+
+From within Termux, execute the following:
+
+.. code::
+
+    # First, make sure indexes and packages are up to date.
+    pkg update
+    pkg upgrade
+
+    # Then install dependencies for the cryptography library.
+    pkg install python build-essential openssl libffi rust
+
+    # Make sure pip is up to date, and install the wheel module.
+    pip3 install wheel pip --upgrade
+
+    # To allow the installer to build the cryptography module,
+    # we need to let it know what platform we are compiling for:
+    export CARGO_BUILD_TARGET="aarch64-linux-android"
+
+    # Start the install process for the cryptography module.
+    # Depending on your device, this can take several minutes,
+    # since the module must be compiled locally on your device.
+    pip3 install cryptography
+
+    # If the above installation succeeds, you can now install
+    # Reticulum and any related software
+    pip3 install rns
+
+It is also possible to include Reticulum in apps compiled and distributed as
+Android APKs. A detailed tutorial and example source code will be included
+here at a later point.

docs/manual/_sources/index.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+******************************
+Reticulum Network Stack Manual
+******************************
+This manual aims to provide you with all the information you need to
+understand Reticulum, build networks or develop programs using it, or
+to participate in the development of Reticulum itself.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 3
+
+   whatis
+   gettingstartedfast
+   using
+   networks
+   interfaces
+   understanding
+   reference
+   examples
+
+
+Indices and Tables
+==================
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`search`

docs/manual/_sources/interfaces.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+
+.. _interfaces-main:
+
+********************
+Supported Interfaces
+********************
+
+Reticulum supports using many kinds of devices as networking interfaces, and
+allows you to mix and match them in any way you choose. The number of distinct
+network topologies you can create with Reticulum is more or less endless, but
+common to them all is that you will need to define one or more *interfaces*
+for Reticulum to use.
+
+The following sections describe the interfaces currently available in Reticulum,
+and gives example configurations for the respective interface types.
+
+For a high-level overview of how networks can be formed over different interface
+types, have a look at the :ref:`Building Networks<networks-main>` chapter of this
+manual.
+
+.. _interfaces-auto:
+
+Auto Interface
+==============
+
+The Auto Interface enables communication with other discoverable Reticulum
+nodes over autoconfigured IPv6 and UDP. It does not need any functional IP
+infrastructure like routers or DHCP servers, but will require at least some
+sort of switching medium between peers (a wired switch, a hub, a WiFi access
+point or similar), and that link-local IPv6 is enabled in your operating
+system, which should be enabled by default in almost all OSes.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.
+  # It will listen for incoming connections on the
+  # specified IP address and port number.
+  
+  [[Default Interface]]
+    type = AutoInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # You can create multiple isolated Reticulum
+    # networks on the same physical LAN by
+    # specifying different Group IDs.
+
+    group_id = reticulum
+
+    # You can also select specifically which
+    # kernel networking devices to use.
+
+    devices = wlan0,eth1
+
+    # Or let AutoInterface use all suitable
+    # devices except for a list of ignored ones.
+
+    ignored_devices = tun0,eth0
+
+
+If you are connected to the Internet with IPv6, and your provider will route
+IPv6 multicast, you can potentially configure the Auto Interface to globally
+autodiscover other Reticulum nodes within your selected Group ID. You can specify
+the discovery scope by setting it to one of ``link``, ``admin``, ``site``,
+``organisation`` or ``global``.
+
+.. code::
+  
+  [[Default Interface]]
+    type = AutoInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # Configure global discovery
+
+    group_id = custom_network_name
+    discovery_scope = global
+
+    # Other configuration options
+
+    discovery_port = 48555
+    data_port = 49555
+
+*Please Note!* If you use the Auto Interface, you will need the Python module
+``netifaces`` installed on your system. You can install it with ``pip3 install netifaces``.
+
+
+.. _interfaces-udp:
+
+UDP Interface
+=============
+
+A UDP interface can be useful for communicating over IP networks, both
+private and the internet. It can also allow broadcast communication
+over IP networks, so it can provide an easy way to enable connectivity
+with all other peers on a local area network.
+
+*Please Note!* Using broadcast UDP traffic has performance implications,
+especially on WiFi. If your goal is simply to enable easy communication
+with all peers in your local ethernet broadcast domain, the
+:ref:`Auto Interface<interfaces-auto>` performs better, and is just as
+easy to use.
+
+The below example is enabled by default on new Reticulum installations,
+as it provides an easy way to get started and to test Reticulum on a
+pre-existing LAN.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # This example enables communication with other
+  # local Reticulum peers over UDP.
+  
+  [[Default UDP Interface]]
+    type = UDPInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+    listen_ip = 0.0.0.0
+    listen_port = 4242
+    forward_ip = 255.255.255.255
+    forward_port = 4242
+
+    # The above configuration will allow communication
+    # within the local broadcast domains of all local
+    # IP interfaces.
+
+    # Instead of specifying listen_ip, listen_port,
+    # forward_ip and forward_port, you can also bind
+    # to a specific network device like below.
+
+    # device = eth0
+    # port = 4242
+
+    # Assuming the eth0 device has the address
+    # 10.55.0.72/24, the above configuration would
+    # be equivalent to the following manual setup.
+    # Note that we are both listening and forwarding to
+    # the broadcast address of the network segments.
+
+    # listen_ip = 10.55.0.255
+    # listen_port = 4242
+    # forward_ip = 10.55.0.255
+    # forward_port = 4242
+
+    # You can of course also communicate only with
+    # a single IP address
+
+    # listen_ip = 10.55.0.15
+    # listen_port = 4242
+    # forward_ip = 10.55.0.16
+    # forward_port = 4242
+
+*Please Note!* If you use the ``device`` option, you will need the Python module
+``netifaces`` installed on your system. You can install it with ``pip3 install netifaces``.
+
+.. _interfaces-tcps:
+
+TCP Server Interface
+====================
+
+The TCP Server interface is suitable for allowing other peers to connect over
+the Internet or private IP networks. When a TCP server interface has been
+configured, other Reticulum peers can connect to it with a TCP Client interface.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.
+  # It will listen for incoming connections on the
+  # specified IP address and port number.
+  
+  [[TCP Server Interface]]
+    type = TCPServerInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # This configuration will listen on all IP
+    # interfaces on port 4242
+    
+    listen_ip = 0.0.0.0
+    listen_port = 4242
+
+    # Alternatively you can bind to a specific IP
+    
+    # listen_ip = 10.0.0.88
+    # listen_port = 4242
+
+    # Or a specific network device
+    
+    # device = eth0
+    # port = 4242
+
+*Please Note!* If you use the ``device`` option, you will need the Python module
+``netifaces`` installed on your system. You can install it with ``pip3 install netifaces``.
+
+.. _interfaces-tcpc:
+
+TCP Client Interface
+====================
+
+To connect to a TCP server interface, you would naturally use the TCP client
+interface. Many TCP Client interfaces from different peers can connect to the
+same TCP Server interface at the same time.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # Here's an example of a TCP Client interface. The
+  # target_host can either be an IP address or a hostname.
+
+  [[TCP Client Interface]]
+    type = TCPClientInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+    target_host = 127.0.0.1
+    target_port = 4242
+
+It is also possible to use this interface type to connect via other programs
+or hardware devices that expose a KISS interface on a TCP port, for example
+software-based soundmodems. To do this, use the ``kiss_framing`` option:
+
+.. code::
+
+  # Here's an example of a TCP Client interface that connects
+  # to a software TNC soundmodem on a KISS over TCP port.
+
+  [[TCP KISS Interface]]
+    type = TCPClientInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+    kiss_framing = True
+    target_host = 127.0.0.1
+    target_port = 8001
+
+**Caution!** Only use the KISS framing option when connecting to external devices
+and programs like soundmodems and similar over TCP. When using the
+``TCPClientInterface`` in conjunction with the ``TCPServerInterface`` you should
+never enable ``kiss_framing``, since this will disable internal reliability and
+recovery mechanisms that greatly improves performance over unreliable and
+intermittent TCP links.
+
+
+.. _interfaces-rnode:
+
+RNode LoRa Interface
+====================
+
+To use Reticulum over LoRa, the `RNode <https://unsigned.io/rnode/>`_ interface
+can be used, and offers full control over LoRa parameters.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # Here's an example of how to add a LoRa interface
+  # using the RNode LoRa transceiver.
+
+  [[RNode LoRa Interface]]
+    type = RNodeInterface
+
+    # Enable interface if you want use it!
+    interface_enabled = True
+
+    # Allow transmit on interface. Setting
+    # this to false will create a listen-
+    # only interface.
+    outgoing = true
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB0
+
+    # Set frequency to 867.2 MHz
+    frequency = 867200000
+
+    # Set LoRa bandwidth to 125 KHz
+    bandwidth = 125000
+
+    # Set TX power to 7 dBm (5 mW)
+    txpower = 7
+
+    # Select spreading factor 8. Valid 
+    # range is 7 through 12, with 7
+    # being the fastest and 12 having
+    # the longest range.
+    spreadingfactor = 8
+
+    # Select coding rate 5. Valid range
+    # is 5 throough 8, with 5 being the
+    # fastest, and 8 the longest range.
+    codingrate = 5
+
+    # You can configure the RNode to send
+    # out identification on the channel with
+    # a set interval by configuring the
+    # following two parameters.
+    # id_callsign = MYCALL-0
+    # id_interval = 600
+
+    # For certain homebrew RNode interfaces
+    # with low amounts of RAM, using packet
+    # flow control can be useful. By default
+    # it is disabled.
+    flow_control = False
+
+.. _interfaces-serial:
+
+Serial Interface
+================
+
+Reticulum can be used over serial ports directly, or over any device with a
+serial port, that will transparently pass data. Useful for communicating
+directly over a wire-pair, or for using devices such as data radios and lasers.
+
+.. code::
+
+  [[Serial Interface]]
+    type = SerialInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB0
+
+    # Set the serial baud-rate and other
+    # configuration parameters.
+    speed = 115200
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+
+.. _interfaces-kiss:
+
+KISS Interface
+==============
+
+With the KISS interface, you can use Reticulum over a variety of packet
+radio modems and TNCs, including `OpenModem <https://unsigned.io/openmodem/>`_.
+KISS interfaces can also be configured to periodically send out beacons
+for station identification purposes.
+
+.. code::
+
+  [[Packet Radio KISS Interface]]
+    type = KISSInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = true
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB1
+
+    # Set the serial baud-rate and other
+    # configuration parameters.
+    speed = 115200    
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+
+    # Set the modem preamble.
+    preamble = 150
+
+    # Set the modem TX tail.
+    txtail = 10
+
+    # Configure CDMA parameters. These
+    # settings are reasonable defaults.
+    persistence = 200
+    slottime = 20
+
+    # You can configure the interface to send
+    # out identification on the channel with
+    # a set interval by configuring the
+    # following two parameters. The KISS
+    # interface will only ID if the set
+    # interval has elapsed since it's last
+    # actual transmission. The interval is
+    # configured in seconds.
+    # This option is commented out and not
+    # used by default.
+    # id_callsign = MYCALL-0
+    # id_interval = 600
+
+    # Whether to use KISS flow-control.
+    # This is useful for modems that have
+    # a small internal packet buffer, but
+    # support packet flow control instead.
+    flow_control = false
+
+.. _interfaces-ax25:
+
+AX.25 KISS Interface
+====================
+
+If you're using Reticulum on amateur radio spectrum, you might want to
+use the AX.25 KISS interface. This way, Reticulum will automatically
+encapsulate it's traffic in AX.25 and also identify your stations
+transmissions with your callsign and SSID. 
+
+Only do this if you really need to! Reticulum doesn't need the AX.25
+layer for anything, and it incurs extra overhead on every packet to
+encapsulate in AX.25.
+
+A more efficient way is to use the plain KISS interface with the
+beaconing functionality described above.
+
+.. code::
+
+  [[Packet Radio AX.25 KISS Interface]]
+    type = AX25KISSInterface
+
+    # Set the station callsign and SSID
+    callsign = NO1CLL
+    ssid = 0
+
+    # Enable interface if you want use it!
+    interface_enabled = True
+
+    # Allow transmit on interface.
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB2
+
+    # Set the serial baud-rate and other
+    # configuration parameters.
+    speed = 115200    
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+
+    # Set the modem preamble. A 150ms
+    # preamble should be a reasonable
+    # default, but may need to be
+    # increased for radios with slow-
+    # opening squelch and long TX/RX
+    # turnaround
+    preamble = 150
+
+    # Set the modem TX tail. In most
+    # cases this should be kept as low
+    # as possible to not waste airtime.
+    txtail = 10
+
+    # Configure CDMA parameters. These
+    # settings are reasonable defaults.
+    persistence = 200
+    slottime = 20
+
+    # Whether to use KISS flow-control.
+    # This is useful for modems with a
+    # small internal packet buffer.
+    flow_control = false

docs/manual/_sources/networks.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+.. _networks-main:
+
+*****************
+Building Networks
+*****************
+
+This chapter will provide you with the knowledge needed to build networks with
+Reticulum, which can often be easier than using traditional stacks, since you
+don't have to worry about coordinating addresses, subnets and routing for an
+entire network that you might not know how will evolve in the future. With
+Reticulum, you can simply add more segments to your network when it becomes
+necesarry, and Reticulum will handle the convergence of the entire network
+automatically.
+
+Concepts & Overview
+--------------------
+
+There are important points that need to be kept in mind when building networks
+with Reticulum:
+
+ * | In a Reticulum network, any node can autonomously generate as many adresses
+     (called *destinations* in Reticulum terminology) as it needs, which become
+     globally reachable to the rest of the network. There is no central point of
+     control over the adress space.
+
+ * | Reticulum was designed to handle both very small, and very large networks.
+     While the adress space can support billions of endpoints, Reticulum is
+     also very useful when just a few devices needs to communicate.
+
+ * | Reticulum provides sender/initiator anonymity by default. There is no way
+     to filter traffic or discriminate it based on the source of the traffic.
+
+ * | All traffic is encrypted using ephemeral keys generated by an Elliptic Curve
+     Diffie-Hellman key exchange on Curve25519. There is no way to inspect traffic
+     contents, and no way to prioritise or throttle certain kinds of traffic.
+     All transport and routing layers are thus completely agnostic to traffic type,
+     and will pass all traffic equally.
+
+ * | Reticulum can function both with and without infrastructure. When *transport
+     nodes* are available, they can route traffic over multiple hops for other
+     nodes, and will function as a distributed cryptographic keystore. When there
+     is no transport nodes available, all nodes that are within communication range
+     can still communicate.
+
+ * | Every node can become a transport node, simply by enabling it in it's
+     configuration, but there is no need for every node on the network to be a
+     transport node. Letting every node be a transport node will in most cases
+     degrade the performance and reliability of the network.
+
+     In general terms, if a node is stationary, well-connected and kept running
+     most of the time, it is a good candidate to be a transport node. For optimal
+     performance, a network should contain the amount of transport nodes that
+     provides connectivity to the intended area / topography, and not many more
+     than that. 
+
+
+Reticulum allows you to mix very different kinds of networking mediums into a
+unified mesh, or to keep everything within one medium. You could build a "virtual
+network" running entirely over the Internet, where all nodes communicate over TCP
+and UDP "channels". You could also build such a network using MQTT or ZeroMQ as
+the underlying carrier for Reticulum.
+
+However, most real-world networks will probably involve either some form of
+wireless or direct hardline communications. To allow Reticulum to communicate
+over any type of medium, you must specify it in the configuration file, by default
+located at ``~/.reticulum/config``. See the :ref:`Supported Interfaces<interfaces-main>`
+chapter of this manual for interface configuration examples.
+
+Any number of interfaces can be configured, and Reticulum will automatically
+decide which are suitable to use in any given situation, depending on where
+traffic needs to flow.
+
+Example Scenarios
+-----------------
+
+This section illustrates a few example scenarios, and how they would, in general
+terms, be planned, implemented and configured.
+
+Interconnected LoRa Sites
+=========================
+
+An organisation wants to provide communication and information services to it's
+members, which are located mainly in three separate areas. Three suitable hill-top
+locations are found, where the organisation can install equipment: Site A, B and C.
+
+Since the amount of data that needs to be exchanged between users is mainly text-
+based, the bandwidth requirements are low, and LoRa radios are chosen to connect
+users to the network.
+
+Due to the hill-top locations found, there is radio line-of-sight between site A
+and B, and also between site B and C. Because of this, the organisation does not
+need to use the Internet to interconnect the sites, but purchases four Point-to-Point
+WiFi based radios for interconnecting the sites.
+
+At each site, a Raspberry Pi is installed to function as a gateway. A LoRa radio
+is connected to the Pi with a USB cable, and the WiFi radio is connected to the
+ethernet port of the Pi. At site B, two WiFi radios are needed to be able to reach
+both site A and site C, so an extra ethernet adapter is connected to the Pi in
+this location.
+
+Once the hardware has been installed, Reticulum is installed on all the Pis, and at
+site A and C, one interface is added for the LoRa radio, as well as one for the WiFi
+radio. At site B, an interface for the LoRa radio, and one interface for each WiFi
+radio is added to the Reticulum configuration file. The transport node option is
+enabled in the configuration of all three gateways.
+
+The network is now operational, and ready to serve users across all three areas.
+The organisation prepares a LoRa radio that is supplied to the end users, along
+with a Reticulum configuration file, that contains the right parameters for
+communicating with the LoRa radios installed at the gateway sites.
+
+Once users connect to the network, anyone will be able to communicate with anyone
+else across all three sites.
+
+Bridging Over the Internet
+==========================
+
+As the organisation grows, several new communities form in places too far away
+from the core network to be reachable over WiFi links. New gateways similar to those
+previously installed are set up for the new communities at the new sites D and E, but
+they are islanded from the core network, and only serve the local users.
+
+After investigating the options, it is found that it is possible to install an
+Internet connection at site A, and an interface on the Internet connection is
+configured for Reticulum on the Raspberry Pi at site A.
+
+A member of the organisation at site D, named Dori, is willing to help by sharing
+the Internet connection she already has in her home, and is able to leave a Raspberry
+Pi running. A new Reticulum interface is configured on her Pi, connecting to the newly
+enabled Internet interface on the gateway at site A. Dori is now connected to both
+all the nodes at her own local site (through the hill-top LoRa gateway), and all the
+combined users of sites A, B and C. She then enables transport on her node, and
+traffic from site D can now reach everyone at site A, B and C, and vice versa.
+
+Growth and Convergence
+======================
+
+As the organisation grows, more gateways are added to keep up with the growing user
+base. Some local gateways even add VHF radios and packet modems to reach outlying users
+and communities that are out of reach for the LoRa radios and WiFi backhauls.
+
+As more sites, gateways and users are connected, the amount of coordination required
+is kept to a minimum. If one community wants to add connectivity to the next one
+over, it can simply be done without having to involve everyone or coordinate address
+space or routing tables.
+
+With the added geographical coverage, the operators at site A one day find that
+the original internet bridged interfaces are no longer utilised. The network has
+converged to be completely self-connected, and the sites that were once poorly
+connected outliers are now an integral part of the network.

docs/manual/_sources/reference.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+.. _api-main:
+
+*************
+API Reference
+*************
+This reference guide lists and explains all classes exposed by the RNS API.
+
+Classes
+=========================
+Communication over a Reticulum network is achieved using a set of classes exposed by RNS.
+
+.. _api-reticulum:
+
+Reticulum
+---------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Reticulum
+   :members:
+
+
+.. _api-identity:
+
+Identity
+--------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Identity
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-destination:
+
+Destination
+-----------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Destination
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-packet:
+
+Packet
+------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Packet(destination, data, create_receipt = True)
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-packetreceipt:
+
+Packet Receipt
+--------------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.PacketReceipt()
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-link:
+
+Link
+----
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Link(destination, established_callback=None, closed_callback = None)
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-requestreceipt:
+
+Request Receipt
+---------------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.RequestReceipt()
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-resource:
+
+Resource
+--------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Resource(data, link, advertise=True, auto_compress=True, callback=None, progress_callback=None, timeout=None)
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-transport:
+
+Transport
+---------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Transport
+   :members:

docs/manual/_sources/understanding.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,705 @@
+.. _understanding-main:
+
+***********************
+Understanding Reticulum
+***********************
+This chapter will briefly describe the overall purpose and operating principles of Reticulum, a
+networking stack designed for reliable and secure communication over high-latency, low-bandwidth
+links. It should give you an overview of how the stack works, and an understanding of how to
+develop networked applications using Reticulum.
+
+This document is not an exhaustive source of information on Reticulum, at least not yet. Currently,
+the best place to go for such information is the Python reference implementation of Reticulum, along
+with the code examples and API reference. It is however an essential resource to understanding the
+general principles of Reticulum, how to apply them when creating your own networks or software.
+
+After reading this document, you should be well-equipped to understand how a Reticulum network
+operates, what it can achieve, and how you can use it yourself. If you want to help out with the
+development, this is also the place to start, since it will provide a pretty clear overview of the
+sentiments and the philosophy behind Reticulum.
+
+.. _understanding-motivation:
+
+Motivation
+==========
+
+The primary motivation for designing and implementing Reticulum has been the current lack of
+reliable, functional and secure minimal-infrastructure modes of digital communication. It is my
+belief that it is highly desirable to create a cheap and reliable way to set up a wide-range digital
+communication network that can securely allow exchange of information between people and
+machines, with no central point of authority, control, censorship or barrier to entry.
+
+Almost all of the various networking systems in use today share a common limitation, namely that they
+require large amounts of coordination and trust to work, and to join the networks you need approval
+of gatekeepers in control. This need for coordination and trust inevitably leads to an environment of
+central control, where it's very easy for infrastructure operators or governments to control or alter
+traffic, and censor or persecute unwanted actors.
+
+Reticulum aims to require as little coordination and trust as possible. In fact, the only
+“coordination” required is to know the characteristics of physical medium carrying Reticulum traffic.
+
+Since Reticulum is completely medium agnostic, this could be whatever is best suited to the situation.
+In some cases, this might be 1200 baud packet radio links over VHF frequencies, in other cases it might
+be a microwave network using off-the-shelf radios. At the time of release of this document, the
+recommended setup for development and testing is using LoRa radio modules with an open source firmware
+(see the section :ref:`Reference System Setup<understanding-referencesystem>`), connected to a small
+computer like a Raspberry Pi. As an example, the default reference setup provides a channel capacity
+of 5.4 Kbps, and a usable direct node-to-node range of around 15 kilometers (indefinitely extendable
+by using multiple hops).
+
+.. _understanding-goals:
+
+Goals
+=====
+
+To be as widely usable and easy to use as possible, the following goals have been used to
+guide the design of Reticulum:
+
+
+* **Fully useable as open source software stack**
+    Reticulum must be implemented with, and be able to run using only open source software. This is
+    critical to ensuring the availability, security and transparency of the system.
+* **Hardware layer agnosticism**
+    Reticulum shall be fully hardware agnostic, and shall be useable over a wide range
+    physical networking layers, such as data radios, serial lines, modems, handheld transceivers,
+    wired ethernet, wifi, or anything else that can carry a digital data stream. Hardware made for
+    dedicated Reticulum use shall be as cheap as possible and use off-the-shelf components, so
+    it can be easily replicated.
+* **Very low bandwidth requirements**
+    Reticulum should be able to function reliably over links with a transmission capacity as low
+    as *500 bps*.
+* **Encryption by default**
+    Reticulum must use strong encryption by default for all communication.
+* **Initiator Anonymity**
+    It must be possible to communicate over a Reticulum network without revealing any identifying
+    information about oneself.
+* **Unlicensed use**
+    Reticulum shall be functional over physical communication mediums that do not require any
+    form of license to use. Reticulum must be designed in a way, so it is usable over ISM radio
+    frequency bands, and can provide functional long distance links in such conditions, for example
+    by connecting a modem to a PMR or CB radio, or by using LoRa or WiFi modules.
+* **Supplied software**
+    Apart from the core networking stack and API, that allows a developer to build
+    applications with Reticulum, a basic communication suite using Reticulum must be
+    implemented and released at the same time as Reticulum itself. This shall serve both as a
+    functional communication suite, and as an example and learning resource to others wishing
+    to build applications with Reticulum.
+* **Ease of use**
+    The reference implementation of Reticulum is written in Python, to make it easy to use
+    and understand. A programmer with only basic experience should be able to use
+    Reticulum in their own applications.
+* **Low cost**
+    It shall be as cheap as possible to deploy a communication system based on Reticulum. This
+    should be achieved by using cheap off-the-shelf hardware that potential users might already
+    own. The cost of setting up a functioning node should be less than $100 even if all parts
+    needs to be purchased.
+
+.. _understanding-basicfunctionality:
+
+Introduction & Basic Functionality
+==================================
+
+Reticulum is a networking stack suited for high-latency, low-bandwidth links. Reticulum is at it’s
+core a *message oriented* system. It is suited for both local point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
+scenarios where alle nodes are within range of each other, as well as scenarios where packets need
+to be transported over multiple hops in a complex network to reach the recipient.
+
+Reticulum does away with the idea of addresses and ports known from IP, TCP and UDP. Instead
+Reticulum uses the singular concept of *destinations*. Any application using Reticulum as it’s
+networking stack will need to create one or more destinations to receive data, and know the
+destinations it needs to send data to.
+
+All destinations in Reticulum are represented internally as 10 bytes, derived from truncating a full
+SHA-256 hash of identifying characteristics of the destination. To users, the destination addresses
+will be displayed as 10 bytes in hexadecimal representation, as in the following example: ``<80e29bf7cccaf31431b3>``.
+
+By default Reticulum encrypts all data using elliptic curve cryptography. Any packet sent to a
+destination is encrypted with a derived ephemeral key. Reticulum can also set up an encrypted
+channel to a destination with *Forward Secrecy* and *Initiator Anonymity* using a elliptic
+curve cryptography and ephemeral keys derived from a Diffie Hellman exchange on Curve25519. In
+Reticulum terminology, this is called a *Link*.
+
+Reticulum also offers symmetric key encryption for group-oriented communications, as well as
+unencrypted packets for broadcast purposes, or situations where you need the communication to be in
+plain text. The multi-hop transport, coordination, verification and reliability layers are fully
+autonomous and based on public key cryptography.
+
+Reticulum can connect to a variety of interfaces such as radio modems, data radios and serial ports,
+and offers the possibility to easily tunnel Reticulum traffic over IP links such as the Internet or
+private IP networks.
+
+.. _understanding-destinations:
+
+Destinations
+------------
+
+To receive and send data with the Reticulum stack, an application needs to create one or more
+destinations. Reticulum uses three different basic destination types, and one special:
+
+
+* **Single**
+    The *single* destination type is always identified by a unique public key. Any data sent to this
+    destination will be encrypted using ephemeral keys derived from an ECDH key exchange, and will
+    only be readable by the creator of the destination, who holds the corresponding private key.
+* **Group**
+    The *group* destination type defines a symmetrically encrypted destination. Data sent to this
+    destination will be encrypted with a symmetric key, and will be readable by anyone in
+    possession of the key.
+* **Plain**
+    A *plain* destination type is unencrypted, and suited for traffic that should be broadcast to a
+    number of users, or should be readable by anyone. Traffic to a *plain* destination is not encrypted.
+    Generally, *plain* destinations can be used for broadcast information intended to be public.
+* **Link**
+    A *link* is a special destination type, that serves as an abstract channel to a *single*
+    destination, directly connected or over multiple hops. The *link* also offers reliability and
+    more efficient encryption, forward secrecy, initiator anonymity, and as such can be useful even
+    when a node is directly reachable.
+
+.. _understanding-destinationnaming:
+
+Destination Naming
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+Destinations are created and named in an easy to understand dotted notation of *aspects*, and
+represented on the network as a hash of this value. The hash is a SHA-256 truncated to 80 bits. The
+top level aspect should always be a unique identifier for the application using the destination.
+The next levels of aspects can be defined in any way by the creator of the application.
+
+Aspects can be as long and as plentiful as required, and a resulting long destination name will not
+impact efficiency, as names are always represented as truncated SHA-256 hashes on the network.
+
+As an example, a destination for a environmental monitoring application could be made up of the
+application name, a device type and measurement type, like this:
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+   app name  : environmentlogger
+   aspects   : remotesensor, temperature
+
+   full name : environmentlogger.remotesensor.temperature
+   hash      : fa7ddfab5213f916dea
+
+For the *single* destination, Reticulum will automatically append the associated public key as a
+destination aspect before hashing. This is done to ensure only the correct destination is reached,
+since anyone can listen to any destination name. Appending the public key ensures that a given
+packet is only directed at the destination that holds the corresponding private key to decrypt the
+packet.
+
+**Take note!** There is a very important concept to understand here:
+
+* Anyone can use the destination name ``environmentlogger.remotesensor.temperature``
+
+* Each destination that does so will still have a unique destination hash, and thus be uniquely
+  addressable, because their public keys will differ.
+
+In actual use of *single* destination naming, it is advisable not to use any uniquely identifying
+features in aspect naming. Aspect names should be general terms describing what kind of destination
+is represented. The uniquely identifying aspect is always acheived by the appending the public key,
+which expands the destination into a uniquely identifyable one.
+
+Any destination on a Reticulum network can be addressed and reached simply by knowning its
+destination hash (and public key, but if the public key is not known, it can be requested from the
+network simply by knowing the destination hash). The use of app names and aspects makes it easy to
+structure Reticulum programs and makes it possible to filter what information and data your program
+receives.
+
+To recap, the different destination types should be used in the following situations:
+
+* **Single**
+    When private communication between two endpoints is needed. Supports multiple hops.
+* **Group**
+    When private communication between two or more endpoints is needed. Supports multiple hops
+    indirectly, but must first be established through a *single* destination.
+* **Plain**
+    When plain-text communication is desirable, for example when broadcasting information.
+
+To communicate with a *single* destination, you need to know it’s public key. Any method for
+obtaining the public key is valid, but Reticulum includes a simple mechanism for making other
+nodes aware of your destinations public key, called the *announce*. It is also possible to request
+an unknown public key from the network, as all participating nodes serve as a distributed ledger
+of public keys.
+
+Note that public key information can be shared and verified in many other ways than using the
+built-in *announce* functionality, and that it is therefore not required to use the announce/request
+functionality to obtain public keys. It is by far the easiest though, and should definitely be used
+if there is not a good reason for doing it differently.
+
+.. _understanding-keyannouncements:
+
+Public Key Announcements
+------------------------
+
+An *announce* will send a special packet over any configured interfaces, containing all needed
+information about the destination hash and public key, and can also contain some additional,
+application specific data. The entire packet is signed by the sender to ensure authenticity. It is not
+required to use the announce functionality, but in many cases it will be the simplest way to share
+public keys on the network. As an example, an announce in a simple messenger application might
+contain the following information:
+
+
+* The announcers destination hash
+* The announcers public key
+* Application specific data, in this case the users nickname and availability status
+* A random blob, making each new announce unique
+* An Ed25519 signature of the above information, verifying authenticity
+
+With this information, any Reticulum node that receives it will be able to reconstruct an outgoing
+destination to securely communicate with that destination. You might have noticed that there is one
+piece of information lacking to reconstruct full knowledge of the announced destination, and that is
+the aspect names of the destination. These are intentionally left out to save bandwidth, since they
+will be implicit in almost all cases. If a destination name is not entirely implicit, information can be
+included in the application specific data part that will allow the receiver to infer the naming.
+
+It is important to note that announces will be forwarded throughout the network according to a
+certain pattern. This will be detailed in the section
+:ref:`The Announce Mechanism in Detail<understanding-announce>`.
+
+Seeing how *single* destinations are always tied to a private/public key pair leads us to the next topic.
+
+.. _understanding-identities:
+
+Identities
+----------
+
+In Reticulum, an *identity* does not necessarily represent a personal identity, but is an abstraction that
+can represent any kind of *verified entity*. This could very well be a person, but it could also be the
+control interface of a machine, a program, robot, computer, sensor or something else entirely. In
+general, any kind of agent that can act, or be acted upon, or store or manipulate information, can be
+represented as an identity.
+
+As we have seen, a *single* destination will always have an *identity* tied to it, but not *plain* or *group*
+destinations. Destinations and identities share a multilateral connection. You can create a
+destination, and if it is not connected to an identity upon creation, it will just create a new one to use
+automatically. This may be desirable in some situations, but often you will probably want to create
+the identity first, and then link it to created destinations.
+
+Building upon the simple messenger example, we could use an identity to represent the user of the
+application. Destinations created will then be linked to this identity to allow communication to
+reach the user. In all cases it is of great importance to store the private keys associated with any
+Reticulum Identity securely and privately.
+
+.. _understanding-gettingfurther:
+
+Getting Further
+---------------
+
+The above functions and principles form the core of Reticulum, and would suffice to create
+functional networked applications in local clusters, for example over radio links where all interested
+nodes can directly hear each other. But to be truly useful, we need a way to direct traffic over multiple
+hops in the network.
+
+In the following sections, two concepts that allow this will be introduced, *paths* and *links*.
+
+.. _understanding-transport:
+
+Reticulum Transport
+===================
+
+The term routing has been purposefully avoided until now. The current methods of routing used in IP-based
+networks are fundamentally incompatible with the physical link types that Reticulum was designed to handle.
+These routing methodologies assume trust at the physical layer, and often needs a lot more bandwidth than
+Reticulum can assume is available.
+
+Since Reticulum is designed to run over open radio spectrum, no such trust exists, and bandwidth is often
+very limited. Existing routing protocols like BGP or OSPF carry too much overhead to be practically
+useable over bandwidth-limited, high-latency links.
+
+To overcome such challenges, Reticulum’s *Transport* system uses public-key cryptography to
+implement the concept of *paths* that allow discovery of how to get information to a certain
+destination. It is important to note that no single node in a Reticulum network knows the complete
+path to a destination. Every Transport node participating in a Reticulum network will only
+know what the most direct way to get a packet one hop closer to it's destination is.
+
+.. _understanding-announce:
+
+The Announce Mechanism in Detail
+--------------------------------
+
+When an *announce* is transmitted by a node, it will be forwarded by any node receiving it, but
+according to some specific rules:
+
+
+* | If this exact announce has already been received before, ignore it.
+
+* | If not, record into a table which node the announce was received from, and how many times in
+    total it has been retransmitted to get here.
+
+* | If the announce has been retransmitted *m+1* times, it will not be forwarded. By default, *m* is
+    set to 18.
+
+* | The announce will be assigned a delay *d* = c\ :sup:`h` seconds, where *c* is a decay constant, and *h* is the amount of times this packet has already been forwarded.
+
+* | The packet will be given a priority *p = 1/d*.
+
+* | If at least *d* seconds has passed since the announce was received, and no other packets with a
+    priority higher than *p* are waiting in the queue (see Packet Prioritisation), and the channel is
+    not utilized by other traffic, the announce will be forwarded.
+
+* | If no other nodes are heard retransmitting the announce with a greater hop count than when
+    it left this node, transmitting it will be retried *r* times. By default, *r* is set to 1. Retries
+    follow same rules as above, with the exception that it must wait for at least *d* = c\ :sup:`h+1` +
+    t + rand(0, rw) seconds. This amount of time is equal to the amount of time it would take the next
+    node to retransmit the packet, plus a random window. By default, *t* is set to 10 seconds, and the
+    random window *rw* is set to 10 seconds.
+
+* | If a newer announce from the same destination arrives, while an identical one is already in
+    the queue, the newest announce is discarded. If the newest announce contains different
+    application specific data, it will replace the old announce, but will use *d* and *p* of the old
+    announce.
+
+Once an announce has reached a node in the network, any other node in direct contact with that
+node will be able to reach the destination the announce originated from, simply by sending a packet
+addressed to that destination. Any node with knowledge of the announce will be able to direct the
+packet towards the destination by looking up the next node with the shortest amount of hops to the
+destination.
+
+According to these rules and default constants, an announce will propagate throughout the network
+in a predictable way. In an example network utilising the default constants, and with an average link
+distance of *Lavg =* 15 kilometers, an announce will be able to propagate outwards to a radius of 180
+kilometers in 34 minutes, and a *maximum announce radius* of 270 kilometers in approximately 3
+days.
+
+.. _understanding-paths:
+
+Reaching the Destination
+------------------------
+
+In networks with changing topology and trustless connectivity, nodes need a way to establish
+*verified connectivity* with each other. Since the network is assumed to be trustless, Reticulum
+must provide a way to guarantee that the peer you are communicating with is actually who you
+expect. Reticulum offers two ways to do this.
+
+For exchanges of small amounts of information, Reticulum offers the *Packet* API, which works exactly like you would expect - on a per packet level. The following process is employed when sending a packet:
+
+* | A packet is always created with an associated destination and some payload data. When the packet is sent
+    to a *single* destination type, Reticulum will automatically create an ephemeral encryption key, perform
+    an ECDH key exchange with the destinations public key, and encrypt the information.
+
+* | It is important to note that this key exchange does not require any network traffic. The sender already
+    knows the public key of the destination from an earlier received *announce*, and can thus perform the ECDH
+    key exchange locally, before sending the packet.
+
+* | The public part of the newly generated ephemeral key-pair is included with the encrypted token, and sent
+    along with the encrypted payload data in the packet.
+
+* | When the destination receives the packet, it can itself perform an ECDH key exchange and decrypt the
+    packet.
+
+* | A new ephemeral key is used for every packet sent in this way, and forward secrecy is guaranteed on a
+    per packet level.
+
+* | Once the packet has been received and decrypted by the addressed destination, that destination can opt
+    to *prove* its receipt of the packet. It does this by calculating the SHA-256 hash of the received packet,
+    and signing this hash with it's Ed25519 signing key. Transport nodes in the network can then direct this
+    *proof* back to the packets origin, where the signature can be verified against the destinations known
+    public signing key.
+
+* | In case the packet is addressed to a *group* destination type, the packet will be encrypted with the
+    pre-shared AES-128 key associated with the destination. In case the packet is addressed to a *plain*
+    destination type, the payload data will not be encrypted. Neither of these two destination types offer
+    forward secrecy. In general, it is recommended to always use the *single* destination type, unless it is
+    strictly necessary to use one of the others.
+
+
+For exchanges of larger amounts of data, or when longer sessions of bidirectional communication is desired, Reticulum offers the *Link* API. To establish a *link*, the following process is employed:
+
+* | First, the node that wishes to establish a link will send out a special packet, that
+    traverses the network and locates the desired destination. Along the way, the nodes that
+    forward the packet will take note of this *link request*.
+
+* | Second, if the destination accepts the *link request* , it will send back a packet that proves the
+    authenticity of it’s identity (and the receipt of the link request) to the initiating node. All
+    nodes that initially forwarded the packet will also be able to verify this proof, and thus
+    accept the validity of the *link* throughout the network.
+
+* | When the validity of the *link* has been accepted by forwarding nodes, these nodes will
+    remember the *link* , and it can subsequently be used by referring to a hash representing it.
+
+* | As a part of the *link request* , a Diffie-Hellman key exchange takes place, that sets up an
+    efficiently encrypted tunnel between the two nodes, using elliptic curve cryptography. As such,
+    this mode of communication is preferred, even for situations when nodes can directly communicate,
+    when the amount of data to be exchanged numbers in the tens of packets.
+
+* | When a *link* has been set up, it automatically provides message receipt functionality, through
+    the same *proof* mechanism discussed before, so the sending node can obtain verified confirmation
+    that the information reached the intended recipient.
+
+In a moment, we will discuss the details of how this methodology is implemented, but let’s first
+recap what purposes this methodology serves. We first ensure that the node answering our request
+is actually the one we want to communicate with, and not a malicious actor pretending to be so.
+At the same time we establish an efficient encrypted channel. The setup of this is relatively cheap in
+terms of bandwidth, so it can be used just for a short exchange, and then recreated as needed, which will
+also rotate encryption keys. The link can also be kept alive for longer periods of time, if this is
+more suitable to the application. The procedure also inserts the *link id* , a hash calculated from the link request packet, into the memory of forwarding nodes, which means that the communicating nodes can thereafter reach each other simply by referring to this *link id*.
+
+The combined bandwidth cost of setting up a link is 3 packets totalling 237 bytes (more info in the
+:ref:`Binary Packet Format<understanding-packetformat>` section). The amount of bandwidth used on keeping
+a link open is practically negligible, at 0.62 bits per second. Even on a slow 1200 bits per second packet
+radio channel, 100 concurrent links will still leave 95% channel capacity for actual data.
+
+
+Link Establishment in Detail
+^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+After exploring the basics of the announce mechanism, finding a path through the network, and an overview
+of the link establishment procedure, this section will go into greater detail about the Reticulum link
+establishment process.
+
+The *link* in Reticulum terminology should not be viewed as a direct node-to-node link on the
+physical layer, but as an abstract channel, that can be open for any amount of time, and can span
+an arbitrary number of hops, where information will be exchanged between two nodes.
+
+
+* | When a node in the network wants to establish verified connectivity with another node, it
+    will randomly generate a new X25519 private/public key pair. It then creates a *link request*
+    packet, and broadcast it.
+  |  
+  | *It should be noted that the X25519 public/private keypair mentioned above is two separate keypairs:
+    An encryption key pair, used for derivation of a shared symmetric key, and a signing key pair, used
+    for signing and verifying messages on the link. They are sent together over the wire, and can be
+    considered as single public key for simplicity in this explanation.*
+
+* | The *link request* is addressed to the destination hash of the desired destination, and
+    contains the following data: The newly generated X25519 public key *LKi*.
+
+* | The broadcasted packet will be directed through the network according to the rules laid out
+    previously.
+
+* | Any node that forwards the link request will store a *link id* in it’s *link table* , along with the
+    amount of hops the packet had taken when received. The link id is a hash of the entire link
+    request packet. If the link request packet is not *proven* by the addressed destination within some
+    set amount of time, the entry will be dropped from the *link table* again.
+
+* | When the destination receives the link request packet, it will decide whether to accept the request.
+    If it is accepted, the destination will also generate a new X25519 private/public key pair, and
+    perform a Diffie Hellman Key Exchange, deriving a new symmetric key that will be used to encrypt the
+    channel, once it has been established.
+
+* | A *link proof* packet is now constructed and transmitted over the network. This packet is
+    addressed to the *link id* of the *link*. It contains the following data: The newly generated X25519
+    public key *LKr* and an Ed25519 signature of the *link id* and *LKr* made by the signing key of
+    the addressed destination.
+   
+* | By verifying this *link proof* packet, all nodes that originally transported the *link request*
+    packet to the destination from the originator can now verify that the intended destination received
+    the request and accepted it, and that the path they chose for forwarding the request was valid.
+    In sucessfully carrying out this verification, the transporting nodes marks the link as active.
+    An abstract bi-directional communication channel has now been established along a path in the network.
+
+* | When the source receives the *proof* , it will know unequivocally that a verified path has been
+    established to the destination. It can now also use the X25519 public key contained in the
+    *link proof* to perform it's own Diffie Hellman Key Exchange and derive the symmetric key
+    that is used to encrypt the channel. Information can now be exchanged reliably and securely.
+
+
+It’s important to note that this methodology ensures that the source of the request does not need to
+reveal any identifying information about itself. The link initiator remains completely anonymous.
+
+When using *links*, Reticulum will automatically verify all data sent over the link, and can also
+automate retransmissions if *Resources* are used.
+
+.. _understanding-resources:
+
+Resources
+---------
+
+For exchanging small amounts of data over a Reticulum network, the :ref:`Packet<api-packet>` interface
+is sufficient, but for exchanging data that would require many packets, an efficient way to coordinate
+the transfer is needed.
+
+This is the purpose of the Reticulum :ref:`Resource<api-resource>`. A *Resource* can automatically
+handle the reliable transfer of an arbitrary amount of data over an established :ref:`Link<api-link>`.
+Resources can auto-compress data, will handle breaking the data into individual packets, sequencing
+the transfer, integrity verification and reassembling the data on the other end.
+
+:ref:`Resources<api-resource>` are programmatically very simple to use, and only requires a few lines
+of codes to reliably transfer any amount of data. They can be used to transfer data stored in memory,
+or stream data directly from files.
+
+.. _understanding-referencesystem:
+
+Reference System Setup
+======================
+
+This section will detail the recommended *Reference System Setup* for Reticulum. It is important to
+note that Reticulum is designed to be usable over more or less any medium that allows you to send
+and receive data in a digital form, and satisfies some very low minimum requirements. The
+communication channel must support at least half-duplex operation, and provide an average
+throughput of around 1000 bits per second, and supports a physical layer MTU of 500 bytes. The
+Reticulum software should be able to run on more or less any hardware that can provide a Python 3.x 
+runtime environment.
+
+That being said, the reference setup has been outlined to provide a common platform for anyone
+who wants to help in the development of Reticulum, and for everyone who wants to know a
+recommended setup to get started. A reference system consists of three parts:
+
+* **A channel access device**
+    Or *CAD* , in short, provides access to the physical medium whereupon the communication
+    takes place, for example a radio with an integrated modem. A setup with a separate modem
+    connected to a radio would also be termed a “channel access device”.
+* **A host device**
+    Some sort of computing device that can run the necessary software, communicates with the
+    channel access device, and provides user interaction.
+* **A software stack**
+    The software implementing the Reticulum protocol and applications using it.
+
+The reference setup can be considered a relatively stable platform to develop on, and also to start
+building networks on. While details of the implementation might change at the current stage of
+development, it is the goal to maintain hardware compatibility for as long as entirely possible, and
+the current reference setup has been determined to provide a functional platform for many years
+into the future. The current Reference System Setup is as follows:
+
+
+* **Channel Access Device**
+    A data radio consisting of a LoRa radio module, and a microcontroller with open source
+    firmware, that can connect to host devices via USB. It operates in either the 430, 868 or 900
+    MHz frequency bands. More details can be found on the `RNode Page <https://unsigned.io/rnode>`_.
+* **Host device**
+    Any computer device running Linux and Python. A Raspberry Pi with a Debian based OS is
+    recommended.
+* **Software stack**
+    The current Reference Implementation Release of Reticulum, running on a Debian based
+    operating system.
+
+It is very important to note, that the reference channel access device **does not** use the LoRaWAN
+standard, but uses a custom MAC layer on top of the plain LoRa modulation! As such, you will
+need a plain LoRa radio module connected to an MCU with the correct firmware. Full details on how to
+get or make such a device is available on the `RNode Page <https://unsigned.io/rnode>`_.
+
+With the current reference setup, it should be possible to get on a Reticulum network for around 100$
+even if you have none of the hardware already, and need to purchase everything.
+
+.. _understanding-protocolspecifics:
+
+Protocol Specifics
+==================
+
+This chapter will detail protocol specific information that is essential to the implementation of
+Reticulum, but non critical in understanding how the protocol works on a general level. It should be
+treated more as a reference than as essential reading.
+
+
+Node Types
+----------
+
+Currently Reticulum defines two node types, the *Station* and the *Peer*. A node is a *station* if it fixed
+in one place, and if it is intended to be kept online most of the time. Otherwise the node is a *peer*.
+
+This distinction is made by the user configuring the node, and is used to determine what nodes on the
+network will help forward traffic, and what nodes rely on other nodes for connectivity.
+
+If a node is a *Peer* it should be given the configuration directive ``enable_transport = No``.
+
+If it is a *Station*, it should be given the configuration directive ``enable_transport = Yes``.
+
+
+Packet Prioritisation
+---------------------
+
+Currently, Reticulum is completely priority-agnostic regarding general traffic. All traffic is handled
+on a first-come, first-serve basis. Announce re-transmission are handled according to the re-transmission
+times and priorities described earlier in this chapter.
+
+
+.. _understanding-packetformat:
+
+Binary Packet Format
+--------------------
+
+.. code-block:: text
+
+    == Reticulum Wire Format ======
+
+    A Reticulum packet is composed of the following fields:
+
+    [HEADER 2 bytes] [ADDRESSES 10/20 bytes] [CONTEXT 1 byte] [DATA 0-477 bytes]
+
+    * The HEADER field is 2 bytes long.
+      * Byte 1: [Header Type], [Propagation Type], [Destination Type] and [Packet Type]
+      * Byte 2: Number of hops
+
+    * The ADDRESSES field contains either 1 or 2 addresses.
+      * Each address is 10 bytes long.
+      * The Header Type flag in the HEADER field determines
+        whether the ADDRESSES field contains 1 or 2 addresses.
+      * Addresses are Reticulum hashes truncated to 10 bytes.
+
+    * The CONTEXT field is 1 byte.
+      * It is used by Reticulum to determine packet context.
+
+    * The DATA field is between 0 and 477 bytes.
+      * It contains the packets data payload.
+
+    Header Types
+    -----------------
+    type 1          00  Two byte header, one 10 byte address field
+    type 2          01  Two byte header, two 10 byte address fields
+    type 3          10  Reserved
+    type 4          11  Reserved
+
+
+    Propagation Types
+    -----------------
+    broadcast       00
+    transport       01
+    reserved        10
+    reserved        11
+
+
+    Destination Types
+    -----------------
+    single          00
+    group           01
+    plain           10
+    link            11
+
+
+    Packet Types
+    -----------------
+    data            00
+    announce        01
+    link request    10
+    proof           11
+
+
+    +- Packet Example -+
+
+       HEADER FIELD             ADDRESSES FIELD             CONTEXT FIELD  DATA FIELD
+     _______|_______   ________________|________________   ________|______   __|_
+    |               | |                                 | |               | |    |
+    01010000 00000100 [ADDR1, 10 bytes] [ADDR2, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
+     | | | |    |
+     | | | |    +-- Hops             = 4
+     | | | +------- Packet Type      = DATA
+     | | +--------- Destination Type = SINGLE
+     | +----------- Propagation Type = TRANSPORT
+     +------------- Header Type      = HEADER_2 (two byte header, two address fields)
+
+
+     +- Packet Example -+
+
+       HEADER FIELD    ADDRESSES FIELD    CONTEXT FIELD  DATA FIELD
+     _______|_______   _______|_______   ________|______   __|_
+    |               | |               | |               | |    |
+    00000000 00000111 [ADDR1, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
+     | | | |    |
+     | | | |    +-- Hops             = 7
+     | | | +------- Packet Type      = DATA
+     | | +--------- Destination Type = SINGLE
+     | +----------- Propagation Type = BROADCAST
+     +------------- Header Type      = HEADER_1 (two byte header, one address field)
+
+
+     Size examples of different packet types
+     ---------------------------------------
+
+     The following table lists example sizes of various
+     packet types. The size listed are the complete on-
+     wire size including all fields.
+
+     - Path Request    :    33  bytes
+     - Announce        :    151 bytes
+     - Link Request    :    77  bytes
+     - Link Proof      :    77  bytes
+     - Link RTT packet :    83  bytes
+     - Link keepalive  :    14  bytes

docs/manual/_sources/using.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,263 @@
+.. _using-main:
+
+******************************
+Using Reticulum on Your System
+******************************
+
+Reticulum is not installed as a driver or kernel module, as one might expect
+of a networking stack. Instead, Reticulum is distributed as a Python module.
+This means that no special privileges are required to install or use it.
+Any program or application that uses Reticulum will automatically load and
+initialise Reticulum when it starts.
+
+In many cases, this approach is sufficient. When any program needs to use
+Reticulum, it is loaded, initialised, interfaces are brought up, and the
+program can now communicate over Reticulum. If another program starts up
+and also wants access to the same Reticulum network, the instance is simply
+shared. This works for any number of programs running concurrently, and is
+very easy to use, but depending on your use case, there are other options.
+
+Included Utility Programs
+-------------------------
+
+If you often use Reticulum from several different programs, or simply want
+Reticulum to stay available all the time, for example if you are hosting
+a transport node, you might want to run Reticulum as a separate service that
+other programs, applications and services can utilise.
+
+The rnsd Utility
+================
+
+To do so is very easy. Simply run the included ``rnsd`` command. When ``rnsd``
+is running, it will keep all configured interfaces open, handle transport if
+it is enabled, and allow any other programs to immediately utilise the
+Reticulum network it is configured for.
+
+You can even run multiple instances of rnsd with different configurations on
+the same system.
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  # Install Reticulum
+  pip3 install rns
+
+  # Run rnsd
+  rnsd
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  usage: rnsd [-h] [--config CONFIG] [-v] [-q] [--version]
+
+  Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
+
+  optional arguments:
+    -h, --help       show this help message and exit
+    --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+    -v, --verbose
+    -q, --quiet
+    --version        show program's version number and exit
+
+You can easily add ``rnsd`` as an always-on service by :ref:`configuring a service<using-systemd>`.
+
+The rnstatus Utility
+====================
+
+Using the ``rnstatus`` utility, you can view the status of configured Reticulum
+interfaces, similar to the ``ifconfig`` program.
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  # Run rnstatus
+  rnstatus
+
+  # Example output
+  Shared Instance[37428]
+         Status: Up
+         Connected applications: 1
+         RX: 1.13 KB
+         TX: 1.07 KB
+
+  UDPInterface[Default UDP Interface/0.0.0.0:4242]
+         Status: Up
+         RX: 1.01 KB
+         TX: 1.01 KB
+
+  TCPInterface[RNS Testnet Frankfurt/frankfurt.rns.unsigned.io:4965]
+         Status: Up
+         RX: 1.37 KB
+         TX: 9.02 KB
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  usage: rnsd [-h] [--config CONFIG] [-v] [-q] [--version]
+
+  Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
+
+  optional arguments:
+    -h, --help       show this help message and exit
+    --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+    -v, --verbose
+    -q, --quiet
+    --version        show program's version number and exit
+
+
+The rnpath Utility
+====================
+
+With the ``rnpath`` utility, you can look up and view paths for
+destinations on the Reticulum network.
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  # Run rnpath
+  rnpath eca6f4e4dc26ae329e61
+
+  # Example output
+  Path found, destination <eca6f4e4dc26ae329e61> is 4 hops away via <56b115c30cd386cad69c> on TCPInterface[Testnet/frankfurt.rns.unsigned.io:4965]
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  usage: rnpath.py [-h] [--config CONFIG] [--version] [-v] [destination]
+
+  Reticulum Path Discovery Utility
+
+  positional arguments:
+    destination      hexadecimal hash of the destination
+
+  optional arguments:
+    -h, --help       show this help message and exit
+    --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+    --version        show program's version number and exit
+    -v, --verbose
+
+
+The rnprobe Utility
+====================
+
+The ``rnprobe`` utility lets you probe a destination for connectivity, similar
+to the ``ping`` program. Please note that probes will only be answered if the
+specified destination is configured to send proofs for received packets. Many
+destinations will not have this option enabled, and will not be probable.
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  # Run rnprobe
+  python3 -m RNS.Utilities.rnprobe example_utilities.echo.request 9382f334de63217a4278
+
+  # Example output
+  Sent 16 byte probe to <9382f334de63217a4278>
+  Valid reply received from <9382f334de63217a4278>
+  Round-trip time is 38.469 milliseconds over 2 hops
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  usage: rnprobe.py [-h] [--config CONFIG] [--version] [-v] [full_name] [destination_hash]
+
+  Reticulum Probe Utility
+
+  positional arguments:
+    full_name         full destination name in dotted notation
+    destination_hash  hexadecimal hash of the destination
+
+  optional arguments:
+    -h, --help        show this help message and exit
+    --config CONFIG   path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+    --version         show program's version number and exit
+    -v, --verbose
+
+
+Improving System Configuration
+------------------------------
+
+If you are setting up a system for permanent use with Reticulum, there is a
+few system configuration changes that can make this easier to administrate.
+These changes will be detailed here.
+
+
+Fixed Serial Port Names
+=======================
+
+On a Reticulum node with several serial port based interfaces, it can be
+beneficial to use the fixed name device nodes for the serial ports, instead
+of the dynamically allocated shorthands such as ``/dev/ttyUSB0``. Under most
+Debian-based distributions, including Ubuntu and Raspberry Pi OS, these nodes
+can be found under ``/dev/serial/by-id``.
+
+You can use such a device path directly in place of the numbered shorthands.
+Here is an example of a packet radio TNC configured as such:
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  [[Packet Radio KISS Interface]]
+    type = KISSInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = true
+    port = /dev/serial/by-id/usb-FTDI_FT230X_Basic_UART_43891CKM-if00-port0
+    speed = 115200    
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+    preamble = 150
+    txtail = 10
+    persistence = 200
+    slottime = 20
+
+Using this methodology avoids potential naming mix-ups where physical devices
+might be plugged and unplugged in different orders, or when node name
+assignment varies from one boot to another.
+
+.. _using-systemd:
+
+Reticulum as a System Service
+=============================
+
+Instead of starting Reticulum manually, you can install ``rnsd`` as a system
+service and have it start automatically at boot.
+
+If you installed Reticulum with ``pip``, the ``rnsd`` program will most likely
+be located in a user-local installation path only, which means ``systemd`` will not
+be able to execute it. In this case, you can simply symlink the ``rnsd`` program
+into a directory that is in systemd's path:
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  sudo ln -s $(which rnsd) /usr/local/bin/
+
+You can then create the service file ``/etc/systemd/system/rnsd.service`` with the
+following content:
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  [Unit]
+  Description=Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
+  After=multi-user.target
+
+  [Service]
+  # If you run Reticulum on WiFi devices,
+  # or other devices that need some extra
+  # time to initialise, you might want to
+  # add a short delay before Reticulum is
+  # started by systemd:
+  # ExecStartPre=/bin/sleep 10
+  Type=simple
+  Restart=always
+  RestartSec=3
+  User=USERNAMEHERE
+  ExecStart=rnsd --service
+
+  [Install]
+  WantedBy=multi-user.target
+
+Be sure to replace ``USERNAMEHERE`` with the user you want to run ``rnsd`` as.
+
+To manually start ``rnsd`` run:
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  sudo systemctl start rnsd
+
+If you want to automatically start ``rnsd`` at boot, run:
+
+.. code:: text
+
+  sudo systemctl enable rnsd

docs/manual/_sources/whatis.rst.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+******************
+What is Reticulum?
+******************
+
+Reticulum is a cryptography-based networking stack for wide-area networks built on readily available hardware, that can operate even with very high latency and extremely low bandwidth.
+
+Reticulum allows you to build very wide-area networks with off-the-shelf tools, and offers end-to-end encryption, autoconfiguring cryptographically backed multi-hop transport, efficient addressing, unforgeable packet acknowledgements and more.
+
+Reticulum is a complete networking stack, and does not need IP or higher layers, although it is easy to utilise IP (with TCP or UDP) as the underlying carrier for Reticulum. It is therefore trivial to tunnel Reticulum over the Internet or private IP networks. Reticulum is built directly on cryptographic principles, allowing resilience and stable functionality in open and trustless networks.
+
+No kernel modules or drivers are required. Reticulum runs completely in userland, and can run on practically any system that runs Python 3. Reticulum runs well even on small single-board computers like the Pi Zero.
+
+
+Current Status
+==============
+Reticulum should currently be considered beta software. All core protocol features are implemented and functioning, but additions will probably occur as real-world use is explored. There will be bugs. The API and wire-format can be considered relatively stable at the moment, but could change if warranted.
+
+
+What does Reticulum Offer?
+==========================
+* Coordination-less globally unique adressing and identification
+
+* Fully self-configuring multi-hop routing
+
+* Complete initiator anonymity, communicate without revealing your identity
+
+* Asymmetric X25519 encryption and Ed25519 signatures as a basis for all communication
+
+* Forward Secrecy with ephemereal Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman keys on Curve25519
+
+* Reticulum uses the `Fernet <https://github.com/fernet/spec/blob/master/Spec.md>`_ specification for on-the-wire / over-the-air encryption
+
+  * All keys are ephemeral and derived from an ECDH key exchange on Curve25519
+
+  * AES-128 in CBC mode with PKCS7 padding
+
+  * HMAC using SHA256 for authentication
+
+  * IVs are generated through os.urandom()
+
+* Unforgeable packet delivery confirmations
+
+* A variety of supported interface types
+
+* An intuitive and developer-friendly API
+
+* Reliable and efficient transfer of arbritrary amounts of data
+
+  * Reticulum can handle a few bytes of data or files of many gigabytes
+
+  * Sequencing, transfer coordination and checksumming is automatic
+
+  * The API is very easy to use, and provides transfer progress
+
+* Efficient link establishment
+
+  * Total bandwidth cost of setting up a link is only 3 packets, totalling 237 bytes
+
+  * Low cost of keeping links open at only 0.62 bits per second
+
+
+Where can Reticulum be Used?
+============================
+Over practically any medium that can support at least a half-duplex channel
+with 500 bits per second throughput, and an MTU of 500 bytes. Data radios,
+modems, LoRa radios, serial lines, AX.25 TNCs, amateur radio digital modes,
+ad-hoc WiFi, free-space optical links and similar systems are all examples
+of the types of interfaces Reticulum was designed for.
+
+An open-source LoRa-based interface called `RNode <https://unsigned.io/rnode>`_
+has been designed specifically for use with Reticulum. It is possible to build
+yourself, or it can be purchased as a complete transceiver that just needs a
+USB connection to the host.
+
+Reticulum can also be encapsulated over existing IP networks, so there's
+nothing stopping you from using it over wired ethernet or your local WiFi
+network, where it'll work just as well. In fact, one of the strengths of
+Reticulum is how easily it allows you to connect different mediums into a
+self-configuring, resilient and encrypted mesh.
+
+As an example, it's possible to set up a Raspberry Pi connected to both a
+LoRa radio, a packet radio TNC and a WiFi network. Once the interfaces are
+configured, Reticulum will take care of the rest, and any device on the WiFi
+network can communicate with nodes on the LoRa and packet radio sides of the
+network, and vice versa.
+
+Interface Types and Devices
+===========================
+Reticulum implements a range of generalised interface types that covers most of the communications hardware that Reticulum can run over. If your hardware is not supported, it's relatively simple to implement an interface class. Currently, the following interfaces are supported:
+
+* Any ethernet device
+
+* LoRa using `RNode <https://unsigned.io/rnode>`_
+
+* Packet Radio TNCs, such as `OpenModem <https://unsigned.io/openmodem>`_
+
+* Any device with a serial port
+
+* TCP over IP networks
+
+* UDP over IP networks
+
+For a full list and more details, see the :ref:`Supported Interfaces<interfaces-main>` chapter.
+
+
+Caveat Emptor
+==============
+Reticulum is an experimental networking stack, and should be considered as such. While it has been built with cryptography best-practices very foremost in mind, it has not been externally security audited, and there could very well be privacy-breaking bugs. To be considered secure, Reticulum needs a thourough security review by independt cryptographers and security researchers. If you want to help out, or help sponsor an audit, please do get in touch.

docs/manual/_static/basic.css

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+.align-left {
+    text-align: left;
+}
+
+.align-center {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-default {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+.align-right {
+    text-align: right;
+}
+
+/* -- sidebars -------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar,
+aside.sidebar {
+    margin: 0 0 0.5em 1em;
+    border: 1px solid #ddb;
+    padding: 7px;
+    background-color: #ffe;
+    width: 40%;
+    float: right;
+    clear: right;
+    overflow-x: auto;
+}
+
+p.sidebar-title {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.admonition, div.topic, blockquote {
+    clear: left;
+}
+
+/* -- topics ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.topic {
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+    padding: 7px;
+    margin: 10px 0 10px 0;
+}
+
+p.topic-title {
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+    font-weight: bold;
+    margin-top: 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- admonitions ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.admonition {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    padding: 7px;
+}
+
+div.admonition dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    margin: 0px 10px 5px 0px;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+div.body p.centered {
+    text-align: center;
+    margin-top: 25px;
+}
+
+/* -- content of sidebars/topics/admonitions -------------------------------- */
+
+div.sidebar > :last-child,
+aside.sidebar > :last-child,
+div.topic > :last-child,
+div.admonition > :last-child {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+div.sidebar::after,
+aside.sidebar::after,
+div.topic::after,
+div.admonition::after,
+blockquote::after {
+    display: block;
+    content: '';
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+/* -- tables ---------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.docutils {
+    margin-top: 10px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    border: 0;
+    border-collapse: collapse;
+}
+
+table.align-center {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+table.align-default {
+    margin-left: auto;
+    margin-right: auto;
+}
+
+table caption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+table caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+table.docutils td, table.docutils th {
+    padding: 1px 8px 1px 5px;
+    border-top: 0;
+    border-left: 0;
+    border-right: 0;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;
+}
+
+table.footnote td, table.footnote th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+th {
+    text-align: left;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+table.citation {
+    border-left: solid 1px gray;
+    margin-left: 1px;
+}
+
+table.citation td {
+    border-bottom: none;
+}
+
+th > :first-child,
+td > :first-child {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+th > :last-child,
+td > :last-child {
+    margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+/* -- figures --------------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.figure, figure {
+    margin: 0.5em;
+    padding: 0.5em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption, figcaption {
+    padding: 0.3em;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-number,
+figcaption span.caption-number {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.figure p.caption span.caption-text,
+figcaption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+/* -- field list styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.field-list td, table.field-list th {
+    border: 0 !important;
+}
+
+.field-list ul {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding-left: 1em;
+}
+
+.field-list p {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+.field-name {
+    -moz-hyphens: manual;
+    -ms-hyphens: manual;
+    -webkit-hyphens: manual;
+    hyphens: manual;
+}
+
+/* -- hlist styles ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+table.hlist {
+    margin: 1em 0;
+}
+
+table.hlist td {
+    vertical-align: top;
+}
+
+/* -- object description styles --------------------------------------------- */
+
+.sig {
+	font-family: 'Consolas', 'Menlo', 'DejaVu Sans Mono', 'Bitstream Vera Sans Mono', monospace;
+}
+
+.sig-name, code.descname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+.sig-name {
+	font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+code.descname {
+    font-size: 1.2em;
+}
+
+.sig-prename, code.descclassname {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.optional {
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+}
+
+.sig-paren {
+    font-size: larger;
+}
+
+.sig-param.n {
+	font-style: italic;
+}
+
+/* C++ specific styling */
+
+.sig-inline.c-texpr,
+.sig-inline.cpp-texpr {
+	font-family: unset;
+}
+
+.sig.c   .k, .sig.c   .kt,
+.sig.cpp .k, .sig.cpp .kt {
+	color: #0033B3;
+}
+
+.sig.c   .m,
+.sig.cpp .m {
+	color: #1750EB;
+}
+
+.sig.c   .s, .sig.c   .sc,
+.sig.cpp .s, .sig.cpp .sc {
+	color: #067D17;
+}
+
+
+/* -- other body styles ----------------------------------------------------- */
+
+ol.arabic {
+    list-style: decimal;
+}
+
+ol.loweralpha {
+    list-style: lower-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.upperalpha {
+    list-style: upper-alpha;
+}
+
+ol.lowerroman {
+    list-style: lower-roman;
+}
+
+ol.upperroman {
+    list-style: upper-roman;
+}
+
+:not(li) > ol > li:first-child > :first-child,
+:not(li) > ul > li:first-child > :first-child {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+:not(li) > ol > li:last-child > :last-child,
+:not(li) > ul > li:last-child > :last-child {
+    margin-bottom: 0px;
+}
+
+ol.simple ol p,
+ol.simple ul p,
+ul.simple ol p,
+ul.simple ul p {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+ol.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p,
+ul.simple > li:not(:first-child) > p {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+ol.simple p,
+ul.simple p {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+dl.footnote > dt,
+dl.citation > dt {
+    float: left;
+    margin-right: 0.5em;
+}
+
+dl.footnote > dd,
+dl.citation > dd {
+    margin-bottom: 0em;
+}
+
+dl.footnote > dd:after,
+dl.citation > dd:after {
+    content: "";
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+dl.field-list {
+    display: grid;
+    grid-template-columns: fit-content(30%) auto;
+}
+
+dl.field-list > dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    word-break: break-word;
+    padding-left: 0.5em;
+    padding-right: 5px;
+}
+
+dl.field-list > dt:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+
+dl.field-list > dd {
+    padding-left: 0.5em;
+    margin-top: 0em;
+    margin-left: 0em;
+    margin-bottom: 0em;
+}
+
+dl {
+    margin-bottom: 15px;
+}
+
+dd > :first-child {
+    margin-top: 0px;
+}
+
+dd ul, dd table {
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+}
+
+dd {
+    margin-top: 3px;
+    margin-bottom: 10px;
+    margin-left: 30px;
+}
+
+dl > dd:last-child,
+dl > dd:last-child > :last-child {
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+}
+
+dt:target, span.highlighted {
+    background-color: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+rect.highlighted {
+    fill: #fbe54e;
+}
+
+dl.glossary dt {
+    font-weight: bold;
+    font-size: 1.1em;
+}
+
+.versionmodified {
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+.system-message {
+    background-color: #fda;
+    padding: 5px;
+    border: 3px solid red;
+}
+
+.footnote:target  {
+    background-color: #ffa;
+}
+
+.line-block {
+    display: block;
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    margin-bottom: 1em;
+}
+
+.line-block .line-block {
+    margin-top: 0;
+    margin-bottom: 0;
+    margin-left: 1.5em;
+}
+
+.guilabel, .menuselection {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+.accelerator {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+.classifier {
+    font-style: oblique;
+}
+
+.classifier:before {
+    font-style: normal;
+    margin: 0.5em;
+    content: ":";
+}
+
+abbr, acronym {
+    border-bottom: dotted 1px;
+    cursor: help;
+}
+
+/* -- code displays --------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+pre {
+    overflow: auto;
+    overflow-y: hidden;  /* fixes display issues on Chrome browsers */
+}
+
+pre, div[class*="highlight-"] {
+    clear: both;
+}
+
+span.pre {
+    -moz-hyphens: none;
+    -ms-hyphens: none;
+    -webkit-hyphens: none;
+    hyphens: none;
+}
+
+div[class*="highlight-"] {
+    margin: 1em 0;
+}
+
+td.linenos pre {
+    border: 0;
+    background-color: transparent;
+    color: #aaa;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable {
+    display: block;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable tbody {
+    display: block;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable tr {
+    display: flex;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td {
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td.linenos {
+    padding-right: 0.5em;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td.code {
+    flex: 1;
+    overflow: hidden;
+}
+
+.highlight .hll {
+    display: block;
+}
+
+div.highlight pre,
+table.highlighttable pre {
+    margin: 0;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption + div {
+    margin-top: 0;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption {
+    margin-top: 1em;
+    padding: 2px 5px;
+    font-size: small;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+table.highlighttable td.linenos,
+span.linenos,
+div.doctest > div.highlight span.gp {  /* gp: Generic.Prompt */
+  user-select: none;
+  -webkit-user-select: text; /* Safari fallback only */
+  -webkit-user-select: none; /* Chrome/Safari */
+  -moz-user-select: none; /* Firefox */
+  -ms-user-select: none; /* IE10+ */
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-number {
+    padding: 0.1em 0.3em;
+    font-style: italic;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption span.caption-text {
+}
+
+div.literal-block-wrapper {
+    margin: 1em 0;
+}
+
+code.xref, a code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+    font-weight: bold;
+}
+
+h1 code, h2 code, h3 code, h4 code, h5 code, h6 code {
+    background-color: transparent;
+}
+
+.viewcode-link {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    float: right;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    margin: -1px -10px;
+    padding: 0 10px;
+}
+
+/* -- math display ---------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+img.math {
+    vertical-align: middle;
+}
+
+div.body div.math p {
+    text-align: center;
+}
+
+span.eqno {
+    float: right;
+}
+
+span.eqno a.headerlink {
+    position: absolute;
+    z-index: 1;
+}
+
+div.math:hover a.headerlink {
+    visibility: visible;
+}
+
+/* -- printout stylesheet --------------------------------------------------- */
+
+@media print {
+    div.document,
+    div.documentwrapper,
+    div.bodywrapper {
+        margin: 0 !important;
+        width: 100%;
+    }
+
+    div.sphinxsidebar,
+    div.related,
+    div.footer,
+    #top-link {
+        display: none;
+    }
+}

docs/manual/_static/classic.css

@@ -0,0 +1,266 @@
+/*
+ * classic.css_t
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx stylesheet -- classic theme.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+@import url("basic.css");
+
+/* -- page layout ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+html {
+    /* CSS hack for macOS's scrollbar (see #1125) */
+    background-color: #FFFFFF;
+}
+
+body {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 100%;
+    background-color: #11303d;
+    color: #000;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.document {
+    background-color: #1c4e63;
+}
+
+div.documentwrapper {
+    float: left;
+    width: 100%;
+}
+
+div.bodywrapper {
+    margin: 0 0 0 230px;
+}
+
+div.body {
+    background-color: #ffffff;
+    color: #000000;
+    padding: 0 20px 30px 20px;
+}
+
+div.footer {
+    color: #ffffff;
+    width: 100%;
+    padding: 9px 0 9px 0;
+    text-align: center;
+    font-size: 75%;
+}
+
+div.footer a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+div.related {
+    background-color: #133f52;
+    line-height: 30px;
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.related a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar {
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 {
+    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+    color: #ffffff;
+    font-size: 1.4em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h3 a {
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar h4 {
+    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+    color: #ffffff;
+    font-size: 1.3em;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    margin: 5px 0 0 0;
+    padding: 0;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p {
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar p.topless {
+    margin: 5px 10px 10px 10px;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar ul {
+    margin: 10px;
+    padding: 0;
+    color: #ffffff;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar a {
+    color: #98dbcc;
+}
+
+div.sphinxsidebar input {
+    border: 1px solid #98dbcc;
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+    font-size: 1em;
+}
+
+
+
+/* -- hyperlink styles ------------------------------------------------------ */
+
+a {
+    color: #355f7c;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:visited {
+    color: #355f7c;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a:hover {
+    text-decoration: underline;
+}
+
+
+
+/* -- body styles ----------------------------------------------------------- */
+
+div.body h1,
+div.body h2,
+div.body h3,
+div.body h4,
+div.body h5,
+div.body h6 {
+    font-family: 'Trebuchet MS', sans-serif;
+    background-color: #f2f2f2;
+    font-weight: normal;
+    color: #20435c;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;
+    margin: 20px -20px 10px -20px;
+    padding: 3px 0 3px 10px;
+}
+
+div.body h1 { margin-top: 0; font-size: 200%; }
+div.body h2 { font-size: 160%; }
+div.body h3 { font-size: 140%; }
+div.body h4 { font-size: 120%; }
+div.body h5 { font-size: 110%; }
+div.body h6 { font-size: 100%; }
+
+a.headerlink {
+    color: #c60f0f;
+    font-size: 0.8em;
+    padding: 0 4px 0 4px;
+    text-decoration: none;
+}
+
+a.headerlink:hover {
+    background-color: #c60f0f;
+    color: white;
+}
+
+div.body p, div.body dd, div.body li, div.body blockquote {
+    text-align: justify;
+    line-height: 130%;
+}
+
+div.admonition p.admonition-title + p {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+div.admonition p {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition pre {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.admonition ul, div.admonition ol {
+    margin-bottom: 5px;
+}
+
+div.note {
+    background-color: #eee;
+    border: 1px solid #ccc;
+}
+
+div.seealso {
+    background-color: #ffc;
+    border: 1px solid #ff6;
+}
+
+div.topic {
+    background-color: #eee;
+}
+
+div.warning {
+    background-color: #ffe4e4;
+    border: 1px solid #f66;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title {
+    display: inline;
+}
+
+p.admonition-title:after {
+    content: ":";
+}
+
+pre {
+    padding: 5px;
+    background-color: unset;
+    color: unset;
+    line-height: 120%;
+    border: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-left: none;
+    border-right: none;
+}
+
+code {
+    background-color: #ecf0f3;
+    padding: 0 1px 0 1px;
+    font-size: 0.95em;
+}
+
+th, dl.field-list > dt {
+    background-color: #ede;
+}
+
+.warning code {
+    background: #efc2c2;
+}
+
+.note code {
+    background: #d6d6d6;
+}
+
+.viewcode-back {
+    font-family: sans-serif;
+}
+
+div.viewcode-block:target {
+    background-color: #f4debf;
+    border-top: 1px solid #ac9;
+    border-bottom: 1px solid #ac9;
+}
+
+div.code-block-caption {
+    color: #efefef;
+    background-color: #1c4e63;
+}

docs/manual/_static/doctools.js

@@ -0,0 +1,321 @@
+/*
+ * doctools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for all documentation.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+/**
+ * select a different prefix for underscore
+ */
+$u = _.noConflict();
+
+/**
+ * make the code below compatible with browsers without
+ * an installed firebug like debugger
+if (!window.console || !console.firebug) {
+  var names = ["log", "debug", "info", "warn", "error", "assert", "dir",
+    "dirxml", "group", "groupEnd", "time", "timeEnd", "count", "trace",
+    "profile", "profileEnd"];
+  window.console = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < names.length; ++i)
+    window.console[names[i]] = function() {};
+}
+ */
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urldecode strings
+ *
+ * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent#Decoding_query_parameters_from_a_URL
+ */
+jQuery.urldecode = function(x) {
+  if (!x) {
+    return x
+  }
+  return decodeURIComponent(x.replace(/\+/g, ' '));
+};
+
+/**
+ * small helper function to urlencode strings
+ */
+jQuery.urlencode = encodeURIComponent;
+
+/**
+ * This function returns the parsed url parameters of the
+ * current request. Multiple values per key are supported,
+ * it will always return arrays of strings for the value parts.
+ */
+jQuery.getQueryParameters = function(s) {
+  if (typeof s === 'undefined')
+    s = document.location.search;
+  var parts = s.substr(s.indexOf('?') + 1).split('&');
+  var result = {};
+  for (var i = 0; i < parts.length; i++) {
+    var tmp = parts[i].split('=', 2);
+    var key = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[0]);
+    var value = jQuery.urldecode(tmp[1]);
+    if (key in result)
+      result[key].push(value);
+    else
+      result[key] = [value];
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/**
+ * highlight a given string on a jquery object by wrapping it in
+ * span elements with the given class name.
+ */
+jQuery.fn.highlightText = function(text, className) {
+  function highlight(node, addItems) {
+    if (node.nodeType === 3) {
+      var val = node.nodeValue;
+      var pos = val.toLowerCase().indexOf(text);
+      if (pos >= 0 &&
+          !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass(className) &&
+          !jQuery(node.parentNode).hasClass("nohighlight")) {
+        var span;
+        var isInSVG = jQuery(node).closest("body, svg, foreignObject").is("svg");
+        if (isInSVG) {
+          span = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "tspan");
+        } else {
+          span = document.createElement("span");
+          span.className = className;
+        }
+        span.appendChild(document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos, text.length)));
+        node.parentNode.insertBefore(span, node.parentNode.insertBefore(
+          document.createTextNode(val.substr(pos + text.length)),
+          node.nextSibling));
+        node.nodeValue = val.substr(0, pos);
+        if (isInSVG) {
+          var rect = document.createElementNS("http://www.w3.org/2000/svg", "rect");
+          var bbox = node.parentElement.getBBox();
+          rect.x.baseVal.value = bbox.x;
+          rect.y.baseVal.value = bbox.y;
+          rect.width.baseVal.value = bbox.width;
+          rect.height.baseVal.value = bbox.height;
+          rect.setAttribute('class', className);
+          addItems.push({
+              "parent": node.parentNode,
+              "target": rect});
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    else if (!jQuery(node).is("button, select, textarea")) {
+      jQuery.each(node.childNodes, function() {
+        highlight(this, addItems);
+      });
+    }
+  }
+  var addItems = [];
+  var result = this.each(function() {
+    highlight(this, addItems);
+  });
+  for (var i = 0; i < addItems.length; ++i) {
+    jQuery(addItems[i].parent).before(addItems[i].target);
+  }
+  return result;
+};
+
+/*
+ * backward compatibility for jQuery.browser
+ * This will be supported until firefox bug is fixed.
+ */
+if (!jQuery.browser) {
+  jQuery.uaMatch = function(ua) {
+    ua = ua.toLowerCase();
+
+    var match = /(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(webkit)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(opera)(?:.*version|)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      /(msie) ([\w.]+)/.exec(ua) ||
+      ua.indexOf("compatible") < 0 && /(mozilla)(?:.*? rv:([\w.]+)|)/.exec(ua) ||
+      [];
+
+    return {
+      browser: match[ 1 ] || "",
+      version: match[ 2 ] || "0"
+    };
+  };
+  jQuery.browser = {};
+  jQuery.browser[jQuery.uaMatch(navigator.userAgent).browser] = true;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Small JavaScript module for the documentation.
+ */
+var Documentation = {
+
+  init : function() {
+    this.fixFirefoxAnchorBug();
+    this.highlightSearchWords();
+    this.initIndexTable();
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS) {
+      this.initOnKeyListeners();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * i18n support
+   */
+  TRANSLATIONS : {},
+  PLURAL_EXPR : function(n) { return n === 1 ? 0 : 1; },
+  LOCALE : 'unknown',
+
+  // gettext and ngettext don't access this so that the functions
+  // can safely bound to a different name (_ = Documentation.gettext)
+  gettext : function(string) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[string];
+    if (typeof translated === 'undefined')
+      return string;
+    return (typeof translated === 'string') ? translated : translated[0];
+  },
+
+  ngettext : function(singular, plural, n) {
+    var translated = Documentation.TRANSLATIONS[singular];
+    if (typeof translated === 'undefined')
+      return (n == 1) ? singular : plural;
+    return translated[Documentation.PLURALEXPR(n)];
+  },
+
+  addTranslations : function(catalog) {
+    for (var key in catalog.messages)
+      this.TRANSLATIONS[key] = catalog.messages[key];
+    this.PLURAL_EXPR = new Function('n', 'return +(' + catalog.plural_expr + ')');
+    this.LOCALE = catalog.locale;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * add context elements like header anchor links
+   */
+  addContextElements : function() {
+    $('div[id] > :header:first').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this headline')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+    $('dt[id]').each(function() {
+      $('<a class="headerlink">\u00B6</a>').
+      attr('href', '#' + this.id).
+      attr('title', _('Permalink to this definition')).
+      appendTo(this);
+    });
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * workaround a firefox stupidity
+   * see: https://bugzilla.mozilla.org/show_bug.cgi?id=645075
+   */
+  fixFirefoxAnchorBug : function() {
+    if (document.location.hash && $.browser.mozilla)
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        document.location.href += '';
+      }, 10);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * highlight the search words provided in the url in the text
+   */
+  highlightSearchWords : function() {
+    var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+    var terms = (params.highlight) ? params.highlight[0].split(/\s+/) : [];
+    if (terms.length) {
+      var body = $('div.body');
+      if (!body.length) {
+        body = $('body');
+      }
+      window.setTimeout(function() {
+        $.each(terms, function() {
+          body.highlightText(this.toLowerCase(), 'highlighted');
+        });
+      }, 10);
+      $('<p class="highlight-link"><a href="javascript:Documentation.' +
+        'hideSearchWords()">' + _('Hide Search Matches') + '</a></p>')
+          .appendTo($('#searchbox'));
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * init the domain index toggle buttons
+   */
+  initIndexTable : function() {
+    var togglers = $('img.toggler').click(function() {
+      var src = $(this).attr('src');
+      var idnum = $(this).attr('id').substr(7);
+      $('tr.cg-' + idnum).toggle();
+      if (src.substr(-9) === 'minus.png')
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-9) + 'plus.png');
+      else
+        $(this).attr('src', src.substr(0, src.length-8) + 'minus.png');
+    }).css('display', '');
+    if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.COLLAPSE_INDEX) {
+        togglers.click();
+    }
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to hide the search marks again
+   */
+  hideSearchWords : function() {
+    $('#searchbox .highlight-link').fadeOut(300);
+    $('span.highlighted').removeClass('highlighted');
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * make the url absolute
+   */
+  makeURL : function(relativeURL) {
+    return DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + '/' + relativeURL;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * get the current relative url
+   */
+  getCurrentURL : function() {
+    var path = document.location.pathname;
+    var parts = path.split(/\//);
+    $.each(DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT.split(/\//), function() {
+      if (this === '..')
+        parts.pop();
+    });
+    var url = parts.join('/');
+    return path.substring(url.lastIndexOf('/') + 1, path.length - 1);
+  },
+
+  initOnKeyListeners: function() {
+    $(document).keydown(function(event) {
+      var activeElementType = document.activeElement.tagName;
+      // don't navigate when in search box, textarea, dropdown or button
+      if (activeElementType !== 'TEXTAREA' && activeElementType !== 'INPUT' && activeElementType !== 'SELECT'
+          && activeElementType !== 'BUTTON' && !event.altKey && !event.ctrlKey && !event.metaKey
+          && !event.shiftKey) {
+        switch (event.keyCode) {
+          case 37: // left
+            var prevHref = $('link[rel="prev"]').prop('href');
+            if (prevHref) {
+              window.location.href = prevHref;
+              return false;
+            }
+          case 39: // right
+            var nextHref = $('link[rel="next"]').prop('href');
+            if (nextHref) {
+              window.location.href = nextHref;
+              return false;
+            }
+        }
+      }
+    });
+  }
+};
+
+// quick alias for translations
+_ = Documentation.gettext;
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Documentation.init();
+});

docs/manual/_static/documentation_options.js

@@ -0,0 +1,12 @@
+var DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS = {
+    URL_ROOT: document.getElementById("documentation_options").getAttribute('data-url_root'),
+    VERSION: '0.3.2 beta',
+    LANGUAGE: 'None',
+    COLLAPSE_INDEX: false,
+    BUILDER: 'html',
+    FILE_SUFFIX: '.html',
+    LINK_SUFFIX: '.html',
+    HAS_SOURCE: true,
+    SOURCELINK_SUFFIX: '.txt',
+    NAVIGATION_WITH_KEYS: false
+};

docs/manual/_static/language_data.js

@@ -0,0 +1,297 @@
+/*
+ * language_data.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This script contains the language-specific data used by searchtools.js,
+ * namely the list of stopwords, stemmer, scorer and splitter.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+var stopwords = ["a","and","are","as","at","be","but","by","for","if","in","into","is","it","near","no","not","of","on","or","such","that","the","their","then","there","these","they","this","to","was","will","with"];
+
+
+/* Non-minified version is copied as a separate JS file, is available */
+
+/**
+ * Porter Stemmer
+ */
+var Stemmer = function() {
+
+  var step2list = {
+    ational: 'ate',
+    tional: 'tion',
+    enci: 'ence',
+    anci: 'ance',
+    izer: 'ize',
+    bli: 'ble',
+    alli: 'al',
+    entli: 'ent',
+    eli: 'e',
+    ousli: 'ous',
+    ization: 'ize',
+    ation: 'ate',
+    ator: 'ate',
+    alism: 'al',
+    iveness: 'ive',
+    fulness: 'ful',
+    ousness: 'ous',
+    aliti: 'al',
+    iviti: 'ive',
+    biliti: 'ble',
+    logi: 'log'
+  };
+
+  var step3list = {
+    icate: 'ic',
+    ative: '',
+    alize: 'al',
+    iciti: 'ic',
+    ical: 'ic',
+    ful: '',
+    ness: ''
+  };
+
+  var c = "[^aeiou]";          // consonant
+  var v = "[aeiouy]";          // vowel
+  var C = c + "[^aeiouy]*";    // consonant sequence
+  var V = v + "[aeiou]*";      // vowel sequence
+
+  var mgr0 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C;                      // [C]VC... is m>0
+  var meq1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + "(" + V + ")?$";    // [C]VC[V] is m=1
+  var mgr1 = "^(" + C + ")?" + V + C + V + C;              // [C]VCVC... is m>1
+  var s_v   = "^(" + C + ")?" + v;                         // vowel in stem
+
+  this.stemWord = function (w) {
+    var stem;
+    var suffix;
+    var firstch;
+    var origword = w;
+
+    if (w.length < 3)
+      return w;
+
+    var re;
+    var re2;
+    var re3;
+    var re4;
+
+    firstch = w.substr(0,1);
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toUpperCase() + w.substr(1);
+
+    // Step 1a
+    re = /^(.+?)(ss|i)es$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)([^s])s$/;
+
+    if (re.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re,"$1$2");
+    else if (re2.test(w))
+      w = w.replace(re2,"$1$2");
+
+    // Step 1b
+    re = /^(.+?)eed$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(ed|ing)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(fp[1])) {
+        re = /.$/;
+        w = w.replace(re,"");
+      }
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re2 = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re2.test(stem)) {
+        w = stem;
+        re2 = /(at|bl|iz)$/;
+        re3 = new RegExp("([^aeiouylsz])\\1$");
+        re4 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+        if (re2.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+        else if (re3.test(w)) {
+          re = /.$/;
+          w = w.replace(re,"");
+        }
+        else if (re4.test(w))
+          w = w + "e";
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Step 1c
+    re = /^(.+?)y$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(s_v);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + "i";
+    }
+
+    // Step 2
+    re = /^(.+?)(ational|tional|enci|anci|izer|bli|alli|entli|eli|ousli|ization|ation|ator|alism|iveness|fulness|ousness|aliti|iviti|biliti|logi)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step2list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 3
+    re = /^(.+?)(icate|ative|alize|iciti|ical|ful|ness)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      suffix = fp[2];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr0);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem + step3list[suffix];
+    }
+
+    // Step 4
+    re = /^(.+?)(al|ance|ence|er|ic|able|ible|ant|ement|ment|ent|ou|ism|ate|iti|ous|ive|ize)$/;
+    re2 = /^(.+?)(s|t)(ion)$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    else if (re2.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re2.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1] + fp[2];
+      re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      if (re2.test(stem))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+
+    // Step 5
+    re = /^(.+?)e$/;
+    if (re.test(w)) {
+      var fp = re.exec(w);
+      stem = fp[1];
+      re = new RegExp(mgr1);
+      re2 = new RegExp(meq1);
+      re3 = new RegExp("^" + C + v + "[^aeiouwxy]$");
+      if (re.test(stem) || (re2.test(stem) && !(re3.test(stem))))
+        w = stem;
+    }
+    re = /ll$/;
+    re2 = new RegExp(mgr1);
+    if (re.test(w) && re2.test(w)) {
+      re = /.$/;
+      w = w.replace(re,"");
+    }
+
+    // and turn initial Y back to y
+    if (firstch == "y")
+      w = firstch.toLowerCase() + w.substr(1);
+    return w;
+  }
+}
+
+
+
+
+var splitChars = (function() {
+    var result = {};
+    var singles = [96, 180, 187, 191, 215, 247, 749, 885, 903, 907, 909, 930, 1014, 1648,
+         1748, 1809, 2416, 2473, 2481, 2526, 2601, 2609, 2612, 2615, 2653, 2702,
+         2706, 2729, 2737, 2740, 2857, 2865, 2868, 2910, 2928, 2948, 2961, 2971,
+         2973, 3085, 3089, 3113, 3124, 3213, 3217, 3241, 3252, 3295, 3341, 3345,
+         3369, 3506, 3516, 3633, 3715, 3721, 3736, 3744, 3748, 3750, 3756, 3761,
+         3781, 3912, 4239, 4347, 4681, 4695, 4697, 4745, 4785, 4799, 4801, 4823,
+         4881, 5760, 5901, 5997, 6313, 7405, 8024, 8026, 8028, 8030, 8117, 8125,
+         8133, 8181, 8468, 8485, 8487, 8489, 8494, 8527, 11311, 11359, 11687, 11695,
+         11703, 11711, 11719, 11727, 11735, 12448, 12539, 43010, 43014, 43019, 43587,
+         43696, 43713, 64286, 64297, 64311, 64317, 64319, 64322, 64325, 65141];
+    var i, j, start, end;
+    for (i = 0; i < singles.length; i++) {
+        result[singles[i]] = true;
+    }
+    var ranges = [[0, 47], [58, 64], [91, 94], [123, 169], [171, 177], [182, 184], [706, 709],
+         [722, 735], [741, 747], [751, 879], [888, 889], [894, 901], [1154, 1161],
+         [1318, 1328], [1367, 1368], [1370, 1376], [1416, 1487], [1515, 1519], [1523, 1568],
+         [1611, 1631], [1642, 1645], [1750, 1764], [1767, 1773], [1789, 1790], [1792, 1807],
+         [1840, 1868], [1958, 1968], [1970, 1983], [2027, 2035], [2038, 2041], [2043, 2047],
+         [2070, 2073], [2075, 2083], [2085, 2087], [2089, 2307], [2362, 2364], [2366, 2383],
+         [2385, 2391], [2402, 2405], [2419, 2424], [2432, 2436], [2445, 2446], [2449, 2450],
+         [2483, 2485], [2490, 2492], [2494, 2509], [2511, 2523], [2530, 2533], [2546, 2547],
+         [2554, 2564], [2571, 2574], [2577, 2578], [2618, 2648], [2655, 2661], [2672, 2673],
+         [2677, 2692], [2746, 2748], [2750, 2767], [2769, 2783], [2786, 2789], [2800, 2820],
+         [2829, 2830], [2833, 2834], [2874, 2876], [2878, 2907], [2914, 2917], [2930, 2946],
+         [2955, 2957], [2966, 2968], [2976, 2978], [2981, 2983], [2987, 2989], [3002, 3023],
+         [3025, 3045], [3059, 3076], [3130, 3132], [3134, 3159], [3162, 3167], [3170, 3173],
+         [3184, 3191], [3199, 3204], [3258, 3260], [3262, 3293], [3298, 3301], [3312, 3332],
+         [3386, 3388], [3390, 3423], [3426, 3429], [3446, 3449], [3456, 3460], [3479, 3481],
+         [3518, 3519], [3527, 3584], [3636, 3647], [3655, 3663], [3674, 3712], [3717, 3718],
+         [3723, 3724], [3726, 3731], [3752, 3753], [3764, 3772], [3774, 3775], [3783, 3791],
+         [3802, 3803], [3806, 3839], [3841, 3871], [3892, 3903], [3949, 3975], [3980, 4095],
+         [4139, 4158], [4170, 4175], [4182, 4185], [4190, 4192], [4194, 4196], [4199, 4205],
+         [4209, 4212], [4226, 4237], [4250, 4255], [4294, 4303], [4349, 4351], [4686, 4687],
+         [4702, 4703], [4750, 4751], [4790, 4791], [4806, 4807], [4886, 4887], [4955, 4968],
+         [4989, 4991], [5008, 5023], [5109, 5120], [5741, 5742], [5787, 5791], [5867, 5869],
+         [5873, 5887], [5906, 5919], [5938, 5951], [5970, 5983], [6001, 6015], [6068, 6102],
+         [6104, 6107], [6109, 6111], [6122, 6127], [6138, 6159], [6170, 6175], [6264, 6271],
+         [6315, 6319], [6390, 6399], [6429, 6469], [6510, 6511], [6517, 6527], [6572, 6592],
+         [6600, 6607], [6619, 6655], [6679, 6687], [6741, 6783], [6794, 6799], [6810, 6822],
+         [6824, 6916], [6964, 6980], [6988, 6991], [7002, 7042], [7073, 7085], [7098, 7167],
+         [7204, 7231], [7242, 7244], [7294, 7400], [7410, 7423], [7616, 7679], [7958, 7959],
+         [7966, 7967], [8006, 8007], [8014, 8015], [8062, 8063], [8127, 8129], [8141, 8143],
+         [8148, 8149], [8156, 8159], [8173, 8177], [8189, 8303], [8306, 8307], [8314, 8318],
+         [8330, 8335], [8341, 8449], [8451, 8454], [8456, 8457], [8470, 8472], [8478, 8483],
+         [8506, 8507], [8512, 8516], [8522, 8525], [8586, 9311], [9372, 9449], [9472, 10101],
+         [10132, 11263], [11493, 11498], [11503, 11516], [11518, 11519], [11558, 11567],
+         [11622, 11630], [11632, 11647], [11671, 11679], [11743, 11822], [11824, 12292],
+         [12296, 12320], [12330, 12336], [12342, 12343], [12349, 12352], [12439, 12444],
+         [12544, 12548], [12590, 12592], [12687, 12689], [12694, 12703], [12728, 12783],
+         [12800, 12831], [12842, 12880], [12896, 12927], [12938, 12976], [12992, 13311],
+         [19894, 19967], [40908, 40959], [42125, 42191], [42238, 42239], [42509, 42511],
+         [42540, 42559], [42592, 42593], [42607, 42622], [42648, 42655], [42736, 42774],
+         [42784, 42785], [42889, 42890], [42893, 43002], [43043, 43055], [43062, 43071],
+         [43124, 43137], [43188, 43215], [43226, 43249], [43256, 43258], [43260, 43263],
+         [43302, 43311], [43335, 43359], [43389, 43395], [43443, 43470], [43482, 43519],
+         [43561, 43583], [43596, 43599], [43610, 43615], [43639, 43641], [43643, 43647],
+         [43698, 43700], [43703, 43704], [43710, 43711], [43715, 43738], [43742, 43967],
+         [44003, 44015], [44026, 44031], [55204, 55215], [55239, 55242], [55292, 55295],
+         [57344, 63743], [64046, 64047], [64110, 64111], [64218, 64255], [64263, 64274],
+         [64280, 64284], [64434, 64466], [64830, 64847], [64912, 64913], [64968, 65007],
+         [65020, 65135], [65277, 65295], [65306, 65312], [65339, 65344], [65371, 65381],
+         [65471, 65473], [65480, 65481], [65488, 65489], [65496, 65497]];
+    for (i = 0; i < ranges.length; i++) {
+        start = ranges[i][0];
+        end = ranges[i][1];
+        for (j = start; j <= end; j++) {
+            result[j] = true;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+})();
+
+function splitQuery(query) {
+    var result = [];
+    var start = -1;
+    for (var i = 0; i < query.length; i++) {
+        if (splitChars[query.charCodeAt(i)]) {
+            if (start !== -1) {
+                result.push(query.slice(start, i));
+                start = -1;
+            }
+        } else if (start === -1) {
+            start = i;
+        }
+    }
+    if (start !== -1) {
+        result.push(query.slice(start));
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+

docs/manual/_static/pygments.css

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+pre { line-height: 125%; }
+td.linenos .normal { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
+span.linenos { color: inherit; background-color: transparent; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
+td.linenos .special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
+span.linenos.special { color: #000000; background-color: #ffffc0; padding-left: 5px; padding-right: 5px; }
+.highlight .hll { background-color: #ffffcc }
+.highlight { background: #eeffcc; }
+.highlight .c { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment */
+.highlight .err { border: 1px solid #FF0000 } /* Error */
+.highlight .k { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword */
+.highlight .o { color: #666666 } /* Operator */
+.highlight .ch { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Hashbang */
+.highlight .cm { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Multiline */
+.highlight .cp { color: #007020 } /* Comment.Preproc */
+.highlight .cpf { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.PreprocFile */
+.highlight .c1 { color: #408090; font-style: italic } /* Comment.Single */
+.highlight .cs { color: #408090; background-color: #fff0f0 } /* Comment.Special */
+.highlight .gd { color: #A00000 } /* Generic.Deleted */
+.highlight .ge { font-style: italic } /* Generic.Emph */
+.highlight .gr { color: #FF0000 } /* Generic.Error */
+.highlight .gh { color: #000080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Heading */
+.highlight .gi { color: #00A000 } /* Generic.Inserted */
+.highlight .go { color: #333333 } /* Generic.Output */
+.highlight .gp { color: #c65d09; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Prompt */
+.highlight .gs { font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Strong */
+.highlight .gu { color: #800080; font-weight: bold } /* Generic.Subheading */
+.highlight .gt { color: #0044DD } /* Generic.Traceback */
+.highlight .kc { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Constant */
+.highlight .kd { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Declaration */
+.highlight .kn { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Namespace */
+.highlight .kp { color: #007020 } /* Keyword.Pseudo */
+.highlight .kr { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Keyword.Reserved */
+.highlight .kt { color: #902000 } /* Keyword.Type */
+.highlight .m { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number */
+.highlight .s { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String */
+.highlight .na { color: #4070a0 } /* Name.Attribute */
+.highlight .nb { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin */
+.highlight .nc { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Class */
+.highlight .no { color: #60add5 } /* Name.Constant */
+.highlight .nd { color: #555555; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Decorator */
+.highlight .ni { color: #d55537; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Entity */
+.highlight .ne { color: #007020 } /* Name.Exception */
+.highlight .nf { color: #06287e } /* Name.Function */
+.highlight .nl { color: #002070; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Label */
+.highlight .nn { color: #0e84b5; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Namespace */
+.highlight .nt { color: #062873; font-weight: bold } /* Name.Tag */
+.highlight .nv { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable */
+.highlight .ow { color: #007020; font-weight: bold } /* Operator.Word */
+.highlight .w { color: #bbbbbb } /* Text.Whitespace */
+.highlight .mb { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Bin */
+.highlight .mf { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Float */
+.highlight .mh { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Hex */
+.highlight .mi { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Integer */
+.highlight .mo { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Oct */
+.highlight .sa { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Affix */
+.highlight .sb { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Backtick */
+.highlight .sc { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Char */
+.highlight .dl { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Delimiter */
+.highlight .sd { color: #4070a0; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Doc */
+.highlight .s2 { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Double */
+.highlight .se { color: #4070a0; font-weight: bold } /* Literal.String.Escape */
+.highlight .sh { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Heredoc */
+.highlight .si { color: #70a0d0; font-style: italic } /* Literal.String.Interpol */
+.highlight .sx { color: #c65d09 } /* Literal.String.Other */
+.highlight .sr { color: #235388 } /* Literal.String.Regex */
+.highlight .s1 { color: #4070a0 } /* Literal.String.Single */
+.highlight .ss { color: #517918 } /* Literal.String.Symbol */
+.highlight .bp { color: #007020 } /* Name.Builtin.Pseudo */
+.highlight .fm { color: #06287e } /* Name.Function.Magic */
+.highlight .vc { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Class */
+.highlight .vg { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Global */
+.highlight .vi { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Instance */
+.highlight .vm { color: #bb60d5 } /* Name.Variable.Magic */
+.highlight .il { color: #208050 } /* Literal.Number.Integer.Long */

docs/manual/_static/searchtools.js

@@ -0,0 +1,522 @@
+/*
+ * searchtools.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * Sphinx JavaScript utilities for the full-text search.
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+if (!Scorer) {
+  /**
+   * Simple result scoring code.
+   */
+  var Scorer = {
+    // Implement the following function to further tweak the score for each result
+    // The function takes a result array [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    // and returns the new score.
+    /*
+    score: function(result) {
+      return result[4];
+    },
+    */
+
+    // query matches the full name of an object
+    objNameMatch: 11,
+    // or matches in the last dotted part of the object name
+    objPartialMatch: 6,
+    // Additive scores depending on the priority of the object
+    objPrio: {0:  15,   // used to be importantResults
+              1:  5,   // used to be objectResults
+              2: -5},  // used to be unimportantResults
+    //  Used when the priority is not in the mapping.
+    objPrioDefault: 0,
+
+    // query found in title
+    title: 15,
+    partialTitle: 7,
+    // query found in terms
+    term: 5,
+    partialTerm: 2
+  };
+}
+
+if (!splitQuery) {
+  function splitQuery(query) {
+    return query.split(/\s+/);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Search Module
+ */
+var Search = {
+
+  _index : null,
+  _queued_query : null,
+  _pulse_status : -1,
+
+  htmlToText : function(htmlString) {
+      var virtualDocument = document.implementation.createHTMLDocument('virtual');
+      var htmlElement = $(htmlString, virtualDocument);
+      htmlElement.find('.headerlink').remove();
+      docContent = htmlElement.find('[role=main]')[0];
+      if(docContent === undefined) {
+          console.warn("Content block not found. Sphinx search tries to obtain it " +
+                       "via '[role=main]'. Could you check your theme or template.");
+          return "";
+      }
+      return docContent.textContent || docContent.innerText;
+  },
+
+  init : function() {
+      var params = $.getQueryParameters();
+      if (params.q) {
+          var query = params.q[0];
+          $('input[name="q"]')[0].value = query;
+          this.performSearch(query);
+      }
+  },
+
+  loadIndex : function(url) {
+    $.ajax({type: "GET", url: url, data: null,
+            dataType: "script", cache: true,
+            complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+              if (textstatus != "success") {
+                document.getElementById("searchindexloader").src = url;
+              }
+            }});
+  },
+
+  setIndex : function(index) {
+    var q;
+    this._index = index;
+    if ((q = this._queued_query) !== null) {
+      this._queued_query = null;
+      Search.query(q);
+    }
+  },
+
+  hasIndex : function() {
+      return this._index !== null;
+  },
+
+  deferQuery : function(query) {
+      this._queued_query = query;
+  },
+
+  stopPulse : function() {
+      this._pulse_status = 0;
+  },
+
+  startPulse : function() {
+    if (this._pulse_status >= 0)
+        return;
+    function pulse() {
+      var i;
+      Search._pulse_status = (Search._pulse_status + 1) % 4;
+      var dotString = '';
+      for (i = 0; i < Search._pulse_status; i++)
+        dotString += '.';
+      Search.dots.text(dotString);
+      if (Search._pulse_status > -1)
+        window.setTimeout(pulse, 500);
+    }
+    pulse();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * perform a search for something (or wait until index is loaded)
+   */
+  performSearch : function(query) {
+    // create the required interface elements
+    this.out = $('#search-results');
+    this.title = $('<h2>' + _('Searching') + '</h2>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.dots = $('<span></span>').appendTo(this.title);
+    this.status = $('<p class="search-summary">&nbsp;</p>').appendTo(this.out);
+    this.output = $('<ul class="search"/>').appendTo(this.out);
+
+    $('#search-progress').text(_('Preparing search...'));
+    this.startPulse();
+
+    // index already loaded, the browser was quick!
+    if (this.hasIndex())
+      this.query(query);
+    else
+      this.deferQuery(query);
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * execute search (requires search index to be loaded)
+   */
+  query : function(query) {
+    var i;
+
+    // stem the searchterms and add them to the correct list
+    var stemmer = new Stemmer();
+    var searchterms = [];
+    var excluded = [];
+    var hlterms = [];
+    var tmp = splitQuery(query);
+    var objectterms = [];
+    for (i = 0; i < tmp.length; i++) {
+      if (tmp[i] !== "") {
+          objectterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+
+      if ($u.indexOf(stopwords, tmp[i].toLowerCase()) != -1 || tmp[i] === "") {
+        // skip this "word"
+        continue;
+      }
+      // stem the word
+      var word = stemmer.stemWord(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      // prevent stemmer from cutting word smaller than two chars
+      if(word.length < 3 && tmp[i].length >= 3) {
+        word = tmp[i];
+      }
+      var toAppend;
+      // select the correct list
+      if (word[0] == '-') {
+        toAppend = excluded;
+        word = word.substr(1);
+      }
+      else {
+        toAppend = searchterms;
+        hlterms.push(tmp[i].toLowerCase());
+      }
+      // only add if not already in the list
+      if (!$u.contains(toAppend, word))
+        toAppend.push(word);
+    }
+    var highlightstring = '?highlight=' + $.urlencode(hlterms.join(" "));
+
+    // console.debug('SEARCH: searching for:');
+    // console.info('required: ', searchterms);
+    // console.info('excluded: ', excluded);
+
+    // prepare search
+    var terms = this._index.terms;
+    var titleterms = this._index.titleterms;
+
+    // array of [filename, title, anchor, descr, score]
+    var results = [];
+    $('#search-progress').empty();
+
+    // lookup as object
+    for (i = 0; i < objectterms.length; i++) {
+      var others = [].concat(objectterms.slice(0, i),
+                             objectterms.slice(i+1, objectterms.length));
+      results = results.concat(this.performObjectSearch(objectterms[i], others));
+    }
+
+    // lookup as search terms in fulltext
+    results = results.concat(this.performTermsSearch(searchterms, excluded, terms, titleterms));
+
+    // let the scorer override scores with a custom scoring function
+    if (Scorer.score) {
+      for (i = 0; i < results.length; i++)
+        results[i][4] = Scorer.score(results[i]);
+    }
+
+    // now sort the results by score (in opposite order of appearance, since the
+    // display function below uses pop() to retrieve items) and then
+    // alphabetically
+    results.sort(function(a, b) {
+      var left = a[4];
+      var right = b[4];
+      if (left > right) {
+        return 1;
+      } else if (left < right) {
+        return -1;
+      } else {
+        // same score: sort alphabetically
+        left = a[1].toLowerCase();
+        right = b[1].toLowerCase();
+        return (left > right) ? -1 : ((left < right) ? 1 : 0);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // for debugging
+    //Search.lastresults = results.slice();  // a copy
+    //console.info('search results:', Search.lastresults);
+
+    // print the results
+    var resultCount = results.length;
+    function displayNextItem() {
+      // results left, load the summary and display it
+      if (results.length) {
+        var item = results.pop();
+        var listItem = $('<li></li>');
+        var requestUrl = "";
+        var linkUrl = "";
+        if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.BUILDER === 'dirhtml') {
+          // dirhtml builder
+          var dirname = item[0] + '/';
+          if (dirname.match(/\/index\/$/)) {
+            dirname = dirname.substring(0, dirname.length-6);
+          } else if (dirname == 'index/') {
+            dirname = '';
+          }
+          requestUrl = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + dirname;
+          linkUrl = requestUrl;
+
+        } else {
+          // normal html builders
+          requestUrl = DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.URL_ROOT + item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.FILE_SUFFIX;
+          linkUrl = item[0] + DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.LINK_SUFFIX;
+        }
+        listItem.append($('<a/>').attr('href',
+            linkUrl +
+            highlightstring + item[2]).html(item[1]));
+        if (item[3]) {
+          listItem.append($('<span> (' + item[3] + ')</span>'));
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          setTimeout(function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          }, 5);
+        } else if (DOCUMENTATION_OPTIONS.HAS_SOURCE) {
+          $.ajax({url: requestUrl,
+                  dataType: "text",
+                  complete: function(jqxhr, textstatus) {
+                    var data = jqxhr.responseText;
+                    if (data !== '' && data !== undefined) {
+                      listItem.append(Search.makeSearchSummary(data, searchterms, hlterms));
+                    }
+                    Search.output.append(listItem);
+                    setTimeout(function() {
+                      displayNextItem();
+                    }, 5);
+                  }});
+        } else {
+          // no source available, just display title
+          Search.output.append(listItem);
+          setTimeout(function() {
+            displayNextItem();
+          }, 5);
+        }
+      }
+      // search finished, update title and status message
+      else {
+        Search.stopPulse();
+        Search.title.text(_('Search Results'));
+        if (!resultCount)
+          Search.status.text(_('Your search did not match any documents. Please make sure that all words are spelled correctly and that you\'ve selected enough categories.'));
+        else
+            Search.status.text(_('Search finished, found %s page(s) matching the search query.').replace('%s', resultCount));
+        Search.status.fadeIn(500);
+      }
+    }
+    displayNextItem();
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for object names
+   */
+  performObjectSearch : function(object, otherterms) {
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var docnames = this._index.docnames;
+    var objects = this._index.objects;
+    var objnames = this._index.objnames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i;
+    var results = [];
+
+    for (var prefix in objects) {
+      for (var name in objects[prefix]) {
+        var fullname = (prefix ? prefix + '.' : '') + name;
+        var fullnameLower = fullname.toLowerCase()
+        if (fullnameLower.indexOf(object) > -1) {
+          var score = 0;
+          var parts = fullnameLower.split('.');
+          // check for different match types: exact matches of full name or
+          // "last name" (i.e. last dotted part)
+          if (fullnameLower == object || parts[parts.length - 1] == object) {
+            score += Scorer.objNameMatch;
+          // matches in last name
+          } else if (parts[parts.length - 1].indexOf(object) > -1) {
+            score += Scorer.objPartialMatch;
+          }
+          var match = objects[prefix][name];
+          var objname = objnames[match[1]][2];
+          var title = titles[match[0]];
+          // If more than one term searched for, we require other words to be
+          // found in the name/title/description
+          if (otherterms.length > 0) {
+            var haystack = (prefix + ' ' + name + ' ' +
+                            objname + ' ' + title).toLowerCase();
+            var allfound = true;
+            for (i = 0; i < otherterms.length; i++) {
+              if (haystack.indexOf(otherterms[i]) == -1) {
+                allfound = false;
+                break;
+              }
+            }
+            if (!allfound) {
+              continue;
+            }
+          }
+          var descr = objname + _(', in ') + title;
+
+          var anchor = match[3];
+          if (anchor === '')
+            anchor = fullname;
+          else if (anchor == '-')
+            anchor = objnames[match[1]][1] + '-' + fullname;
+          // add custom score for some objects according to scorer
+          if (Scorer.objPrio.hasOwnProperty(match[2])) {
+            score += Scorer.objPrio[match[2]];
+          } else {
+            score += Scorer.objPrioDefault;
+          }
+          results.push([docnames[match[0]], fullname, '#'+anchor, descr, score, filenames[match[0]]]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * See https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Regular_Expressions
+   */
+  escapeRegExp : function(string) {
+    return string.replace(/[.*+\-?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&'); // $& means the whole matched string
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * search for full-text terms in the index
+   */
+  performTermsSearch : function(searchterms, excluded, terms, titleterms) {
+    var docnames = this._index.docnames;
+    var filenames = this._index.filenames;
+    var titles = this._index.titles;
+
+    var i, j, file;
+    var fileMap = {};
+    var scoreMap = {};
+    var results = [];
+
+    // perform the search on the required terms
+    for (i = 0; i < searchterms.length; i++) {
+      var word = searchterms[i];
+      var files = [];
+      var _o = [
+        {files: terms[word], score: Scorer.term},
+        {files: titleterms[word], score: Scorer.title}
+      ];
+      // add support for partial matches
+      if (word.length > 2) {
+        var word_regex = this.escapeRegExp(word);
+        for (var w in terms) {
+          if (w.match(word_regex) && !terms[word]) {
+            _o.push({files: terms[w], score: Scorer.partialTerm})
+          }
+        }
+        for (var w in titleterms) {
+          if (w.match(word_regex) && !titleterms[word]) {
+              _o.push({files: titleterms[w], score: Scorer.partialTitle})
+          }
+        }
+      }
+
+      // no match but word was a required one
+      if ($u.every(_o, function(o){return o.files === undefined;})) {
+        break;
+      }
+      // found search word in contents
+      $u.each(_o, function(o) {
+        var _files = o.files;
+        if (_files === undefined)
+          return
+
+        if (_files.length === undefined)
+          _files = [_files];
+        files = files.concat(_files);
+
+        // set score for the word in each file to Scorer.term
+        for (j = 0; j < _files.length; j++) {
+          file = _files[j];
+          if (!(file in scoreMap))
+            scoreMap[file] = {};
+          scoreMap[file][word] = o.score;
+        }
+      });
+
+      // create the mapping
+      for (j = 0; j < files.length; j++) {
+        file = files[j];
+        if (file in fileMap && fileMap[file].indexOf(word) === -1)
+          fileMap[file].push(word);
+        else
+          fileMap[file] = [word];
+      }
+    }
+
+    // now check if the files don't contain excluded terms
+    for (file in fileMap) {
+      var valid = true;
+
+      // check if all requirements are matched
+      var filteredTermCount = // as search terms with length < 3 are discarded: ignore
+        searchterms.filter(function(term){return term.length > 2}).length
+      if (
+        fileMap[file].length != searchterms.length &&
+        fileMap[file].length != filteredTermCount
+      ) continue;
+
+      // ensure that none of the excluded terms is in the search result
+      for (i = 0; i < excluded.length; i++) {
+        if (terms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+            titleterms[excluded[i]] == file ||
+            $u.contains(terms[excluded[i]] || [], file) ||
+            $u.contains(titleterms[excluded[i]] || [], file)) {
+          valid = false;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+
+      // if we have still a valid result we can add it to the result list
+      if (valid) {
+        // select one (max) score for the file.
+        // for better ranking, we should calculate ranking by using words statistics like basic tf-idf...
+        var score = $u.max($u.map(fileMap[file], function(w){return scoreMap[file][w]}));
+        results.push([docnames[file], titles[file], '', null, score, filenames[file]]);
+      }
+    }
+    return results;
+  },
+
+  /**
+   * helper function to return a node containing the
+   * search summary for a given text. keywords is a list
+   * of stemmed words, hlwords is the list of normal, unstemmed
+   * words. the first one is used to find the occurrence, the
+   * latter for highlighting it.
+   */
+  makeSearchSummary : function(htmlText, keywords, hlwords) {
+    var text = Search.htmlToText(htmlText);
+    var textLower = text.toLowerCase();
+    var start = 0;
+    $.each(keywords, function() {
+      var i = textLower.indexOf(this.toLowerCase());
+      if (i > -1)
+        start = i;
+    });
+    start = Math.max(start - 120, 0);
+    var excerpt = ((start > 0) ? '...' : '') +
+      $.trim(text.substr(start, 240)) +
+      ((start + 240 - text.length) ? '...' : '');
+    var rv = $('<p class="context"></p>').text(excerpt);
+    $.each(hlwords, function() {
+      rv = rv.highlightText(this, 'highlighted');
+    });
+    return rv;
+  }
+};
+
+$(document).ready(function() {
+  Search.init();
+});

docs/manual/_static/sidebar.js

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+/*
+ * sidebar.js
+ * ~~~~~~~~~~
+ *
+ * This script makes the Sphinx sidebar collapsible.
+ *
+ * .sphinxsidebar contains .sphinxsidebarwrapper.  This script adds
+ * in .sphixsidebar, after .sphinxsidebarwrapper, the #sidebarbutton
+ * used to collapse and expand the sidebar.
+ *
+ * When the sidebar is collapsed the .sphinxsidebarwrapper is hidden
+ * and the width of the sidebar and the margin-left of the document
+ * are decreased. When the sidebar is expanded the opposite happens.
+ * This script saves a per-browser/per-session cookie used to
+ * remember the position of the sidebar among the pages.
+ * Once the browser is closed the cookie is deleted and the position
+ * reset to the default (expanded).
+ *
+ * :copyright: Copyright 2007-2021 by the Sphinx team, see AUTHORS.
+ * :license: BSD, see LICENSE for details.
+ *
+ */
+
+$(function() {
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+  
+
+  // global elements used by the functions.
+  // the 'sidebarbutton' element is defined as global after its
+  // creation, in the add_sidebar_button function
+  var bodywrapper = $('.bodywrapper');
+  var sidebar = $('.sphinxsidebar');
+  var sidebarwrapper = $('.sphinxsidebarwrapper');
+
+  // for some reason, the document has no sidebar; do not run into errors
+  if (!sidebar.length) return;
+
+  // original margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+  // with the sidebar expanded
+  var bw_margin_expanded = bodywrapper.css('margin-left');
+  var ssb_width_expanded = sidebar.width();
+
+  // margin-left of the bodywrapper and width of the sidebar
+  // with the sidebar collapsed
+  var bw_margin_collapsed = '.8em';
+  var ssb_width_collapsed = '.8em';
+
+  // colors used by the current theme
+  var dark_color = $('.related').css('background-color');
+  var light_color = $('.document').css('background-color');
+
+  function sidebar_is_collapsed() {
+    return sidebarwrapper.is(':not(:visible)');
+  }
+
+  function toggle_sidebar() {
+    if (sidebar_is_collapsed())
+      expand_sidebar();
+    else
+      collapse_sidebar();
+  }
+
+  function collapse_sidebar() {
+    sidebarwrapper.hide();
+    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_collapsed);
+    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_collapsed);
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'margin-left': '0',
+        'height': bodywrapper.height()
+    });
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('»');
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Expand sidebar'));
+    document.cookie = 'sidebar=collapsed';
+  }
+
+  function expand_sidebar() {
+    bodywrapper.css('margin-left', bw_margin_expanded);
+    sidebar.css('width', ssb_width_expanded);
+    sidebarwrapper.show();
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded-12,
+        'height': bodywrapper.height()
+    });
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').text('«');
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+    document.cookie = 'sidebar=expanded';
+  }
+
+  function add_sidebar_button() {
+    sidebarwrapper.css({
+        'float': 'left',
+        'margin-right': '0',
+        'width': ssb_width_expanded - 28
+    });
+    // create the button
+    sidebar.append(
+        '<div id="sidebarbutton"><span>&laquo;</span></div>'
+    );
+    var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+    light_color = sidebarbutton.css('background-color');
+    // find the height of the viewport to center the '<<' in the page
+    var viewport_height;
+    if (window.innerHeight)
+ 	  viewport_height = window.innerHeight;
+    else
+	  viewport_height = $(window).height();
+    sidebarbutton.find('span').css({
+        'display': 'block',
+        'margin-top': (viewport_height - sidebar.position().top - 20) / 2
+    });
+
+    sidebarbutton.click(toggle_sidebar);
+    sidebarbutton.attr('title', _('Collapse sidebar'));
+    sidebarbutton.css({
+        'color': '#FFFFFF',
+        'border-left': '1px solid ' + dark_color,
+        'font-size': '1.2em',
+        'cursor': 'pointer',
+        'height': bodywrapper.height(),
+        'padding-top': '1px',
+        'margin-left': ssb_width_expanded - 12
+    });
+
+    sidebarbutton.hover(
+      function () {
+          $(this).css('background-color', dark_color);
+      },
+      function () {
+          $(this).css('background-color', light_color);
+      }
+    );
+  }
+
+  function set_position_from_cookie() {
+    if (!document.cookie)
+      return;
+    var items = document.cookie.split(';');
+    for(var k=0; k<items.length; k++) {
+      var key_val = items[k].split('=');
+      var key = key_val[0].replace(/ /, "");  // strip leading spaces
+      if (key == 'sidebar') {
+        var value = key_val[1];
+        if ((value == 'collapsed') && (!sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+          collapse_sidebar();
+        else if ((value == 'expanded') && (sidebar_is_collapsed()))
+          expand_sidebar();
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  add_sidebar_button();
+  var sidebarbutton = $('#sidebarbutton');
+  set_position_from_cookie();
+});

docs/manual/genindex.html

@@ -0,0 +1,428 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Index &#8212; Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/classic.css" />
+    
+    <script data-url_root="./" id="documentation_options" src="_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
+    <script src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
+    <script src="_static/underscore.js"></script>
+    <script src="_static/doctools.js"></script>
+    
+    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="#" />
+    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" /> 
+  </head><body>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="#" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</a> &#187;</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Index</a></li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+
+<h1 id="index">Index</h1>
+
+<div class="genindex-jumpbox">
+ <a href="#A"><strong>A</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#C"><strong>C</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#D"><strong>D</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#E"><strong>E</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#F"><strong>F</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#G"><strong>G</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#H"><strong>H</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#I"><strong>I</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#K"><strong>K</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#L"><strong>L</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#M"><strong>M</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#N"><strong>N</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#P"><strong>P</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#R"><strong>R</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#S"><strong>S</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#T"><strong>T</strong></a>
+ | <a href="#V"><strong>V</strong></a>
+ 
+</div>
+<h2 id="A">A</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Resource.advertise">advertise() (RNS.Resource method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.announce">announce() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.app_and_aspects_from_name">app_and_aspects_from_name() (RNS.Destination static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="C">C</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Resource.cancel">cancel() (RNS.Resource method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.clear_default_app_data">clear_default_app_data() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.create_keys">create_keys() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.CURVE">CURVE (RNS.Identity attribute)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.CURVE">(RNS.Link attribute)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="D">D</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.decrypt">decrypt() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.decrypt">(RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.deregister_announce_handler">deregister_announce_handler() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.deregister_request_handler">deregister_request_handler() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination">Destination (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="E">E</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.encrypt">encrypt() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.encrypt">(RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Packet.ENCRYPTED_MDU">ENCRYPTED_MDU (RNS.Packet attribute)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.ESTABLISHMENT_TIMEOUT_PER_HOP">ESTABLISHMENT_TIMEOUT_PER_HOP (RNS.Link attribute)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="F">F</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.from_bytes">from_bytes() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.from_file">from_file() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.full_hash">full_hash() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.full_name">full_name() (RNS.Destination static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="G">G</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.get_private_key">get_private_key() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.get_private_key">(RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.RequestReceipt.get_progress">get_progress() (RNS.RequestReceipt method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Resource.get_progress">(RNS.Resource method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.get_public_key">get_public_key() (RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.get_random_hash">get_random_hash() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.get_remote_identity">get_remote_identity() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.RequestReceipt.get_request_id">get_request_id() (RNS.RequestReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.RequestReceipt.get_response">get_response() (RNS.RequestReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.RequestReceipt.get_response_time">get_response_time() (RNS.RequestReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.PacketReceipt.get_rtt">get_rtt() (RNS.PacketReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.PacketReceipt.get_status">get_status() (RNS.PacketReceipt method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.RequestReceipt.get_status">(RNS.RequestReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="H">H</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.has_path">has_path() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.hash">hash() (RNS.Destination static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.hash_from_name_and_identity">hash_from_name_and_identity() (RNS.Destination static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.hops_to">hops_to() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="I">I</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.identify">identify() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity">Identity (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.inactive_for">inactive_for() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="K">K</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.KEEPALIVE">KEEPALIVE (RNS.Link attribute)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.KEYSIZE">KEYSIZE (RNS.Identity attribute)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="L">L</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link">Link (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.load_private_key">load_private_key() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.load_private_key">(RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.load_public_key">load_public_key() (RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="M">M</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Reticulum.MTU">MTU (RNS.Reticulum attribute)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="N">N</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.next_hop">next_hop() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.next_hop_interface">next_hop_interface() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.no_inbound_for">no_inbound_for() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.no_outbound_for">no_outbound_for() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="P">P</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Packet">Packet (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.PacketReceipt">PacketReceipt (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.PATHFINDER_M">PATHFINDER_M (RNS.Transport attribute)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Packet.PLAIN_MDU">PLAIN_MDU (RNS.Packet attribute)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="R">R</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.recall">recall() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.recall_app_data">recall_app_data() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.register_announce_handler">register_announce_handler() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.register_request_handler">register_request_handler() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.request">request() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport.request_path">request_path() (RNS.Transport static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.RequestReceipt">RequestReceipt (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Packet.resend">resend() (RNS.Packet method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Resource">Resource (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Reticulum">Reticulum (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="S">S</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Packet.send">send() (RNS.Packet method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.set_default_app_data">set_default_app_data() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.PacketReceipt.set_delivery_callback">set_delivery_callback() (RNS.PacketReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.set_link_established_callback">set_link_established_callback() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.set_packet_callback">set_packet_callback() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.set_packet_callback">(RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.set_proof_requested_callback">set_proof_requested_callback() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.set_proof_strategy">set_proof_strategy() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.set_remote_identified_callback">set_remote_identified_callback() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.set_resource_callback">set_resource_callback() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.set_resource_concluded_callback">set_resource_concluded_callback() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.set_resource_started_callback">set_resource_started_callback() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.set_resource_strategy">set_resource_strategy() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.PacketReceipt.set_timeout">set_timeout() (RNS.PacketReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.PacketReceipt.set_timeout_callback">set_timeout_callback() (RNS.PacketReceipt method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Reticulum.should_use_implicit_proof">should_use_implicit_proof() (RNS.Reticulum static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Destination.sign">sign() (RNS.Destination method)</a>
+
+      <ul>
+        <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.sign">(RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      </ul></li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="T">T</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Link.teardown">teardown() (RNS.Link method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.to_file">to_file() (RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Transport">Transport (class in RNS)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Reticulum.transport_enabled">transport_enabled() (RNS.Reticulum static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.truncated_hash">truncated_hash() (RNS.Identity static method)</a>
+</li>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH">TRUNCATED_HASHLENGTH (RNS.Identity attribute)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+<h2 id="V">V</h2>
+<table style="width: 100%" class="indextable genindextable"><tr>
+  <td style="width: 33%; vertical-align: top;"><ul>
+      <li><a href="reference.html#RNS.Identity.validate">validate() (RNS.Identity method)</a>
+</li>
+  </ul></td>
+</tr></table>
+
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
+    <div class="searchformwrapper">
+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" />
+      <input type="submit" value="Go" />
+    </form>
+    </div>
+</div>
+<script>$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="clearer"></div>
+    </div>
+    <div class="related" role="navigation" aria-label="related navigation">
+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="#" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</a> &#187;</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Index</a></li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &#169; Copyright 2021, Mark Qvist.
+      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.0.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>

docs/manual/gettingstartedfast.html

@@ -0,0 +1,276 @@
+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
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+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
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+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</a> &#187;</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Getting Started Fast</a></li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="getting-started-fast">
+<h1>Getting Started Fast<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-started-fast" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>The best way to get started with the Reticulum Network Stack depends on what
+you want to do. This guide will outline sensible starting paths for different
+scenarios.</p>
+<div class="section" id="try-using-a-reticulum-based-program">
+<h2>Try Using a Reticulum-based Program<a class="headerlink" href="#try-using-a-reticulum-based-program" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you simply want to try using a program built with Reticulum, you can take
+a look at <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/markqvist/nomadnet">Nomad Network</a>, which
+provides a complete encrypted communications suite built with Reticulum.</p>
+<a class="reference external image-reference" href="_images/nomadnet_3.png"><img alt="_images/nomadnet_3.png" src="_images/nomadnet_3.png" /></a>
+<p><a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/markqvist/nomadnet">Nomad Network</a> is a user-facing client
+for the messaging and information-sharing protocol
+<a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/markqvist/lxmf">LXMF</a>, another project built with Reticulum.</p>
+<p>You can install Nomad Network via pip:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Install ...</span>
+<span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">nomadnet</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># ... and run</span>
+<span class="n">nomadnet</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="using-the-included-utilities">
+<h2>Using the Included Utilities<a class="headerlink" href="#using-the-included-utilities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum comes with a range of included utilities that make it easier to
+manage your network, check connectivity and make Reticulum available to other
+programs on your system.</p>
+<p>You can use <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> to run Reticulum as a background or foreground service,
+and the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnstatus</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnpath</span></code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnprobe</span></code> utilities to view and query
+network status and connectivity.</p>
+<p>To learn more about these utility programs, have a look at the
+<a class="reference internal" href="using.html#using-main"><span class="std std-ref">Using Reticulum on Your System</span></a> chapter of this manual.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="creating-a-network-with-reticulum">
+<h2>Creating a Network With Reticulum<a class="headerlink" href="#creating-a-network-with-reticulum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To create a network, you will need to specify one or more <em>interfaces</em> for
+Reticulum to use. This is done in the Reticulum configuration file, which by
+default is located at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.reticulum/config</span></code>. You can edit this file by hand,
+or use the interactive <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsconfig</span></code> utility.</p>
+<p>When Reticulum is started for the first time, it will create a default
+configuration file, with one active interface. This default interface uses
+your existing ethernet network (if there is one), and only allows you to
+communicate with other Reticulum peers within your local broadcast domain.</p>
+<p>To communicate further, you will have to add one or more interfaces. The default
+configuration includes a number of examples, ranging from using TCP over the
+internet, to LoRa and Packet Radio interfaces.</p>
+<p>Possibly, the examples in the config file are enough to get you started. If
+you want more information, you can read the <a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#networks-main"><span class="std std-ref">Building Networks</span></a>
+and <a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#interfaces-main"><span class="std std-ref">Interfaces</span></a> chapters of this manual.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="develop-a-program-with-reticulum">
+<h2>Develop a Program with Reticulum<a class="headerlink" href="#develop-a-program-with-reticulum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to develop programs that use Reticulum, the easiest way to get
+started is to install the latest release of Reticulum via pip:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">rns</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>The above command will install Reticulum and dependencies, and you will be
+ready to import and use RNS in your own programs. The next step will most
+likely be to look at some <a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#examples-main"><span class="std std-ref">Example Programs</span></a>.</p>
+<p>For extended functionality, you can install optional dependencies:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">pyserial</span> <span class="n">netifaces</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Further information can be found in the <a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-main"><span class="std std-ref">API Reference</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="participate-in-reticulum-development">
+<h2>Participate in Reticulum Development<a class="headerlink" href="#participate-in-reticulum-development" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you want to participate in the development of Reticulum and associated
+utilities, you’ll want to get the latest source from GitHub. In that case,
+don’t use pip, but try this recipe:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Install dependencies</span>
+<span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">cryptography</span> <span class="n">pyserial</span> <span class="n">netifaces</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Clone repository</span>
+<span class="n">git</span> <span class="n">clone</span> <span class="n">https</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="o">//</span><span class="n">github</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">com</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">markqvist</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Reticulum</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">git</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Move into Reticulum folder and symlink library to examples folder</span>
+<span class="n">cd</span> <span class="n">Reticulum</span>
+<span class="n">ln</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span> <span class="o">../</span><span class="n">RNS</span> <span class="o">./</span><span class="n">Examples</span><span class="o">/</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Run an example</span>
+<span class="n">python3</span> <span class="n">Examples</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Echo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Unless you&#39;ve manually created a config file, Reticulum will do so now,</span>
+<span class="c1"># and immediately exit. Make any necessary changes to the file:</span>
+<span class="n">nano</span> <span class="o">~/.</span><span class="n">reticulum</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">config</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># ... and launch the example again.</span>
+<span class="n">python3</span> <span class="n">Examples</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Echo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">s</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># You can now repeat the process on another computer,</span>
+<span class="c1"># and run the same example with -h to get command line options.</span>
+<span class="n">python3</span> <span class="n">Examples</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Echo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">h</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Run the example in client mode to &quot;ping&quot; the server.</span>
+<span class="c1"># Replace the hash below with the actual destination hash of your server.</span>
+<span class="n">python3</span> <span class="n">Examples</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Echo</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="mf">3e12</span><span class="n">fc71692f8ec47bc5</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Have a look at another example</span>
+<span class="n">python3</span> <span class="n">Examples</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">Filetransfer</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="n">py</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">h</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>When you have experimented with the basic examples, it’s time to go read the
+<a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#understanding-main"><span class="std std-ref">Understanding Reticulum</span></a> chapter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reticulum-on-arm64">
+<h2>Reticulum on ARM64<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-on-arm64" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>On some architectures, including ARM64, not all dependencies have precompiled
+binaries. On such systems, you will need to install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">python3-dev</span></code> before
+installing Reticulum or programs that depend on Reticulum.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Install Python and development packages</span>
+<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">apt</span> <span class="n">update</span>
+<span class="n">sudo</span> <span class="n">apt</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">python3</span> <span class="n">python3</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">pip</span> <span class="n">python3</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">dev</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Install Reticulum</span>
+<span class="n">python3</span> <span class="o">-</span><span class="n">m</span> <span class="n">pip</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">rns</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reticulum-on-android">
+<h2>Reticulum on Android<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-on-android" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum can be used on Android in different ways. The easiest way to get
+started is using the <a class="reference external" href="https://termux.com/">Termux app</a>, at the time of writing
+available on <a class="reference external" href="https://f-droid.org">F-droid</a>.</p>
+<p>Termux is a terminal emulator and Linux environment for Android based devices,
+which includes the ability to use many different programs and libraries,
+including Reticulum.</p>
+<p>Since the Python cryptography.io module does not offer pre-built wheels for
+Android, the standard one-line install of Reticulum does not work on Android,
+and a few extra commands are required.</p>
+<p>From within Termux, execute the following:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># First, make sure indexes and packages are up to date.</span>
+<span class="n">pkg</span> <span class="n">update</span>
+<span class="n">pkg</span> <span class="n">upgrade</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Then install dependencies for the cryptography library.</span>
+<span class="n">pkg</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">python</span> <span class="n">build</span><span class="o">-</span><span class="n">essential</span> <span class="n">openssl</span> <span class="n">libffi</span> <span class="n">rust</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Make sure pip is up to date, and install the wheel module.</span>
+<span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">wheel</span> <span class="n">pip</span> <span class="o">--</span><span class="n">upgrade</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># To allow the installer to build the cryptography module,</span>
+<span class="c1"># we need to let it know what platform we are compiling for:</span>
+<span class="n">export</span> <span class="n">CARGO_BUILD_TARGET</span><span class="o">=</span><span class="s2">&quot;aarch64-linux-android&quot;</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># Start the install process for the cryptography module.</span>
+<span class="c1"># Depending on your device, this can take several minutes,</span>
+<span class="c1"># since the module must be compiled locally on your device.</span>
+<span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">cryptography</span>
+
+<span class="c1"># If the above installation succeeds, you can now install</span>
+<span class="c1"># Reticulum and any related software</span>
+<span class="n">pip3</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">rns</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is also possible to include Reticulum in apps compiled and distributed as
+Android APKs. A detailed tutorial and example source code will be included
+here at a later point.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Getting Started Fast</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#try-using-a-reticulum-based-program">Try Using a Reticulum-based Program</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#using-the-included-utilities">Using the Included Utilities</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#creating-a-network-with-reticulum">Creating a Network With Reticulum</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#develop-a-program-with-reticulum">Develop a Program with Reticulum</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#participate-in-reticulum-development">Participate in Reticulum Development</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reticulum-on-arm64">Reticulum on ARM64</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reticulum-on-android">Reticulum on Android</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="whatis.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">What is Reticulum?</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="using.html"
+                        title="next chapter">Using Reticulum on Your System</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
+    <ul class="this-page-menu">
+      <li><a href="_sources/gettingstartedfast.rst.txt"
+            rel="nofollow">Show Source</a></li>
+    </ul>
+   </div>
+<div id="searchbox" style="display: none" role="search">
+  <h3 id="searchlabel">Quick search</h3>
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+    <form class="search" action="search.html" method="get">
+      <input type="text" name="q" aria-labelledby="searchlabel" />
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+<script>$('#searchbox').show(0);</script>
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             >index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="using.html" title="Using Reticulum on Your System"
+             >next</a> |</li>
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+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="index.html">Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</a> &#187;</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Getting Started Fast</a></li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>
+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
+        &#169; Copyright 2021, Mark Qvist.
+      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.0.1.
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+
+<!DOCTYPE html>
+
+<html>
+  <head>
+    <meta charset="utf-8" />
+    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" />
+    <title>Reticulum Network Stack Manual &#8212; Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</title>
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css" />
+    <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/classic.css" />
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+    <script data-url_root="./" id="documentation_options" src="_static/documentation_options.js"></script>
+    <script src="_static/jquery.js"></script>
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+    
+    <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex.html" />
+    <link rel="search" title="Search" href="search.html" />
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+      <h3>Navigation</h3>
+      <ul>
+        <li class="right" style="margin-right: 10px">
+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
+             accesskey="I">index</a></li>
+        <li class="right" >
+          <a href="whatis.html" title="What is Reticulum?"
+             accesskey="N">next</a> |</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-0"><a href="#">Reticulum Network Stack 0.3.2 beta documentation</a> &#187;</li>
+        <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">Reticulum Network Stack Manual</a></li> 
+      </ul>
+    </div>  
+
+    <div class="document">
+      <div class="documentwrapper">
+        <div class="bodywrapper">
+          <div class="body" role="main">
+            
+  <div class="section" id="reticulum-network-stack-manual">
+<h1>Reticulum Network Stack Manual<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-network-stack-manual" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This manual aims to provide you with all the information you need to
+understand Reticulum, build networks or develop programs using it, or
+to participate in the development of Reticulum itself.</p>
+<div class="toctree-wrapper compound">
+<ul>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="whatis.html">What is Reticulum?</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatis.html#current-status">Current Status</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatis.html#what-does-reticulum-offer">What does Reticulum Offer?</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatis.html#where-can-reticulum-be-used">Where can Reticulum be Used?</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatis.html#interface-types-and-devices">Interface Types and Devices</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="whatis.html#caveat-emptor">Caveat Emptor</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html">Getting Started Fast</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#try-using-a-reticulum-based-program">Try Using a Reticulum-based Program</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#using-the-included-utilities">Using the Included Utilities</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#creating-a-network-with-reticulum">Creating a Network With Reticulum</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#develop-a-program-with-reticulum">Develop a Program with Reticulum</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#participate-in-reticulum-development">Participate in Reticulum Development</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#reticulum-on-arm64">Reticulum on ARM64</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettingstartedfast.html#reticulum-on-android">Reticulum on Android</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html">Using Reticulum on Your System</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#included-utility-programs">Included Utility Programs</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#the-rnsd-utility">The rnsd Utility</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#the-rnstatus-utility">The rnstatus Utility</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#the-rnpath-utility">The rnpath Utility</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#the-rnprobe-utility">The rnprobe Utility</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#improving-system-configuration">Improving System Configuration</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#fixed-serial-port-names">Fixed Serial Port Names</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="using.html#reticulum-as-a-system-service">Reticulum as a System Service</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="networks.html">Building Networks</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#concepts-overview">Concepts &amp; Overview</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#example-scenarios">Example Scenarios</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#interconnected-lora-sites">Interconnected LoRa Sites</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#bridging-over-the-internet">Bridging Over the Internet</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#growth-and-convergence">Growth and Convergence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html">Supported Interfaces</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#auto-interface">Auto Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#udp-interface">UDP Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#tcp-server-interface">TCP Server Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#tcp-client-interface">TCP Client Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#rnode-lora-interface">RNode LoRa Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#serial-interface">Serial Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#kiss-interface">KISS Interface</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#ax-25-kiss-interface">AX.25 KISS Interface</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html">Understanding Reticulum</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#introduction-basic-functionality">Introduction &amp; Basic Functionality</a><ul>
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+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#getting-further">Getting Further</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#reticulum-transport">Reticulum Transport</a><ul>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#the-announce-mechanism-in-detail">The Announce Mechanism in Detail</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#reaching-the-destination">Reaching the Destination</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#resources">Resources</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="understanding.html#packet-prioritisation">Packet Prioritisation</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#reticulum">Reticulum</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-identity">Identity</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#destination">Destination</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#packet">Packet</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#packet-receipt">Packet Receipt</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#link">Link</a></li>
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+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#link">Link</a></li>
+<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="examples.html#example-identify">Identification</a></li>
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+  <div class="section" id="supported-interfaces">
+<span id="interfaces-main"></span><h1>Supported Interfaces<a class="headerlink" href="#supported-interfaces" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Reticulum supports using many kinds of devices as networking interfaces, and
+allows you to mix and match them in any way you choose. The number of distinct
+network topologies you can create with Reticulum is more or less endless, but
+common to them all is that you will need to define one or more <em>interfaces</em>
+for Reticulum to use.</p>
+<p>The following sections describe the interfaces currently available in Reticulum,
+and gives example configurations for the respective interface types.</p>
+<p>For a high-level overview of how networks can be formed over different interface
+types, have a look at the <a class="reference internal" href="networks.html#networks-main"><span class="std std-ref">Building Networks</span></a> chapter of this
+manual.</p>
+<div class="section" id="auto-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-auto"></span><h2>Auto Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#auto-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The Auto Interface enables communication with other discoverable Reticulum
+nodes over autoconfigured IPv6 and UDP. It does not need any functional IP
+infrastructure like routers or DHCP servers, but will require at least some
+sort of switching medium between peers (a wired switch, a hub, a WiFi access
+point or similar), and that link-local IPv6 is enabled in your operating
+system, which should be enabled by default in almost all OSes.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.</span>
+<span class="c1"># It will listen for incoming connections on the</span>
+<span class="c1"># specified IP address and port number.</span>
+
+<span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Default</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AutoInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># You can create multiple isolated Reticulum</span>
+  <span class="c1"># networks on the same physical LAN by</span>
+  <span class="c1"># specifying different Group IDs.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">group_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">reticulum</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># You can also select specifically which</span>
+  <span class="c1"># kernel networking devices to use.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">devices</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">wlan0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">eth1</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Or let AutoInterface use all suitable</span>
+  <span class="c1"># devices except for a list of ignored ones.</span>
+
+  <span class="n">ignored_devices</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">tun0</span><span class="p">,</span><span class="n">eth0</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you are connected to the Internet with IPv6, and your provider will route
+IPv6 multicast, you can potentially configure the Auto Interface to globally
+autodiscover other Reticulum nodes within your selected Group ID. You can specify
+the discovery scope by setting it to one of <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">link</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">admin</span></code>, <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">site</span></code>,
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">organisation</span></code> or <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">global</span></code>.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Default</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AutoInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Configure global discovery</span>
+
+  <span class="n">group_id</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">custom_network_name</span>
+  <span class="n">discovery_scope</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="k">global</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Other configuration options</span>
+
+  <span class="n">discovery_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">48555</span>
+  <span class="n">data_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">49555</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>Please Note!</em> If you use the Auto Interface, you will need the Python module
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netifaces</span></code> installed on your system. You can install it with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip3</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">netifaces</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="udp-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-udp"></span><h2>UDP Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#udp-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>A UDP interface can be useful for communicating over IP networks, both
+private and the internet. It can also allow broadcast communication
+over IP networks, so it can provide an easy way to enable connectivity
+with all other peers on a local area network.</p>
+<p><em>Please Note!</em> Using broadcast UDP traffic has performance implications,
+especially on WiFi. If your goal is simply to enable easy communication
+with all peers in your local ethernet broadcast domain, the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#interfaces-auto"><span class="std std-ref">Auto Interface</span></a> performs better, and is just as
+easy to use.</p>
+<p>The below example is enabled by default on new Reticulum installations,
+as it provides an easy way to get started and to test Reticulum on a
+pre-existing LAN.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># This example enables communication with other</span>
+<span class="c1"># local Reticulum peers over UDP.</span>
+
+<span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Default</span> <span class="n">UDP</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">UDPInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">listen_ip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.0</span>
+  <span class="n">listen_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4242</span>
+  <span class="n">forward_ip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">255.255</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">255.255</span>
+  <span class="n">forward_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4242</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># The above configuration will allow communication</span>
+  <span class="c1"># within the local broadcast domains of all local</span>
+  <span class="c1"># IP interfaces.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Instead of specifying listen_ip, listen_port,</span>
+  <span class="c1"># forward_ip and forward_port, you can also bind</span>
+  <span class="c1"># to a specific network device like below.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># device = eth0</span>
+  <span class="c1"># port = 4242</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Assuming the eth0 device has the address</span>
+  <span class="c1"># 10.55.0.72/24, the above configuration would</span>
+  <span class="c1"># be equivalent to the following manual setup.</span>
+  <span class="c1"># Note that we are both listening and forwarding to</span>
+  <span class="c1"># the broadcast address of the network segments.</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># listen_ip = 10.55.0.255</span>
+  <span class="c1"># listen_port = 4242</span>
+  <span class="c1"># forward_ip = 10.55.0.255</span>
+  <span class="c1"># forward_port = 4242</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># You can of course also communicate only with</span>
+  <span class="c1"># a single IP address</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># listen_ip = 10.55.0.15</span>
+  <span class="c1"># listen_port = 4242</span>
+  <span class="c1"># forward_ip = 10.55.0.16</span>
+  <span class="c1"># forward_port = 4242</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>Please Note!</em> If you use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">device</span></code> option, you will need the Python module
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netifaces</span></code> installed on your system. You can install it with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip3</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">netifaces</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tcp-server-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-tcps"></span><h2>TCP Server Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#tcp-server-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The TCP Server interface is suitable for allowing other peers to connect over
+the Internet or private IP networks. When a TCP server interface has been
+configured, other Reticulum peers can connect to it with a TCP Client interface.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.</span>
+<span class="c1"># It will listen for incoming connections on the</span>
+<span class="c1"># specified IP address and port number.</span>
+
+<span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">TCP</span> <span class="n">Server</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TCPServerInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># This configuration will listen on all IP</span>
+  <span class="c1"># interfaces on port 4242</span>
+
+  <span class="n">listen_ip</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">0.0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.0</span>
+  <span class="n">listen_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4242</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Alternatively you can bind to a specific IP</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># listen_ip = 10.0.0.88</span>
+  <span class="c1"># listen_port = 4242</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Or a specific network device</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># device = eth0</span>
+  <span class="c1"># port = 4242</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><em>Please Note!</em> If you use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">device</span></code> option, you will need the Python module
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">netifaces</span></code> installed on your system. You can install it with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip3</span> <span class="pre">install</span> <span class="pre">netifaces</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="tcp-client-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-tcpc"></span><h2>TCP Client Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#tcp-client-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To connect to a TCP server interface, you would naturally use the TCP client
+interface. Many TCP Client interfaces from different peers can connect to the
+same TCP Server interface at the same time.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Here&#39;s an example of a TCP Client interface. The</span>
+<span class="c1"># target_host can either be an IP address or a hostname.</span>
+
+<span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">TCP</span> <span class="n">Client</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TCPClientInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">target_host</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">127.0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.1</span>
+  <span class="n">target_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">4242</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>It is also possible to use this interface type to connect via other programs
+or hardware devices that expose a KISS interface on a TCP port, for example
+software-based soundmodems. To do this, use the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kiss_framing</span></code> option:</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Here&#39;s an example of a TCP Client interface that connects</span>
+<span class="c1"># to a software TNC soundmodem on a KISS over TCP port.</span>
+
+<span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">TCP</span> <span class="n">KISS</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">TCPClientInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">kiss_framing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">target_host</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mf">127.0</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mf">0.1</span>
+  <span class="n">target_port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">8001</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p><strong>Caution!</strong> Only use the KISS framing option when connecting to external devices
+and programs like soundmodems and similar over TCP. When using the
+<code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TCPClientInterface</span></code> in conjunction with the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">TCPServerInterface</span></code> you should
+never enable <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">kiss_framing</span></code>, since this will disable internal reliability and
+recovery mechanisms that greatly improves performance over unreliable and
+intermittent TCP links.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="rnode-lora-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-rnode"></span><h2>RNode LoRa Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#rnode-lora-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To use Reticulum over LoRa, the <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/rnode/">RNode</a> interface
+can be used, and offers full control over LoRa parameters.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="c1"># Here&#39;s an example of how to add a LoRa interface</span>
+<span class="c1"># using the RNode LoRa transceiver.</span>
+
+<span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">RNode</span> <span class="n">LoRa</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">RNodeInterface</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Enable interface if you want use it!</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Allow transmit on interface. Setting</span>
+  <span class="c1"># this to false will create a listen-</span>
+  <span class="c1"># only interface.</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">true</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Serial port for the device</span>
+  <span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set frequency to 867.2 MHz</span>
+  <span class="n">frequency</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">867200000</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set LoRa bandwidth to 125 KHz</span>
+  <span class="n">bandwidth</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">125000</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set TX power to 7 dBm (5 mW)</span>
+  <span class="n">txpower</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">7</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Select spreading factor 8. Valid</span>
+  <span class="c1"># range is 7 through 12, with 7</span>
+  <span class="c1"># being the fastest and 12 having</span>
+  <span class="c1"># the longest range.</span>
+  <span class="n">spreadingfactor</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">8</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Select coding rate 5. Valid range</span>
+  <span class="c1"># is 5 throough 8, with 5 being the</span>
+  <span class="c1"># fastest, and 8 the longest range.</span>
+  <span class="n">codingrate</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">5</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># You can configure the RNode to send</span>
+  <span class="c1"># out identification on the channel with</span>
+  <span class="c1"># a set interval by configuring the</span>
+  <span class="c1"># following two parameters.</span>
+  <span class="c1"># id_callsign = MYCALL-0</span>
+  <span class="c1"># id_interval = 600</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># For certain homebrew RNode interfaces</span>
+  <span class="c1"># with low amounts of RAM, using packet</span>
+  <span class="c1"># flow control can be useful. By default</span>
+  <span class="c1"># it is disabled.</span>
+  <span class="n">flow_control</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">False</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="serial-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-serial"></span><h2>Serial Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#serial-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum can be used over serial ports directly, or over any device with a
+serial port, that will transparently pass data. Useful for communicating
+directly over a wire-pair, or for using devices such as data radios and lasers.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Serial</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">SerialInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Serial port for the device</span>
+  <span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB0</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the serial baud-rate and other</span>
+  <span class="c1"># configuration parameters.</span>
+  <span class="n">speed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">115200</span>
+  <span class="n">databits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">8</span>
+  <span class="n">parity</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">none</span>
+  <span class="n">stopbits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="kiss-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-kiss"></span><h2>KISS Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#kiss-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>With the KISS interface, you can use Reticulum over a variety of packet
+radio modems and TNCs, including <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/openmodem/">OpenModem</a>.
+KISS interfaces can also be configured to periodically send out beacons
+for station identification purposes.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Packet</span> <span class="n">Radio</span> <span class="n">KISS</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">KISSInterface</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">true</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Serial port for the device</span>
+  <span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB1</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the serial baud-rate and other</span>
+  <span class="c1"># configuration parameters.</span>
+  <span class="n">speed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">115200</span>
+  <span class="n">databits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">8</span>
+  <span class="n">parity</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">none</span>
+  <span class="n">stopbits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the modem preamble.</span>
+  <span class="n">preamble</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">150</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the modem TX tail.</span>
+  <span class="n">txtail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Configure CDMA parameters. These</span>
+  <span class="c1"># settings are reasonable defaults.</span>
+  <span class="n">persistence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">200</span>
+  <span class="n">slottime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># You can configure the interface to send</span>
+  <span class="c1"># out identification on the channel with</span>
+  <span class="c1"># a set interval by configuring the</span>
+  <span class="c1"># following two parameters. The KISS</span>
+  <span class="c1"># interface will only ID if the set</span>
+  <span class="c1"># interval has elapsed since it&#39;s last</span>
+  <span class="c1"># actual transmission. The interval is</span>
+  <span class="c1"># configured in seconds.</span>
+  <span class="c1"># This option is commented out and not</span>
+  <span class="c1"># used by default.</span>
+  <span class="c1"># id_callsign = MYCALL-0</span>
+  <span class="c1"># id_interval = 600</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Whether to use KISS flow-control.</span>
+  <span class="c1"># This is useful for modems that have</span>
+  <span class="c1"># a small internal packet buffer, but</span>
+  <span class="c1"># support packet flow control instead.</span>
+  <span class="n">flow_control</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">false</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="ax-25-kiss-interface">
+<span id="interfaces-ax25"></span><h2>AX.25 KISS Interface<a class="headerlink" href="#ax-25-kiss-interface" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you’re using Reticulum on amateur radio spectrum, you might want to
+use the AX.25 KISS interface. This way, Reticulum will automatically
+encapsulate it’s traffic in AX.25 and also identify your stations
+transmissions with your callsign and SSID.</p>
+<p>Only do this if you really need to! Reticulum doesn’t need the AX.25
+layer for anything, and it incurs extra overhead on every packet to
+encapsulate in AX.25.</p>
+<p>A more efficient way is to use the plain KISS interface with the
+beaconing functionality described above.</p>
+<div class="highlight-default notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span><span class="p">[[</span><span class="n">Packet</span> <span class="n">Radio</span> <span class="n">AX</span><span class="o">.</span><span class="mi">25</span> <span class="n">KISS</span> <span class="n">Interface</span><span class="p">]]</span>
+  <span class="nb">type</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">AX25KISSInterface</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the station callsign and SSID</span>
+  <span class="n">callsign</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">NO1CLL</span>
+  <span class="n">ssid</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">0</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Enable interface if you want use it!</span>
+  <span class="n">interface_enabled</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Allow transmit on interface.</span>
+  <span class="n">outgoing</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="kc">True</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Serial port for the device</span>
+  <span class="n">port</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="o">/</span><span class="n">dev</span><span class="o">/</span><span class="n">ttyUSB2</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the serial baud-rate and other</span>
+  <span class="c1"># configuration parameters.</span>
+  <span class="n">speed</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">115200</span>
+  <span class="n">databits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">8</span>
+  <span class="n">parity</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">none</span>
+  <span class="n">stopbits</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">1</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the modem preamble. A 150ms</span>
+  <span class="c1"># preamble should be a reasonable</span>
+  <span class="c1"># default, but may need to be</span>
+  <span class="c1"># increased for radios with slow-</span>
+  <span class="c1"># opening squelch and long TX/RX</span>
+  <span class="c1"># turnaround</span>
+  <span class="n">preamble</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">150</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Set the modem TX tail. In most</span>
+  <span class="c1"># cases this should be kept as low</span>
+  <span class="c1"># as possible to not waste airtime.</span>
+  <span class="n">txtail</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Configure CDMA parameters. These</span>
+  <span class="c1"># settings are reasonable defaults.</span>
+  <span class="n">persistence</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">200</span>
+  <span class="n">slottime</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="mi">20</span>
+
+  <span class="c1"># Whether to use KISS flow-control.</span>
+  <span class="c1"># This is useful for modems with a</span>
+  <span class="c1"># small internal packet buffer.</span>
+  <span class="n">flow_control</span> <span class="o">=</span> <span class="n">false</span>
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Supported Interfaces</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#auto-interface">Auto Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#udp-interface">UDP Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tcp-server-interface">TCP Server Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#tcp-client-interface">TCP Client Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#rnode-lora-interface">RNode LoRa Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#serial-interface">Serial Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#kiss-interface">KISS Interface</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#ax-25-kiss-interface">AX.25 KISS Interface</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
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+  <p class="topless"><a href="networks.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Building Networks</a></p>
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+  <div class="section" id="building-networks">
+<span id="networks-main"></span><h1>Building Networks<a class="headerlink" href="#building-networks" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This chapter will provide you with the knowledge needed to build networks with
+Reticulum, which can often be easier than using traditional stacks, since you
+don’t have to worry about coordinating addresses, subnets and routing for an
+entire network that you might not know how will evolve in the future. With
+Reticulum, you can simply add more segments to your network when it becomes
+necesarry, and Reticulum will handle the convergence of the entire network
+automatically.</p>
+<div class="section" id="concepts-overview">
+<h2>Concepts &amp; Overview<a class="headerlink" href="#concepts-overview" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>There are important points that need to be kept in mind when building networks
+with Reticulum:</p>
+<blockquote>
+<div><ul>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">In a Reticulum network, any node can autonomously generate as many adresses
+(called <em>destinations</em> in Reticulum terminology) as it needs, which become
+globally reachable to the rest of the network. There is no central point of
+control over the adress space.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Reticulum was designed to handle both very small, and very large networks.
+While the adress space can support billions of endpoints, Reticulum is
+also very useful when just a few devices needs to communicate.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Reticulum provides sender/initiator anonymity by default. There is no way
+to filter traffic or discriminate it based on the source of the traffic.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">All traffic is encrypted using ephemeral keys generated by an Elliptic Curve
+Diffie-Hellman key exchange on Curve25519. There is no way to inspect traffic
+contents, and no way to prioritise or throttle certain kinds of traffic.
+All transport and routing layers are thus completely agnostic to traffic type,
+and will pass all traffic equally.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Reticulum can function both with and without infrastructure. When <em>transport
+nodes</em> are available, they can route traffic over multiple hops for other
+nodes, and will function as a distributed cryptographic keystore. When there
+is no transport nodes available, all nodes that are within communication range
+can still communicate.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Every node can become a transport node, simply by enabling it in it’s
+configuration, but there is no need for every node on the network to be a
+transport node. Letting every node be a transport node will in most cases
+degrade the performance and reliability of the network.</div>
+</div>
+<blockquote>
+<div><p>In general terms, if a node is stationary, well-connected and kept running
+most of the time, it is a good candidate to be a transport node. For optimal
+performance, a network should contain the amount of transport nodes that
+provides connectivity to the intended area / topography, and not many more
+than that.</p>
+</div></blockquote>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div></blockquote>
+<p>Reticulum allows you to mix very different kinds of networking mediums into a
+unified mesh, or to keep everything within one medium. You could build a “virtual
+network” running entirely over the Internet, where all nodes communicate over TCP
+and UDP “channels”. You could also build such a network using MQTT or ZeroMQ as
+the underlying carrier for Reticulum.</p>
+<p>However, most real-world networks will probably involve either some form of
+wireless or direct hardline communications. To allow Reticulum to communicate
+over any type of medium, you must specify it in the configuration file, by default
+located at <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">~/.reticulum/config</span></code>. See the <a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#interfaces-main"><span class="std std-ref">Supported Interfaces</span></a>
+chapter of this manual for interface configuration examples.</p>
+<p>Any number of interfaces can be configured, and Reticulum will automatically
+decide which are suitable to use in any given situation, depending on where
+traffic needs to flow.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="example-scenarios">
+<h2>Example Scenarios<a class="headerlink" href="#example-scenarios" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This section illustrates a few example scenarios, and how they would, in general
+terms, be planned, implemented and configured.</p>
+<div class="section" id="interconnected-lora-sites">
+<h3>Interconnected LoRa Sites<a class="headerlink" href="#interconnected-lora-sites" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>An organisation wants to provide communication and information services to it’s
+members, which are located mainly in three separate areas. Three suitable hill-top
+locations are found, where the organisation can install equipment: Site A, B and C.</p>
+<p>Since the amount of data that needs to be exchanged between users is mainly text-
+based, the bandwidth requirements are low, and LoRa radios are chosen to connect
+users to the network.</p>
+<p>Due to the hill-top locations found, there is radio line-of-sight between site A
+and B, and also between site B and C. Because of this, the organisation does not
+need to use the Internet to interconnect the sites, but purchases four Point-to-Point
+WiFi based radios for interconnecting the sites.</p>
+<p>At each site, a Raspberry Pi is installed to function as a gateway. A LoRa radio
+is connected to the Pi with a USB cable, and the WiFi radio is connected to the
+ethernet port of the Pi. At site B, two WiFi radios are needed to be able to reach
+both site A and site C, so an extra ethernet adapter is connected to the Pi in
+this location.</p>
+<p>Once the hardware has been installed, Reticulum is installed on all the Pis, and at
+site A and C, one interface is added for the LoRa radio, as well as one for the WiFi
+radio. At site B, an interface for the LoRa radio, and one interface for each WiFi
+radio is added to the Reticulum configuration file. The transport node option is
+enabled in the configuration of all three gateways.</p>
+<p>The network is now operational, and ready to serve users across all three areas.
+The organisation prepares a LoRa radio that is supplied to the end users, along
+with a Reticulum configuration file, that contains the right parameters for
+communicating with the LoRa radios installed at the gateway sites.</p>
+<p>Once users connect to the network, anyone will be able to communicate with anyone
+else across all three sites.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="bridging-over-the-internet">
+<h3>Bridging Over the Internet<a class="headerlink" href="#bridging-over-the-internet" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As the organisation grows, several new communities form in places too far away
+from the core network to be reachable over WiFi links. New gateways similar to those
+previously installed are set up for the new communities at the new sites D and E, but
+they are islanded from the core network, and only serve the local users.</p>
+<p>After investigating the options, it is found that it is possible to install an
+Internet connection at site A, and an interface on the Internet connection is
+configured for Reticulum on the Raspberry Pi at site A.</p>
+<p>A member of the organisation at site D, named Dori, is willing to help by sharing
+the Internet connection she already has in her home, and is able to leave a Raspberry
+Pi running. A new Reticulum interface is configured on her Pi, connecting to the newly
+enabled Internet interface on the gateway at site A. Dori is now connected to both
+all the nodes at her own local site (through the hill-top LoRa gateway), and all the
+combined users of sites A, B and C. She then enables transport on her node, and
+traffic from site D can now reach everyone at site A, B and C, and vice versa.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="growth-and-convergence">
+<h3>Growth and Convergence<a class="headerlink" href="#growth-and-convergence" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>As the organisation grows, more gateways are added to keep up with the growing user
+base. Some local gateways even add VHF radios and packet modems to reach outlying users
+and communities that are out of reach for the LoRa radios and WiFi backhauls.</p>
+<p>As more sites, gateways and users are connected, the amount of coordination required
+is kept to a minimum. If one community wants to add connectivity to the next one
+over, it can simply be done without having to involve everyone or coordinate address
+space or routing tables.</p>
+<p>With the added geographical coverage, the operators at site A one day find that
+the original internet bridged interfaces are no longer utilised. The network has
+converged to be completely self-connected, and the sites that were once poorly
+connected outliers are now an integral part of the network.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Building Networks</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#concepts-overview">Concepts &amp; Overview</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#example-scenarios">Example Scenarios</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interconnected-lora-sites">Interconnected LoRa Sites</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#bridging-over-the-internet">Bridging Over the Internet</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#growth-and-convergence">Growth and Convergence</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
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+  <div class="section" id="understanding-reticulum">
+<span id="understanding-main"></span><h1>Understanding Reticulum<a class="headerlink" href="#understanding-reticulum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>This chapter will briefly describe the overall purpose and operating principles of Reticulum, a
+networking stack designed for reliable and secure communication over high-latency, low-bandwidth
+links. It should give you an overview of how the stack works, and an understanding of how to
+develop networked applications using Reticulum.</p>
+<p>This document is not an exhaustive source of information on Reticulum, at least not yet. Currently,
+the best place to go for such information is the Python reference implementation of Reticulum, along
+with the code examples and API reference. It is however an essential resource to understanding the
+general principles of Reticulum, how to apply them when creating your own networks or software.</p>
+<p>After reading this document, you should be well-equipped to understand how a Reticulum network
+operates, what it can achieve, and how you can use it yourself. If you want to help out with the
+development, this is also the place to start, since it will provide a pretty clear overview of the
+sentiments and the philosophy behind Reticulum.</p>
+<div class="section" id="motivation">
+<span id="understanding-motivation"></span><h2>Motivation<a class="headerlink" href="#motivation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The primary motivation for designing and implementing Reticulum has been the current lack of
+reliable, functional and secure minimal-infrastructure modes of digital communication. It is my
+belief that it is highly desirable to create a cheap and reliable way to set up a wide-range digital
+communication network that can securely allow exchange of information between people and
+machines, with no central point of authority, control, censorship or barrier to entry.</p>
+<p>Almost all of the various networking systems in use today share a common limitation, namely that they
+require large amounts of coordination and trust to work, and to join the networks you need approval
+of gatekeepers in control. This need for coordination and trust inevitably leads to an environment of
+central control, where it’s very easy for infrastructure operators or governments to control or alter
+traffic, and censor or persecute unwanted actors.</p>
+<p>Reticulum aims to require as little coordination and trust as possible. In fact, the only
+“coordination” required is to know the characteristics of physical medium carrying Reticulum traffic.</p>
+<p>Since Reticulum is completely medium agnostic, this could be whatever is best suited to the situation.
+In some cases, this might be 1200 baud packet radio links over VHF frequencies, in other cases it might
+be a microwave network using off-the-shelf radios. At the time of release of this document, the
+recommended setup for development and testing is using LoRa radio modules with an open source firmware
+(see the section <a class="reference internal" href="#understanding-referencesystem"><span class="std std-ref">Reference System Setup</span></a>), connected to a small
+computer like a Raspberry Pi. As an example, the default reference setup provides a channel capacity
+of 5.4 Kbps, and a usable direct node-to-node range of around 15 kilometers (indefinitely extendable
+by using multiple hops).</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="goals">
+<span id="understanding-goals"></span><h2>Goals<a class="headerlink" href="#goals" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>To be as widely usable and easy to use as possible, the following goals have been used to
+guide the design of Reticulum:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Fully useable as open source software stack</strong></dt><dd><p>Reticulum must be implemented with, and be able to run using only open source software. This is
+critical to ensuring the availability, security and transparency of the system.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Hardware layer agnosticism</strong></dt><dd><p>Reticulum shall be fully hardware agnostic, and shall be useable over a wide range
+physical networking layers, such as data radios, serial lines, modems, handheld transceivers,
+wired ethernet, wifi, or anything else that can carry a digital data stream. Hardware made for
+dedicated Reticulum use shall be as cheap as possible and use off-the-shelf components, so
+it can be easily replicated.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Very low bandwidth requirements</strong></dt><dd><p>Reticulum should be able to function reliably over links with a transmission capacity as low
+as <em>500 bps</em>.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Encryption by default</strong></dt><dd><p>Reticulum must use strong encryption by default for all communication.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Initiator Anonymity</strong></dt><dd><p>It must be possible to communicate over a Reticulum network without revealing any identifying
+information about oneself.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Unlicensed use</strong></dt><dd><p>Reticulum shall be functional over physical communication mediums that do not require any
+form of license to use. Reticulum must be designed in a way, so it is usable over ISM radio
+frequency bands, and can provide functional long distance links in such conditions, for example
+by connecting a modem to a PMR or CB radio, or by using LoRa or WiFi modules.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Supplied software</strong></dt><dd><p>Apart from the core networking stack and API, that allows a developer to build
+applications with Reticulum, a basic communication suite using Reticulum must be
+implemented and released at the same time as Reticulum itself. This shall serve both as a
+functional communication suite, and as an example and learning resource to others wishing
+to build applications with Reticulum.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Ease of use</strong></dt><dd><p>The reference implementation of Reticulum is written in Python, to make it easy to use
+and understand. A programmer with only basic experience should be able to use
+Reticulum in their own applications.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Low cost</strong></dt><dd><p>It shall be as cheap as possible to deploy a communication system based on Reticulum. This
+should be achieved by using cheap off-the-shelf hardware that potential users might already
+own. The cost of setting up a functioning node should be less than $100 even if all parts
+needs to be purchased.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="introduction-basic-functionality">
+<span id="understanding-basicfunctionality"></span><h2>Introduction &amp; Basic Functionality<a class="headerlink" href="#introduction-basic-functionality" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum is a networking stack suited for high-latency, low-bandwidth links. Reticulum is at it’s
+core a <em>message oriented</em> system. It is suited for both local point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
+scenarios where alle nodes are within range of each other, as well as scenarios where packets need
+to be transported over multiple hops in a complex network to reach the recipient.</p>
+<p>Reticulum does away with the idea of addresses and ports known from IP, TCP and UDP. Instead
+Reticulum uses the singular concept of <em>destinations</em>. Any application using Reticulum as it’s
+networking stack will need to create one or more destinations to receive data, and know the
+destinations it needs to send data to.</p>
+<p>All destinations in Reticulum are represented internally as 10 bytes, derived from truncating a full
+SHA-256 hash of identifying characteristics of the destination. To users, the destination addresses
+will be displayed as 10 bytes in hexadecimal representation, as in the following example: <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">&lt;80e29bf7cccaf31431b3&gt;</span></code>.</p>
+<p>By default Reticulum encrypts all data using elliptic curve cryptography. Any packet sent to a
+destination is encrypted with a derived ephemeral key. Reticulum can also set up an encrypted
+channel to a destination with <em>Forward Secrecy</em> and <em>Initiator Anonymity</em> using a elliptic
+curve cryptography and ephemeral keys derived from a Diffie Hellman exchange on Curve25519. In
+Reticulum terminology, this is called a <em>Link</em>.</p>
+<p>Reticulum also offers symmetric key encryption for group-oriented communications, as well as
+unencrypted packets for broadcast purposes, or situations where you need the communication to be in
+plain text. The multi-hop transport, coordination, verification and reliability layers are fully
+autonomous and based on public key cryptography.</p>
+<p>Reticulum can connect to a variety of interfaces such as radio modems, data radios and serial ports,
+and offers the possibility to easily tunnel Reticulum traffic over IP links such as the Internet or
+private IP networks.</p>
+<div class="section" id="destinations">
+<span id="understanding-destinations"></span><h3>Destinations<a class="headerlink" href="#destinations" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To receive and send data with the Reticulum stack, an application needs to create one or more
+destinations. Reticulum uses three different basic destination types, and one special:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Single</strong></dt><dd><p>The <em>single</em> destination type is always identified by a unique public key. Any data sent to this
+destination will be encrypted using ephemeral keys derived from an ECDH key exchange, and will
+only be readable by the creator of the destination, who holds the corresponding private key.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Group</strong></dt><dd><p>The <em>group</em> destination type defines a symmetrically encrypted destination. Data sent to this
+destination will be encrypted with a symmetric key, and will be readable by anyone in
+possession of the key.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Plain</strong></dt><dd><p>A <em>plain</em> destination type is unencrypted, and suited for traffic that should be broadcast to a
+number of users, or should be readable by anyone. Traffic to a <em>plain</em> destination is not encrypted.
+Generally, <em>plain</em> destinations can be used for broadcast information intended to be public.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Link</strong></dt><dd><p>A <em>link</em> is a special destination type, that serves as an abstract channel to a <em>single</em>
+destination, directly connected or over multiple hops. The <em>link</em> also offers reliability and
+more efficient encryption, forward secrecy, initiator anonymity, and as such can be useful even
+when a node is directly reachable.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<div class="section" id="destination-naming">
+<span id="understanding-destinationnaming"></span><h4>Destination Naming<a class="headerlink" href="#destination-naming" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>Destinations are created and named in an easy to understand dotted notation of <em>aspects</em>, and
+represented on the network as a hash of this value. The hash is a SHA-256 truncated to 80 bits. The
+top level aspect should always be a unique identifier for the application using the destination.
+The next levels of aspects can be defined in any way by the creator of the application.</p>
+<p>Aspects can be as long and as plentiful as required, and a resulting long destination name will not
+impact efficiency, as names are always represented as truncated SHA-256 hashes on the network.</p>
+<p>As an example, a destination for a environmental monitoring application could be made up of the
+application name, a device type and measurement type, like this:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>app name  : environmentlogger
+aspects   : remotesensor, temperature
+
+full name : environmentlogger.remotesensor.temperature
+hash      : fa7ddfab5213f916dea
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>For the <em>single</em> destination, Reticulum will automatically append the associated public key as a
+destination aspect before hashing. This is done to ensure only the correct destination is reached,
+since anyone can listen to any destination name. Appending the public key ensures that a given
+packet is only directed at the destination that holds the corresponding private key to decrypt the
+packet.</p>
+<p><strong>Take note!</strong> There is a very important concept to understand here:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><p>Anyone can use the destination name <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">environmentlogger.remotesensor.temperature</span></code></p></li>
+<li><p>Each destination that does so will still have a unique destination hash, and thus be uniquely
+addressable, because their public keys will differ.</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>In actual use of <em>single</em> destination naming, it is advisable not to use any uniquely identifying
+features in aspect naming. Aspect names should be general terms describing what kind of destination
+is represented. The uniquely identifying aspect is always acheived by the appending the public key,
+which expands the destination into a uniquely identifyable one.</p>
+<p>Any destination on a Reticulum network can be addressed and reached simply by knowning its
+destination hash (and public key, but if the public key is not known, it can be requested from the
+network simply by knowing the destination hash). The use of app names and aspects makes it easy to
+structure Reticulum programs and makes it possible to filter what information and data your program
+receives.</p>
+<p>To recap, the different destination types should be used in the following situations:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Single</strong></dt><dd><p>When private communication between two endpoints is needed. Supports multiple hops.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Group</strong></dt><dd><p>When private communication between two or more endpoints is needed. Supports multiple hops
+indirectly, but must first be established through a <em>single</em> destination.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Plain</strong></dt><dd><p>When plain-text communication is desirable, for example when broadcasting information.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>To communicate with a <em>single</em> destination, you need to know it’s public key. Any method for
+obtaining the public key is valid, but Reticulum includes a simple mechanism for making other
+nodes aware of your destinations public key, called the <em>announce</em>. It is also possible to request
+an unknown public key from the network, as all participating nodes serve as a distributed ledger
+of public keys.</p>
+<p>Note that public key information can be shared and verified in many other ways than using the
+built-in <em>announce</em> functionality, and that it is therefore not required to use the announce/request
+functionality to obtain public keys. It is by far the easiest though, and should definitely be used
+if there is not a good reason for doing it differently.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="public-key-announcements">
+<span id="understanding-keyannouncements"></span><h3>Public Key Announcements<a class="headerlink" href="#public-key-announcements" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>An <em>announce</em> will send a special packet over any configured interfaces, containing all needed
+information about the destination hash and public key, and can also contain some additional,
+application specific data. The entire packet is signed by the sender to ensure authenticity. It is not
+required to use the announce functionality, but in many cases it will be the simplest way to share
+public keys on the network. As an example, an announce in a simple messenger application might
+contain the following information:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><p>The announcers destination hash</p></li>
+<li><p>The announcers public key</p></li>
+<li><p>Application specific data, in this case the users nickname and availability status</p></li>
+<li><p>A random blob, making each new announce unique</p></li>
+<li><p>An Ed25519 signature of the above information, verifying authenticity</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>With this information, any Reticulum node that receives it will be able to reconstruct an outgoing
+destination to securely communicate with that destination. You might have noticed that there is one
+piece of information lacking to reconstruct full knowledge of the announced destination, and that is
+the aspect names of the destination. These are intentionally left out to save bandwidth, since they
+will be implicit in almost all cases. If a destination name is not entirely implicit, information can be
+included in the application specific data part that will allow the receiver to infer the naming.</p>
+<p>It is important to note that announces will be forwarded throughout the network according to a
+certain pattern. This will be detailed in the section
+<a class="reference internal" href="#understanding-announce"><span class="std std-ref">The Announce Mechanism in Detail</span></a>.</p>
+<p>Seeing how <em>single</em> destinations are always tied to a private/public key pair leads us to the next topic.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="understanding-identities">
+<span id="identities"></span><h3>Identities<a class="headerlink" href="#understanding-identities" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In Reticulum, an <em>identity</em> does not necessarily represent a personal identity, but is an abstraction that
+can represent any kind of <em>verified entity</em>. This could very well be a person, but it could also be the
+control interface of a machine, a program, robot, computer, sensor or something else entirely. In
+general, any kind of agent that can act, or be acted upon, or store or manipulate information, can be
+represented as an identity.</p>
+<p>As we have seen, a <em>single</em> destination will always have an <em>identity</em> tied to it, but not <em>plain</em> or <em>group</em>
+destinations. Destinations and identities share a multilateral connection. You can create a
+destination, and if it is not connected to an identity upon creation, it will just create a new one to use
+automatically. This may be desirable in some situations, but often you will probably want to create
+the identity first, and then link it to created destinations.</p>
+<p>Building upon the simple messenger example, we could use an identity to represent the user of the
+application. Destinations created will then be linked to this identity to allow communication to
+reach the user. In all cases it is of great importance to store the private keys associated with any
+Reticulum Identity securely and privately.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="getting-further">
+<span id="understanding-gettingfurther"></span><h3>Getting Further<a class="headerlink" href="#getting-further" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The above functions and principles form the core of Reticulum, and would suffice to create
+functional networked applications in local clusters, for example over radio links where all interested
+nodes can directly hear each other. But to be truly useful, we need a way to direct traffic over multiple
+hops in the network.</p>
+<p>In the following sections, two concepts that allow this will be introduced, <em>paths</em> and <em>links</em>.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reticulum-transport">
+<span id="understanding-transport"></span><h2>Reticulum Transport<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-transport" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>The term routing has been purposefully avoided until now. The current methods of routing used in IP-based
+networks are fundamentally incompatible with the physical link types that Reticulum was designed to handle.
+These routing methodologies assume trust at the physical layer, and often needs a lot more bandwidth than
+Reticulum can assume is available.</p>
+<p>Since Reticulum is designed to run over open radio spectrum, no such trust exists, and bandwidth is often
+very limited. Existing routing protocols like BGP or OSPF carry too much overhead to be practically
+useable over bandwidth-limited, high-latency links.</p>
+<p>To overcome such challenges, Reticulum’s <em>Transport</em> system uses public-key cryptography to
+implement the concept of <em>paths</em> that allow discovery of how to get information to a certain
+destination. It is important to note that no single node in a Reticulum network knows the complete
+path to a destination. Every Transport node participating in a Reticulum network will only
+know what the most direct way to get a packet one hop closer to it’s destination is.</p>
+<div class="section" id="the-announce-mechanism-in-detail">
+<span id="understanding-announce"></span><h3>The Announce Mechanism in Detail<a class="headerlink" href="#the-announce-mechanism-in-detail" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>When an <em>announce</em> is transmitted by a node, it will be forwarded by any node receiving it, but
+according to some specific rules:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">If this exact announce has already been received before, ignore it.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">If not, record into a table which node the announce was received from, and how many times in
+total it has been retransmitted to get here.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">If the announce has been retransmitted <em>m+1</em> times, it will not be forwarded. By default, <em>m</em> is
+set to 18.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">The announce will be assigned a delay <em>d</em> = c<sup>h</sup> seconds, where <em>c</em> is a decay constant, and <em>h</em> is the amount of times this packet has already been forwarded.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">The packet will be given a priority <em>p = 1/d</em>.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">If at least <em>d</em> seconds has passed since the announce was received, and no other packets with a
+priority higher than <em>p</em> are waiting in the queue (see Packet Prioritisation), and the channel is
+not utilized by other traffic, the announce will be forwarded.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">If no other nodes are heard retransmitting the announce with a greater hop count than when
+it left this node, transmitting it will be retried <em>r</em> times. By default, <em>r</em> is set to 1. Retries
+follow same rules as above, with the exception that it must wait for at least <em>d</em> = c<sup>h+1</sup> +
+t + rand(0, rw) seconds. This amount of time is equal to the amount of time it would take the next
+node to retransmit the packet, plus a random window. By default, <em>t</em> is set to 10 seconds, and the
+random window <em>rw</em> is set to 10 seconds.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">If a newer announce from the same destination arrives, while an identical one is already in
+the queue, the newest announce is discarded. If the newest announce contains different
+application specific data, it will replace the old announce, but will use <em>d</em> and <em>p</em> of the old
+announce.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>Once an announce has reached a node in the network, any other node in direct contact with that
+node will be able to reach the destination the announce originated from, simply by sending a packet
+addressed to that destination. Any node with knowledge of the announce will be able to direct the
+packet towards the destination by looking up the next node with the shortest amount of hops to the
+destination.</p>
+<p>According to these rules and default constants, an announce will propagate throughout the network
+in a predictable way. In an example network utilising the default constants, and with an average link
+distance of <em>Lavg =</em> 15 kilometers, an announce will be able to propagate outwards to a radius of 180
+kilometers in 34 minutes, and a <em>maximum announce radius</em> of 270 kilometers in approximately 3
+days.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reaching-the-destination">
+<span id="understanding-paths"></span><h3>Reaching the Destination<a class="headerlink" href="#reaching-the-destination" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>In networks with changing topology and trustless connectivity, nodes need a way to establish
+<em>verified connectivity</em> with each other. Since the network is assumed to be trustless, Reticulum
+must provide a way to guarantee that the peer you are communicating with is actually who you
+expect. Reticulum offers two ways to do this.</p>
+<p>For exchanges of small amounts of information, Reticulum offers the <em>Packet</em> API, which works exactly like you would expect - on a per packet level. The following process is employed when sending a packet:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">A packet is always created with an associated destination and some payload data. When the packet is sent
+to a <em>single</em> destination type, Reticulum will automatically create an ephemeral encryption key, perform
+an ECDH key exchange with the destinations public key, and encrypt the information.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">It is important to note that this key exchange does not require any network traffic. The sender already
+knows the public key of the destination from an earlier received <em>announce</em>, and can thus perform the ECDH
+key exchange locally, before sending the packet.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">The public part of the newly generated ephemeral key-pair is included with the encrypted token, and sent
+along with the encrypted payload data in the packet.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">When the destination receives the packet, it can itself perform an ECDH key exchange and decrypt the
+packet.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">A new ephemeral key is used for every packet sent in this way, and forward secrecy is guaranteed on a
+per packet level.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Once the packet has been received and decrypted by the addressed destination, that destination can opt
+to <em>prove</em> its receipt of the packet. It does this by calculating the SHA-256 hash of the received packet,
+and signing this hash with it’s Ed25519 signing key. Transport nodes in the network can then direct this
+<em>proof</em> back to the packets origin, where the signature can be verified against the destinations known
+public signing key.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">In case the packet is addressed to a <em>group</em> destination type, the packet will be encrypted with the
+pre-shared AES-128 key associated with the destination. In case the packet is addressed to a <em>plain</em>
+destination type, the payload data will not be encrypted. Neither of these two destination types offer
+forward secrecy. In general, it is recommended to always use the <em>single</em> destination type, unless it is
+strictly necessary to use one of the others.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>For exchanges of larger amounts of data, or when longer sessions of bidirectional communication is desired, Reticulum offers the <em>Link</em> API. To establish a <em>link</em>, the following process is employed:</p>
+<ul>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">First, the node that wishes to establish a link will send out a special packet, that
+traverses the network and locates the desired destination. Along the way, the nodes that
+forward the packet will take note of this <em>link request</em>.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Second, if the destination accepts the <em>link request</em> , it will send back a packet that proves the
+authenticity of it’s identity (and the receipt of the link request) to the initiating node. All
+nodes that initially forwarded the packet will also be able to verify this proof, and thus
+accept the validity of the <em>link</em> throughout the network.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">When the validity of the <em>link</em> has been accepted by forwarding nodes, these nodes will
+remember the <em>link</em> , and it can subsequently be used by referring to a hash representing it.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">As a part of the <em>link request</em> , a Diffie-Hellman key exchange takes place, that sets up an
+efficiently encrypted tunnel between the two nodes, using elliptic curve cryptography. As such,
+this mode of communication is preferred, even for situations when nodes can directly communicate,
+when the amount of data to be exchanged numbers in the tens of packets.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">When a <em>link</em> has been set up, it automatically provides message receipt functionality, through
+the same <em>proof</em> mechanism discussed before, so the sending node can obtain verified confirmation
+that the information reached the intended recipient.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>In a moment, we will discuss the details of how this methodology is implemented, but let’s first
+recap what purposes this methodology serves. We first ensure that the node answering our request
+is actually the one we want to communicate with, and not a malicious actor pretending to be so.
+At the same time we establish an efficient encrypted channel. The setup of this is relatively cheap in
+terms of bandwidth, so it can be used just for a short exchange, and then recreated as needed, which will
+also rotate encryption keys. The link can also be kept alive for longer periods of time, if this is
+more suitable to the application. The procedure also inserts the <em>link id</em> , a hash calculated from the link request packet, into the memory of forwarding nodes, which means that the communicating nodes can thereafter reach each other simply by referring to this <em>link id</em>.</p>
+<p>The combined bandwidth cost of setting up a link is 3 packets totalling 237 bytes (more info in the
+<a class="reference internal" href="#understanding-packetformat"><span class="std std-ref">Binary Packet Format</span></a> section). The amount of bandwidth used on keeping
+a link open is practically negligible, at 0.62 bits per second. Even on a slow 1200 bits per second packet
+radio channel, 100 concurrent links will still leave 95% channel capacity for actual data.</p>
+<div class="section" id="link-establishment-in-detail">
+<h4>Link Establishment in Detail<a class="headerlink" href="#link-establishment-in-detail" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h4>
+<p>After exploring the basics of the announce mechanism, finding a path through the network, and an overview
+of the link establishment procedure, this section will go into greater detail about the Reticulum link
+establishment process.</p>
+<p>The <em>link</em> in Reticulum terminology should not be viewed as a direct node-to-node link on the
+physical layer, but as an abstract channel, that can be open for any amount of time, and can span
+an arbitrary number of hops, where information will be exchanged between two nodes.</p>
+<ul>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">When a node in the network wants to establish verified connectivity with another node, it
+will randomly generate a new X25519 private/public key pair. It then creates a <em>link request</em>
+packet, and broadcast it.</div>
+<div class="line"><br /></div>
+<div class="line"><em>It should be noted that the X25519 public/private keypair mentioned above is two separate keypairs:
+An encryption key pair, used for derivation of a shared symmetric key, and a signing key pair, used
+for signing and verifying messages on the link. They are sent together over the wire, and can be
+considered as single public key for simplicity in this explanation.</em></div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">The <em>link request</em> is addressed to the destination hash of the desired destination, and
+contains the following data: The newly generated X25519 public key <em>LKi</em>.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">The broadcasted packet will be directed through the network according to the rules laid out
+previously.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">Any node that forwards the link request will store a <em>link id</em> in it’s <em>link table</em> , along with the
+amount of hops the packet had taken when received. The link id is a hash of the entire link
+request packet. If the link request packet is not <em>proven</em> by the addressed destination within some
+set amount of time, the entry will be dropped from the <em>link table</em> again.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">When the destination receives the link request packet, it will decide whether to accept the request.
+If it is accepted, the destination will also generate a new X25519 private/public key pair, and
+perform a Diffie Hellman Key Exchange, deriving a new symmetric key that will be used to encrypt the
+channel, once it has been established.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">A <em>link proof</em> packet is now constructed and transmitted over the network. This packet is
+addressed to the <em>link id</em> of the <em>link</em>. It contains the following data: The newly generated X25519
+public key <em>LKr</em> and an Ed25519 signature of the <em>link id</em> and <em>LKr</em> made by the signing key of
+the addressed destination.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">By verifying this <em>link proof</em> packet, all nodes that originally transported the <em>link request</em>
+packet to the destination from the originator can now verify that the intended destination received
+the request and accepted it, and that the path they chose for forwarding the request was valid.
+In sucessfully carrying out this verification, the transporting nodes marks the link as active.
+An abstract bi-directional communication channel has now been established along a path in the network.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+<li><div class="line-block">
+<div class="line">When the source receives the <em>proof</em> , it will know unequivocally that a verified path has been
+established to the destination. It can now also use the X25519 public key contained in the
+<em>link proof</em> to perform it’s own Diffie Hellman Key Exchange and derive the symmetric key
+that is used to encrypt the channel. Information can now be exchanged reliably and securely.</div>
+</div>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>It’s important to note that this methodology ensures that the source of the request does not need to
+reveal any identifying information about itself. The link initiator remains completely anonymous.</p>
+<p>When using <em>links</em>, Reticulum will automatically verify all data sent over the link, and can also
+automate retransmissions if <em>Resources</em> are used.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="resources">
+<span id="understanding-resources"></span><h3>Resources<a class="headerlink" href="#resources" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>For exchanging small amounts of data over a Reticulum network, the <a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-packet"><span class="std std-ref">Packet</span></a> interface
+is sufficient, but for exchanging data that would require many packets, an efficient way to coordinate
+the transfer is needed.</p>
+<p>This is the purpose of the Reticulum <a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-resource"><span class="std std-ref">Resource</span></a>. A <em>Resource</em> can automatically
+handle the reliable transfer of an arbitrary amount of data over an established <a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-link"><span class="std std-ref">Link</span></a>.
+Resources can auto-compress data, will handle breaking the data into individual packets, sequencing
+the transfer, integrity verification and reassembling the data on the other end.</p>
+<p><a class="reference internal" href="reference.html#api-resource"><span class="std std-ref">Resources</span></a> are programmatically very simple to use, and only requires a few lines
+of codes to reliably transfer any amount of data. They can be used to transfer data stored in memory,
+or stream data directly from files.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reference-system-setup">
+<span id="understanding-referencesystem"></span><h2>Reference System Setup<a class="headerlink" href="#reference-system-setup" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This section will detail the recommended <em>Reference System Setup</em> for Reticulum. It is important to
+note that Reticulum is designed to be usable over more or less any medium that allows you to send
+and receive data in a digital form, and satisfies some very low minimum requirements. The
+communication channel must support at least half-duplex operation, and provide an average
+throughput of around 1000 bits per second, and supports a physical layer MTU of 500 bytes. The
+Reticulum software should be able to run on more or less any hardware that can provide a Python 3.x
+runtime environment.</p>
+<p>That being said, the reference setup has been outlined to provide a common platform for anyone
+who wants to help in the development of Reticulum, and for everyone who wants to know a
+recommended setup to get started. A reference system consists of three parts:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>A channel access device</strong></dt><dd><p>Or <em>CAD</em> , in short, provides access to the physical medium whereupon the communication
+takes place, for example a radio with an integrated modem. A setup with a separate modem
+connected to a radio would also be termed a “channel access device”.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>A host device</strong></dt><dd><p>Some sort of computing device that can run the necessary software, communicates with the
+channel access device, and provides user interaction.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>A software stack</strong></dt><dd><p>The software implementing the Reticulum protocol and applications using it.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>The reference setup can be considered a relatively stable platform to develop on, and also to start
+building networks on. While details of the implementation might change at the current stage of
+development, it is the goal to maintain hardware compatibility for as long as entirely possible, and
+the current reference setup has been determined to provide a functional platform for many years
+into the future. The current Reference System Setup is as follows:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Channel Access Device</strong></dt><dd><p>A data radio consisting of a LoRa radio module, and a microcontroller with open source
+firmware, that can connect to host devices via USB. It operates in either the 430, 868 or 900
+MHz frequency bands. More details can be found on the <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/rnode">RNode Page</a>.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Host device</strong></dt><dd><p>Any computer device running Linux and Python. A Raspberry Pi with a Debian based OS is
+recommended.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+<li><dl class="simple">
+<dt><strong>Software stack</strong></dt><dd><p>The current Reference Implementation Release of Reticulum, running on a Debian based
+operating system.</p>
+</dd>
+</dl>
+</li>
+</ul>
+<p>It is very important to note, that the reference channel access device <strong>does not</strong> use the LoRaWAN
+standard, but uses a custom MAC layer on top of the plain LoRa modulation! As such, you will
+need a plain LoRa radio module connected to an MCU with the correct firmware. Full details on how to
+get or make such a device is available on the <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/rnode">RNode Page</a>.</p>
+<p>With the current reference setup, it should be possible to get on a Reticulum network for around 100$
+even if you have none of the hardware already, and need to purchase everything.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="protocol-specifics">
+<span id="understanding-protocolspecifics"></span><h2>Protocol Specifics<a class="headerlink" href="#protocol-specifics" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>This chapter will detail protocol specific information that is essential to the implementation of
+Reticulum, but non critical in understanding how the protocol works on a general level. It should be
+treated more as a reference than as essential reading.</p>
+<div class="section" id="node-types">
+<h3>Node Types<a class="headerlink" href="#node-types" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Currently Reticulum defines two node types, the <em>Station</em> and the <em>Peer</em>. A node is a <em>station</em> if it fixed
+in one place, and if it is intended to be kept online most of the time. Otherwise the node is a <em>peer</em>.</p>
+<p>This distinction is made by the user configuring the node, and is used to determine what nodes on the
+network will help forward traffic, and what nodes rely on other nodes for connectivity.</p>
+<p>If a node is a <em>Peer</em> it should be given the configuration directive <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_transport</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">No</span></code>.</p>
+<p>If it is a <em>Station</em>, it should be given the configuration directive <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">enable_transport</span> <span class="pre">=</span> <span class="pre">Yes</span></code>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="packet-prioritisation">
+<h3>Packet Prioritisation<a class="headerlink" href="#packet-prioritisation" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Currently, Reticulum is completely priority-agnostic regarding general traffic. All traffic is handled
+on a first-come, first-serve basis. Announce re-transmission are handled according to the re-transmission
+times and priorities described earlier in this chapter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="binary-packet-format">
+<span id="understanding-packetformat"></span><h3>Binary Packet Format<a class="headerlink" href="#binary-packet-format" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>== Reticulum Wire Format ======
+
+A Reticulum packet is composed of the following fields:
+
+[HEADER 2 bytes] [ADDRESSES 10/20 bytes] [CONTEXT 1 byte] [DATA 0-477 bytes]
+
+* The HEADER field is 2 bytes long.
+  * Byte 1: [Header Type], [Propagation Type], [Destination Type] and [Packet Type]
+  * Byte 2: Number of hops
+
+* The ADDRESSES field contains either 1 or 2 addresses.
+  * Each address is 10 bytes long.
+  * The Header Type flag in the HEADER field determines
+    whether the ADDRESSES field contains 1 or 2 addresses.
+  * Addresses are Reticulum hashes truncated to 10 bytes.
+
+* The CONTEXT field is 1 byte.
+  * It is used by Reticulum to determine packet context.
+
+* The DATA field is between 0 and 477 bytes.
+  * It contains the packets data payload.
+
+Header Types
+-----------------
+type 1          00  Two byte header, one 10 byte address field
+type 2          01  Two byte header, two 10 byte address fields
+type 3          10  Reserved
+type 4          11  Reserved
+
+
+Propagation Types
+-----------------
+broadcast       00
+transport       01
+reserved        10
+reserved        11
+
+
+Destination Types
+-----------------
+single          00
+group           01
+plain           10
+link            11
+
+
+Packet Types
+-----------------
+data            00
+announce        01
+link request    10
+proof           11
+
+
++- Packet Example -+
+
+   HEADER FIELD             ADDRESSES FIELD             CONTEXT FIELD  DATA FIELD
+ _______|_______   ________________|________________   ________|______   __|_
+|               | |                                 | |               | |    |
+01010000 00000100 [ADDR1, 10 bytes] [ADDR2, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
+ | | | |    |
+ | | | |    +-- Hops             = 4
+ | | | +------- Packet Type      = DATA
+ | | +--------- Destination Type = SINGLE
+ | +----------- Propagation Type = TRANSPORT
+ +------------- Header Type      = HEADER_2 (two byte header, two address fields)
+
+
+ +- Packet Example -+
+
+   HEADER FIELD    ADDRESSES FIELD    CONTEXT FIELD  DATA FIELD
+ _______|_______   _______|_______   ________|______   __|_
+|               | |               | |               | |    |
+00000000 00000111 [ADDR1, 10 bytes] [CONTEXT, 1 byte] [DATA]
+ | | | |    |
+ | | | |    +-- Hops             = 7
+ | | | +------- Packet Type      = DATA
+ | | +--------- Destination Type = SINGLE
+ | +----------- Propagation Type = BROADCAST
+ +------------- Header Type      = HEADER_1 (two byte header, one address field)
+
+
+ Size examples of different packet types
+ ---------------------------------------
+
+ The following table lists example sizes of various
+ packet types. The size listed are the complete on-
+ wire size including all fields.
+
+ - Path Request    :    33  bytes
+ - Announce        :    151 bytes
+ - Link Request    :    77  bytes
+ - Link Proof      :    77  bytes
+ - Link RTT packet :    83  bytes
+ - Link keepalive  :    14  bytes
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
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+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Understanding Reticulum</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#motivation">Motivation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#goals">Goals</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#introduction-basic-functionality">Introduction &amp; Basic Functionality</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#destinations">Destinations</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#destination-naming">Destination Naming</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#public-key-announcements">Public Key Announcements</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#understanding-identities">Identities</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#getting-further">Getting Further</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reticulum-transport">Reticulum Transport</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-announce-mechanism-in-detail">The Announce Mechanism in Detail</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reaching-the-destination">Reaching the Destination</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#link-establishment-in-detail">Link Establishment in Detail</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#resources">Resources</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reference-system-setup">Reference System Setup</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#protocol-specifics">Protocol Specifics</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#node-types">Node Types</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#packet-prioritisation">Packet Prioritisation</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#binary-packet-format">Binary Packet Format</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="interfaces.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Supported Interfaces</a></p>
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+  <div class="section" id="using-reticulum-on-your-system">
+<span id="using-main"></span><h1>Using Reticulum on Your System<a class="headerlink" href="#using-reticulum-on-your-system" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Reticulum is not installed as a driver or kernel module, as one might expect
+of a networking stack. Instead, Reticulum is distributed as a Python module.
+This means that no special privileges are required to install or use it.
+Any program or application that uses Reticulum will automatically load and
+initialise Reticulum when it starts.</p>
+<p>In many cases, this approach is sufficient. When any program needs to use
+Reticulum, it is loaded, initialised, interfaces are brought up, and the
+program can now communicate over Reticulum. If another program starts up
+and also wants access to the same Reticulum network, the instance is simply
+shared. This works for any number of programs running concurrently, and is
+very easy to use, but depending on your use case, there are other options.</p>
+<div class="section" id="included-utility-programs">
+<h2>Included Utility Programs<a class="headerlink" href="#included-utility-programs" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you often use Reticulum from several different programs, or simply want
+Reticulum to stay available all the time, for example if you are hosting
+a transport node, you might want to run Reticulum as a separate service that
+other programs, applications and services can utilise.</p>
+<div class="section" id="the-rnsd-utility">
+<h3>The rnsd Utility<a class="headerlink" href="#the-rnsd-utility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>To do so is very easy. Simply run the included <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> command. When <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code>
+is running, it will keep all configured interfaces open, handle transport if
+it is enabled, and allow any other programs to immediately utilise the
+Reticulum network it is configured for.</p>
+<p>You can even run multiple instances of rnsd with different configurations on
+the same system.</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># Install Reticulum
+pip3 install rns
+
+# Run rnsd
+rnsd
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>usage: rnsd [-h] [--config CONFIG] [-v] [-q] [--version]
+
+Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help       show this help message and exit
+  --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+  -v, --verbose
+  -q, --quiet
+  --version        show program&#39;s version number and exit
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can easily add <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> as an always-on service by <a class="reference internal" href="#using-systemd"><span class="std std-ref">configuring a service</span></a>.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-rnstatus-utility">
+<h3>The rnstatus Utility<a class="headerlink" href="#the-rnstatus-utility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Using the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnstatus</span></code> utility, you can view the status of configured Reticulum
+interfaces, similar to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ifconfig</span></code> program.</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># Run rnstatus
+rnstatus
+
+# Example output
+Shared Instance[37428]
+       Status: Up
+       Connected applications: 1
+       RX: 1.13 KB
+       TX: 1.07 KB
+
+UDPInterface[Default UDP Interface/0.0.0.0:4242]
+       Status: Up
+       RX: 1.01 KB
+       TX: 1.01 KB
+
+TCPInterface[RNS Testnet Frankfurt/frankfurt.rns.unsigned.io:4965]
+       Status: Up
+       RX: 1.37 KB
+       TX: 9.02 KB
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>usage: rnsd [-h] [--config CONFIG] [-v] [-q] [--version]
+
+Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help       show this help message and exit
+  --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+  -v, --verbose
+  -q, --quiet
+  --version        show program&#39;s version number and exit
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-rnpath-utility">
+<h3>The rnpath Utility<a class="headerlink" href="#the-rnpath-utility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>With the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnpath</span></code> utility, you can look up and view paths for
+destinations on the Reticulum network.</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># Run rnpath
+rnpath eca6f4e4dc26ae329e61
+
+# Example output
+Path found, destination &lt;eca6f4e4dc26ae329e61&gt; is 4 hops away via &lt;56b115c30cd386cad69c&gt; on TCPInterface[Testnet/frankfurt.rns.unsigned.io:4965]
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>usage: rnpath.py [-h] [--config CONFIG] [--version] [-v] [destination]
+
+Reticulum Path Discovery Utility
+
+positional arguments:
+  destination      hexadecimal hash of the destination
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help       show this help message and exit
+  --config CONFIG  path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+  --version        show program&#39;s version number and exit
+  -v, --verbose
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="the-rnprobe-utility">
+<h3>The rnprobe Utility<a class="headerlink" href="#the-rnprobe-utility" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>The <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnprobe</span></code> utility lets you probe a destination for connectivity, similar
+to the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">ping</span></code> program. Please note that probes will only be answered if the
+specified destination is configured to send proofs for received packets. Many
+destinations will not have this option enabled, and will not be probable.</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span># Run rnprobe
+python3 -m RNS.Utilities.rnprobe example_utilities.echo.request 9382f334de63217a4278
+
+# Example output
+Sent 16 byte probe to &lt;9382f334de63217a4278&gt;
+Valid reply received from &lt;9382f334de63217a4278&gt;
+Round-trip time is 38.469 milliseconds over 2 hops
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>usage: rnprobe.py [-h] [--config CONFIG] [--version] [-v] [full_name] [destination_hash]
+
+Reticulum Probe Utility
+
+positional arguments:
+  full_name         full destination name in dotted notation
+  destination_hash  hexadecimal hash of the destination
+
+optional arguments:
+  -h, --help        show this help message and exit
+  --config CONFIG   path to alternative Reticulum config directory
+  --version         show program&#39;s version number and exit
+  -v, --verbose
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="improving-system-configuration">
+<h2>Improving System Configuration<a class="headerlink" href="#improving-system-configuration" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>If you are setting up a system for permanent use with Reticulum, there is a
+few system configuration changes that can make this easier to administrate.
+These changes will be detailed here.</p>
+<div class="section" id="fixed-serial-port-names">
+<h3>Fixed Serial Port Names<a class="headerlink" href="#fixed-serial-port-names" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>On a Reticulum node with several serial port based interfaces, it can be
+beneficial to use the fixed name device nodes for the serial ports, instead
+of the dynamically allocated shorthands such as <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/ttyUSB0</span></code>. Under most
+Debian-based distributions, including Ubuntu and Raspberry Pi OS, these nodes
+can be found under <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/dev/serial/by-id</span></code>.</p>
+<p>You can use such a device path directly in place of the numbered shorthands.
+Here is an example of a packet radio TNC configured as such:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[[Packet Radio KISS Interface]]
+  type = KISSInterface
+  interface_enabled = True
+  outgoing = true
+  port = /dev/serial/by-id/usb-FTDI_FT230X_Basic_UART_43891CKM-if00-port0
+  speed = 115200
+  databits = 8
+  parity = none
+  stopbits = 1
+  preamble = 150
+  txtail = 10
+  persistence = 200
+  slottime = 20
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Using this methodology avoids potential naming mix-ups where physical devices
+might be plugged and unplugged in different orders, or when node name
+assignment varies from one boot to another.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="reticulum-as-a-system-service">
+<span id="using-systemd"></span><h3>Reticulum as a System Service<a class="headerlink" href="#reticulum-as-a-system-service" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h3>
+<p>Instead of starting Reticulum manually, you can install <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> as a system
+service and have it start automatically at boot.</p>
+<p>If you installed Reticulum with <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">pip</span></code>, the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> program will most likely
+be located in a user-local installation path only, which means <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">systemd</span></code> will not
+be able to execute it. In this case, you can simply symlink the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> program
+into a directory that is in systemd’s path:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo ln -s $(which rnsd) /usr/local/bin/
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>You can then create the service file <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">/etc/systemd/system/rnsd.service</span></code> with the
+following content:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>[Unit]
+Description=Reticulum Network Stack Daemon
+After=multi-user.target
+
+[Service]
+# If you run Reticulum on WiFi devices,
+# or other devices that need some extra
+# time to initialise, you might want to
+# add a short delay before Reticulum is
+# started by systemd:
+# ExecStartPre=/bin/sleep 10
+Type=simple
+Restart=always
+RestartSec=3
+User=USERNAMEHERE
+ExecStart=rnsd --service
+
+[Install]
+WantedBy=multi-user.target
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>Be sure to replace <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">USERNAMEHERE</span></code> with the user you want to run <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> as.</p>
+<p>To manually start <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> run:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo systemctl start rnsd
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+<p>If you want to automatically start <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">rnsd</span></code> at boot, run:</p>
+<div class="highlight-text notranslate"><div class="highlight"><pre><span></span>sudo systemctl enable rnsd
+</pre></div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Using Reticulum on Your System</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#included-utility-programs">Included Utility Programs</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-rnsd-utility">The rnsd Utility</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-rnstatus-utility">The rnstatus Utility</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-rnpath-utility">The rnpath Utility</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#the-rnprobe-utility">The rnprobe Utility</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#improving-system-configuration">Improving System Configuration</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#fixed-serial-port-names">Fixed Serial Port Names</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#reticulum-as-a-system-service">Reticulum as a System Service</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="gettingstartedfast.html"
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+            
+  <div class="section" id="what-is-reticulum">
+<h1>What is Reticulum?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-is-reticulum" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h1>
+<p>Reticulum is a cryptography-based networking stack for wide-area networks built on readily available hardware, that can operate even with very high latency and extremely low bandwidth.</p>
+<p>Reticulum allows you to build very wide-area networks with off-the-shelf tools, and offers end-to-end encryption, autoconfiguring cryptographically backed multi-hop transport, efficient addressing, unforgeable packet acknowledgements and more.</p>
+<p>Reticulum is a complete networking stack, and does not need IP or higher layers, although it is easy to utilise IP (with TCP or UDP) as the underlying carrier for Reticulum. It is therefore trivial to tunnel Reticulum over the Internet or private IP networks. Reticulum is built directly on cryptographic principles, allowing resilience and stable functionality in open and trustless networks.</p>
+<p>No kernel modules or drivers are required. Reticulum runs completely in userland, and can run on practically any system that runs Python 3. Reticulum runs well even on small single-board computers like the Pi Zero.</p>
+<div class="section" id="current-status">
+<h2>Current Status<a class="headerlink" href="#current-status" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum should currently be considered beta software. All core protocol features are implemented and functioning, but additions will probably occur as real-world use is explored. There will be bugs. The API and wire-format can be considered relatively stable at the moment, but could change if warranted.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="what-does-reticulum-offer">
+<h2>What does Reticulum Offer?<a class="headerlink" href="#what-does-reticulum-offer" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><p>Coordination-less globally unique adressing and identification</p></li>
+<li><p>Fully self-configuring multi-hop routing</p></li>
+<li><p>Complete initiator anonymity, communicate without revealing your identity</p></li>
+<li><p>Asymmetric X25519 encryption and Ed25519 signatures as a basis for all communication</p></li>
+<li><p>Forward Secrecy with ephemereal Elliptic Curve Diffie-Hellman keys on Curve25519</p></li>
+<li><p>Reticulum uses the <a class="reference external" href="https://github.com/fernet/spec/blob/master/Spec.md">Fernet</a> specification for on-the-wire / over-the-air encryption</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>All keys are ephemeral and derived from an ECDH key exchange on Curve25519</p></li>
+<li><p>AES-128 in CBC mode with PKCS7 padding</p></li>
+<li><p>HMAC using SHA256 for authentication</p></li>
+<li><p>IVs are generated through os.urandom()</p></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p>Unforgeable packet delivery confirmations</p></li>
+<li><p>A variety of supported interface types</p></li>
+<li><p>An intuitive and developer-friendly API</p></li>
+<li><p>Reliable and efficient transfer of arbritrary amounts of data</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Reticulum can handle a few bytes of data or files of many gigabytes</p></li>
+<li><p>Sequencing, transfer coordination and checksumming is automatic</p></li>
+<li><p>The API is very easy to use, and provides transfer progress</p></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+<li><p>Efficient link establishment</p>
+<ul>
+<li><p>Total bandwidth cost of setting up a link is only 3 packets, totalling 237 bytes</p></li>
+<li><p>Low cost of keeping links open at only 0.62 bits per second</p></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="where-can-reticulum-be-used">
+<h2>Where can Reticulum be Used?<a class="headerlink" href="#where-can-reticulum-be-used" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Over practically any medium that can support at least a half-duplex channel
+with 500 bits per second throughput, and an MTU of 500 bytes. Data radios,
+modems, LoRa radios, serial lines, AX.25 TNCs, amateur radio digital modes,
+ad-hoc WiFi, free-space optical links and similar systems are all examples
+of the types of interfaces Reticulum was designed for.</p>
+<p>An open-source LoRa-based interface called <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/rnode">RNode</a>
+has been designed specifically for use with Reticulum. It is possible to build
+yourself, or it can be purchased as a complete transceiver that just needs a
+USB connection to the host.</p>
+<p>Reticulum can also be encapsulated over existing IP networks, so there’s
+nothing stopping you from using it over wired ethernet or your local WiFi
+network, where it’ll work just as well. In fact, one of the strengths of
+Reticulum is how easily it allows you to connect different mediums into a
+self-configuring, resilient and encrypted mesh.</p>
+<p>As an example, it’s possible to set up a Raspberry Pi connected to both a
+LoRa radio, a packet radio TNC and a WiFi network. Once the interfaces are
+configured, Reticulum will take care of the rest, and any device on the WiFi
+network can communicate with nodes on the LoRa and packet radio sides of the
+network, and vice versa.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="interface-types-and-devices">
+<h2>Interface Types and Devices<a class="headerlink" href="#interface-types-and-devices" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum implements a range of generalised interface types that covers most of the communications hardware that Reticulum can run over. If your hardware is not supported, it’s relatively simple to implement an interface class. Currently, the following interfaces are supported:</p>
+<ul class="simple">
+<li><p>Any ethernet device</p></li>
+<li><p>LoRa using <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/rnode">RNode</a></p></li>
+<li><p>Packet Radio TNCs, such as <a class="reference external" href="https://unsigned.io/openmodem">OpenModem</a></p></li>
+<li><p>Any device with a serial port</p></li>
+<li><p>TCP over IP networks</p></li>
+<li><p>UDP over IP networks</p></li>
+</ul>
+<p>For a full list and more details, see the <a class="reference internal" href="interfaces.html#interfaces-main"><span class="std std-ref">Supported Interfaces</span></a> chapter.</p>
+</div>
+<div class="section" id="caveat-emptor">
+<h2>Caveat Emptor<a class="headerlink" href="#caveat-emptor" title="Permalink to this headline">¶</a></h2>
+<p>Reticulum is an experimental networking stack, and should be considered as such. While it has been built with cryptography best-practices very foremost in mind, it has not been externally security audited, and there could very well be privacy-breaking bugs. To be considered secure, Reticulum needs a thourough security review by independt cryptographers and security researchers. If you want to help out, or help sponsor an audit, please do get in touch.</p>
+</div>
+</div>
+
+
+            <div class="clearer"></div>
+          </div>
+        </div>
+      </div>
+      <div class="sphinxsidebar" role="navigation" aria-label="main navigation">
+        <div class="sphinxsidebarwrapper">
+  <h3><a href="index.html">Table of Contents</a></h3>
+  <ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#">What is Reticulum?</a><ul>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#current-status">Current Status</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#what-does-reticulum-offer">What does Reticulum Offer?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#where-can-reticulum-be-used">Where can Reticulum be Used?</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#interface-types-and-devices">Interface Types and Devices</a></li>
+<li><a class="reference internal" href="#caveat-emptor">Caveat Emptor</a></li>
+</ul>
+</li>
+</ul>
+
+  <h4>Previous topic</h4>
+  <p class="topless"><a href="index.html"
+                        title="previous chapter">Reticulum Network Stack Manual</a></p>
+  <h4>Next topic</h4>
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+                        title="next chapter">Getting Started Fast</a></p>
+  <div role="note" aria-label="source link">
+    <h3>This Page</h3>
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+          <a href="genindex.html" title="General Index"
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+             >next</a> |</li>
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+      </ul>
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+    <div class="footer" role="contentinfo">
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+      Created using <a href="https://www.sphinx-doc.org/">Sphinx</a> 4.0.1.
+    </div>
+  </body>
+</html>

docs/source/conf.py

@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+# Configuration file for the Sphinx documentation builder.
+#
+# This file only contains a selection of the most common options. For a full
+# list see the documentation:
+# https://www.sphinx-doc.org/en/master/usage/configuration.html
+
+# -- Path setup --------------------------------------------------------------
+
+# If extensions (or modules to document with autodoc) are in another directory,
+# add these directories to sys.path here. If the directory is relative to the
+# documentation root, use os.path.abspath to make it absolute, like shown here.
+#
+import os
+import sys
+sys.path.insert(0, os.path.abspath('../..'))
+
+
+# -- Project information -----------------------------------------------------
+
+project = 'Reticulum Network Stack'
+copyright = '2021, Mark Qvist'
+author = 'Mark Qvist'
+
+# The full version, including alpha/beta/rc tags
+release = '0.3.2 beta'
+
+
+# -- General configuration ---------------------------------------------------
+
+# Add any Sphinx extension module names here, as strings. They can be
+# extensions coming with Sphinx (named 'sphinx.ext.*') or your custom
+# ones.
+extensions = [
+    'sphinx.ext.autodoc',
+    #'sphinx.ext.autosectionlabel',
+]
+
+autodoc_member_order = 'bysource'
+#latex_toplevel_sectioning = 'section'
+
+# Add any paths that contain templates here, relative to this directory.
+templates_path = ['_templates']
+
+# List of patterns, relative to source directory, that match files and
+# directories to ignore when looking for source files.
+# This pattern also affects html_static_path and html_extra_path.
+exclude_patterns = []
+
+
+# -- Options for HTML output -------------------------------------------------
+
+# The theme to use for HTML and HTML Help pages.  See the documentation for
+# a list of builtin themes.
+#
+html_theme = 'classic'
+
+# Add any paths that contain custom static files (such as style sheets) here,
+# relative to this directory. They are copied after the builtin static files,
+# so a file named "default.css" will overwrite the builtin "default.css".
+html_static_path = ['_static']
+
+
+# def check_skip_member(app, what, name, obj, skip, options):
+#     print(what, " | ", name, " | ", obj, " | ", skip, " | ", options)
+#     return False
+
+# def setup(app):
+#     app.connect('autodoc-skip-member', check_skip_member)

docs/source/examples.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,106 @@
+.. _examples-main:
+
+*************
+Code Examples
+*************
+
+A number of examples are included in the source distribution of Reticulum.
+You can use these examples to learn how to write your own programs.
+
+.. _example-minimal:
+
+Minimal
+=======
+
+The *Minimal* example demonstrates the bare-minimum setup required to connect to
+a Reticulum network from your program. In about five lines of code, you will
+have the Reticulum Network Stack initialised, and ready to pass traffic in your
+program.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Minimal.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Minimal.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-announce:
+
+Announce
+========
+
+The *Announce* example builds upon the previous example by exploring how to
+announce a destination on the network, and how to let your program receive
+notifications about announces from relevant destinations.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Announce.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Announce.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-broadcast:
+
+Broadcast
+=========
+The *Broadcast* example explores how to transmit plaintext broadcast messages
+over the network.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Broadcast.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Broadcast.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-echo:
+
+Echo
+====
+
+The *Echo* example demonstrates communication between two destinations using
+the Packet interface.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Echo.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Echo.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-link:
+
+Link
+====
+
+The *Link* example explores establishing an encrypted link to a remote
+destination, and passing traffic back and forth over the link.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Link.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Link.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-identify:
+
+Identification
+==============
+
+The *Identify* example explores identifying an intiator of a link, once
+the link has been established.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Identify.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Identify.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-request:
+
+Requests & Responses
+====================
+
+The *Request* example explores sendig requests and receiving responses.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Request.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Request.py>`_.
+
+.. _example-filetransfer:
+
+Filetransfer
+============
+
+The *Filetransfer* example implements a basic file-server program that
+allow clients to connect and download files. The program uses the Resource
+interface to efficiently pass files of any size over a Reticulum :ref:`Link<api-link>`.
+
+.. literalinclude:: ../../Examples/Filetransfer.py
+
+This example can also be found at `<https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum/blob/master/Examples/Filetransfer.py>`_.

docs/source/gettingstartedfast.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,193 @@
+********************
+Getting Started Fast
+********************
+
+The best way to get started with the Reticulum Network Stack depends on what
+you want to do. This guide will outline sensible starting paths for different
+scenarios.
+
+Try Using a Reticulum-based Program
+=============================================
+If you simply want to try using a program built with Reticulum, you can take
+a look at `Nomad Network <https://github.com/markqvist/nomadnet>`_, which
+provides a complete encrypted communications suite built with Reticulum.
+
+.. image:: screenshots/nomadnet_3.png
+    :target: _images/nomadnet_3.png
+
+`Nomad Network <https://github.com/markqvist/nomadnet>`_ is a user-facing client
+for the messaging and information-sharing protocol
+`LXMF <https://github.com/markqvist/lxmf>`_, another project built with Reticulum.
+
+You can install Nomad Network via pip:
+
+.. code::
+
+   # Install ...
+   pip3 install nomadnet
+
+   # ... and run
+   nomadnet
+
+
+
+Using the Included Utilities
+=============================================
+Reticulum comes with a range of included utilities that make it easier to
+manage your network, check connectivity and make Reticulum available to other
+programs on your system.
+
+You can use ``rnsd`` to run Reticulum as a background or foreground service,
+and the ``rnstatus``, ``rnpath`` and ``rnprobe`` utilities to view and query
+network status and connectivity.
+
+To learn more about these utility programs, have a look at the
+:ref:`Using Reticulum on Your System<using-main>` chapter of this manual.
+
+Creating a Network With Reticulum
+=============================================
+To create a network, you will need to specify one or more *interfaces* for
+Reticulum to use. This is done in the Reticulum configuration file, which by
+default is located at ``~/.reticulum/config``. You can edit this file by hand,
+or use the interactive ``rnsconfig`` utility. 
+
+When Reticulum is started for the first time, it will create a default
+configuration file, with one active interface. This default interface uses
+your existing ethernet network (if there is one), and only allows you to
+communicate with other Reticulum peers within your local broadcast domain.
+
+To communicate further, you will have to add one or more interfaces. The default
+configuration includes a number of examples, ranging from using TCP over the
+internet, to LoRa and Packet Radio interfaces.
+
+Possibly, the examples in the config file are enough to get you started. If
+you want more information, you can read the :ref:`Building Networks<networks-main>`
+and :ref:`Interfaces<interfaces-main>` chapters of this manual.
+
+
+Develop a Program with Reticulum
+===========================================
+If you want to develop programs that use Reticulum, the easiest way to get
+started is to install the latest release of Reticulum via pip:
+
+.. code::
+
+   pip3 install rns
+
+The above command will install Reticulum and dependencies, and you will be
+ready to import and use RNS in your own programs. The next step will most
+likely be to look at some :ref:`Example Programs<examples-main>`.
+
+For extended functionality, you can install optional dependencies:
+
+.. code::
+
+   pip3 install pyserial netifaces
+
+
+Further information can be found in the :ref:`API Reference<api-main>`.
+
+
+Participate in Reticulum Development
+==============================================
+If you want to participate in the development of Reticulum and associated
+utilities, you'll want to get the latest source from GitHub. In that case,
+don't use pip, but try this recipe:
+
+.. code::
+
+    # Install dependencies
+    pip3 install cryptography pyserial netifaces
+
+    # Clone repository
+    git clone https://github.com/markqvist/Reticulum.git
+
+    # Move into Reticulum folder and symlink library to examples folder
+    cd Reticulum
+    ln -s ../RNS ./Examples/
+
+    # Run an example
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
+
+    # Unless you've manually created a config file, Reticulum will do so now,
+    # and immediately exit. Make any necessary changes to the file:
+    nano ~/.reticulum/config
+
+    # ... and launch the example again.
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py -s
+
+    # You can now repeat the process on another computer,
+    # and run the same example with -h to get command line options.
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py -h
+
+    # Run the example in client mode to "ping" the server.
+    # Replace the hash below with the actual destination hash of your server.
+    python3 Examples/Echo.py 3e12fc71692f8ec47bc5
+
+    # Have a look at another example
+    python3 Examples/Filetransfer.py -h
+
+When you have experimented with the basic examples, it's time to go read the
+:ref:`Understanding Reticulum<understanding-main>` chapter.
+
+
+Reticulum on ARM64
+==============================================
+On some architectures, including ARM64, not all dependencies have precompiled
+binaries. On such systems, you will need to install ``python3-dev`` before
+installing Reticulum or programs that depend on Reticulum.
+
+.. code::
+
+   # Install Python and development packages
+   sudo apt update
+   sudo apt install python3 python3-pip python3-dev
+
+   # Install Reticulum
+   python3 -m pip install rns
+
+
+Reticulum on Android
+==============================================
+Reticulum can be used on Android in different ways. The easiest way to get
+started is using the `Termux app <https://termux.com/>`_, at the time of writing
+available on `F-droid <https://f-droid.org>`_.
+
+Termux is a terminal emulator and Linux environment for Android based devices,
+which includes the ability to use many different programs and libraries,
+including Reticulum.
+
+Since the Python cryptography.io module does not offer pre-built wheels for
+Android, the standard one-line install of Reticulum does not work on Android,
+and a few extra commands are required.
+
+From within Termux, execute the following:
+
+.. code::
+
+    # First, make sure indexes and packages are up to date.
+    pkg update
+    pkg upgrade
+
+    # Then install dependencies for the cryptography library.
+    pkg install python build-essential openssl libffi rust
+
+    # Make sure pip is up to date, and install the wheel module.
+    pip3 install wheel pip --upgrade
+
+    # To allow the installer to build the cryptography module,
+    # we need to let it know what platform we are compiling for:
+    export CARGO_BUILD_TARGET="aarch64-linux-android"
+
+    # Start the install process for the cryptography module.
+    # Depending on your device, this can take several minutes,
+    # since the module must be compiled locally on your device.
+    pip3 install cryptography
+
+    # If the above installation succeeds, you can now install
+    # Reticulum and any related software
+    pip3 install rns
+
+It is also possible to include Reticulum in apps compiled and distributed as
+Android APKs. A detailed tutorial and example source code will be included
+here at a later point.

docs/source/index.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+******************************
+Reticulum Network Stack Manual
+******************************
+This manual aims to provide you with all the information you need to
+understand Reticulum, build networks or develop programs using it, or
+to participate in the development of Reticulum itself.
+
+.. toctree::
+   :maxdepth: 3
+
+   whatis
+   gettingstartedfast
+   using
+   networks
+   interfaces
+   understanding
+   reference
+   examples
+
+
+Indices and Tables
+==================
+
+* :ref:`genindex`
+* :ref:`search`

docs/source/interfaces.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,446 @@
+
+.. _interfaces-main:
+
+********************
+Supported Interfaces
+********************
+
+Reticulum supports using many kinds of devices as networking interfaces, and
+allows you to mix and match them in any way you choose. The number of distinct
+network topologies you can create with Reticulum is more or less endless, but
+common to them all is that you will need to define one or more *interfaces*
+for Reticulum to use.
+
+The following sections describe the interfaces currently available in Reticulum,
+and gives example configurations for the respective interface types.
+
+For a high-level overview of how networks can be formed over different interface
+types, have a look at the :ref:`Building Networks<networks-main>` chapter of this
+manual.
+
+.. _interfaces-auto:
+
+Auto Interface
+==============
+
+The Auto Interface enables communication with other discoverable Reticulum
+nodes over autoconfigured IPv6 and UDP. It does not need any functional IP
+infrastructure like routers or DHCP servers, but will require at least some
+sort of switching medium between peers (a wired switch, a hub, a WiFi access
+point or similar), and that link-local IPv6 is enabled in your operating
+system, which should be enabled by default in almost all OSes.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.
+  # It will listen for incoming connections on the
+  # specified IP address and port number.
+  
+  [[Default Interface]]
+    type = AutoInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # You can create multiple isolated Reticulum
+    # networks on the same physical LAN by
+    # specifying different Group IDs.
+
+    group_id = reticulum
+
+    # You can also select specifically which
+    # kernel networking devices to use.
+
+    devices = wlan0,eth1
+
+    # Or let AutoInterface use all suitable
+    # devices except for a list of ignored ones.
+
+    ignored_devices = tun0,eth0
+
+
+If you are connected to the Internet with IPv6, and your provider will route
+IPv6 multicast, you can potentially configure the Auto Interface to globally
+autodiscover other Reticulum nodes within your selected Group ID. You can specify
+the discovery scope by setting it to one of ``link``, ``admin``, ``site``,
+``organisation`` or ``global``.
+
+.. code::
+  
+  [[Default Interface]]
+    type = AutoInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # Configure global discovery
+
+    group_id = custom_network_name
+    discovery_scope = global
+
+    # Other configuration options
+
+    discovery_port = 48555
+    data_port = 49555
+
+*Please Note!* If you use the Auto Interface, you will need the Python module
+``netifaces`` installed on your system. You can install it with ``pip3 install netifaces``.
+
+
+.. _interfaces-udp:
+
+UDP Interface
+=============
+
+A UDP interface can be useful for communicating over IP networks, both
+private and the internet. It can also allow broadcast communication
+over IP networks, so it can provide an easy way to enable connectivity
+with all other peers on a local area network.
+
+*Please Note!* Using broadcast UDP traffic has performance implications,
+especially on WiFi. If your goal is simply to enable easy communication
+with all peers in your local ethernet broadcast domain, the
+:ref:`Auto Interface<interfaces-auto>` performs better, and is just as
+easy to use.
+
+The below example is enabled by default on new Reticulum installations,
+as it provides an easy way to get started and to test Reticulum on a
+pre-existing LAN.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # This example enables communication with other
+  # local Reticulum peers over UDP.
+  
+  [[Default UDP Interface]]
+    type = UDPInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+    listen_ip = 0.0.0.0
+    listen_port = 4242
+    forward_ip = 255.255.255.255
+    forward_port = 4242
+
+    # The above configuration will allow communication
+    # within the local broadcast domains of all local
+    # IP interfaces.
+
+    # Instead of specifying listen_ip, listen_port,
+    # forward_ip and forward_port, you can also bind
+    # to a specific network device like below.
+
+    # device = eth0
+    # port = 4242
+
+    # Assuming the eth0 device has the address
+    # 10.55.0.72/24, the above configuration would
+    # be equivalent to the following manual setup.
+    # Note that we are both listening and forwarding to
+    # the broadcast address of the network segments.
+
+    # listen_ip = 10.55.0.255
+    # listen_port = 4242
+    # forward_ip = 10.55.0.255
+    # forward_port = 4242
+
+    # You can of course also communicate only with
+    # a single IP address
+
+    # listen_ip = 10.55.0.15
+    # listen_port = 4242
+    # forward_ip = 10.55.0.16
+    # forward_port = 4242
+
+*Please Note!* If you use the ``device`` option, you will need the Python module
+``netifaces`` installed on your system. You can install it with ``pip3 install netifaces``.
+
+.. _interfaces-tcps:
+
+TCP Server Interface
+====================
+
+The TCP Server interface is suitable for allowing other peers to connect over
+the Internet or private IP networks. When a TCP server interface has been
+configured, other Reticulum peers can connect to it with a TCP Client interface.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # This example demonstrates a TCP server interface.
+  # It will listen for incoming connections on the
+  # specified IP address and port number.
+  
+  [[TCP Server Interface]]
+    type = TCPServerInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # This configuration will listen on all IP
+    # interfaces on port 4242
+    
+    listen_ip = 0.0.0.0
+    listen_port = 4242
+
+    # Alternatively you can bind to a specific IP
+    
+    # listen_ip = 10.0.0.88
+    # listen_port = 4242
+
+    # Or a specific network device
+    
+    # device = eth0
+    # port = 4242
+
+*Please Note!* If you use the ``device`` option, you will need the Python module
+``netifaces`` installed on your system. You can install it with ``pip3 install netifaces``.
+
+.. _interfaces-tcpc:
+
+TCP Client Interface
+====================
+
+To connect to a TCP server interface, you would naturally use the TCP client
+interface. Many TCP Client interfaces from different peers can connect to the
+same TCP Server interface at the same time.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # Here's an example of a TCP Client interface. The
+  # target_host can either be an IP address or a hostname.
+
+  [[TCP Client Interface]]
+    type = TCPClientInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+    target_host = 127.0.0.1
+    target_port = 4242
+
+It is also possible to use this interface type to connect via other programs
+or hardware devices that expose a KISS interface on a TCP port, for example
+software-based soundmodems. To do this, use the ``kiss_framing`` option:
+
+.. code::
+
+  # Here's an example of a TCP Client interface that connects
+  # to a software TNC soundmodem on a KISS over TCP port.
+
+  [[TCP KISS Interface]]
+    type = TCPClientInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+    kiss_framing = True
+    target_host = 127.0.0.1
+    target_port = 8001
+
+**Caution!** Only use the KISS framing option when connecting to external devices
+and programs like soundmodems and similar over TCP. When using the
+``TCPClientInterface`` in conjunction with the ``TCPServerInterface`` you should
+never enable ``kiss_framing``, since this will disable internal reliability and
+recovery mechanisms that greatly improves performance over unreliable and
+intermittent TCP links.
+
+
+.. _interfaces-rnode:
+
+RNode LoRa Interface
+====================
+
+To use Reticulum over LoRa, the `RNode <https://unsigned.io/rnode/>`_ interface
+can be used, and offers full control over LoRa parameters.
+
+.. code::
+
+  # Here's an example of how to add a LoRa interface
+  # using the RNode LoRa transceiver.
+
+  [[RNode LoRa Interface]]
+    type = RNodeInterface
+
+    # Enable interface if you want use it!
+    interface_enabled = True
+
+    # Allow transmit on interface. Setting
+    # this to false will create a listen-
+    # only interface.
+    outgoing = true
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB0
+
+    # Set frequency to 867.2 MHz
+    frequency = 867200000
+
+    # Set LoRa bandwidth to 125 KHz
+    bandwidth = 125000
+
+    # Set TX power to 7 dBm (5 mW)
+    txpower = 7
+
+    # Select spreading factor 8. Valid 
+    # range is 7 through 12, with 7
+    # being the fastest and 12 having
+    # the longest range.
+    spreadingfactor = 8
+
+    # Select coding rate 5. Valid range
+    # is 5 throough 8, with 5 being the
+    # fastest, and 8 the longest range.
+    codingrate = 5
+
+    # You can configure the RNode to send
+    # out identification on the channel with
+    # a set interval by configuring the
+    # following two parameters.
+    # id_callsign = MYCALL-0
+    # id_interval = 600
+
+    # For certain homebrew RNode interfaces
+    # with low amounts of RAM, using packet
+    # flow control can be useful. By default
+    # it is disabled.
+    flow_control = False
+
+.. _interfaces-serial:
+
+Serial Interface
+================
+
+Reticulum can be used over serial ports directly, or over any device with a
+serial port, that will transparently pass data. Useful for communicating
+directly over a wire-pair, or for using devices such as data radios and lasers.
+
+.. code::
+
+  [[Serial Interface]]
+    type = SerialInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB0
+
+    # Set the serial baud-rate and other
+    # configuration parameters.
+    speed = 115200
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+
+.. _interfaces-kiss:
+
+KISS Interface
+==============
+
+With the KISS interface, you can use Reticulum over a variety of packet
+radio modems and TNCs, including `OpenModem <https://unsigned.io/openmodem/>`_.
+KISS interfaces can also be configured to periodically send out beacons
+for station identification purposes.
+
+.. code::
+
+  [[Packet Radio KISS Interface]]
+    type = KISSInterface
+    interface_enabled = True
+    outgoing = true
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB1
+
+    # Set the serial baud-rate and other
+    # configuration parameters.
+    speed = 115200    
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+
+    # Set the modem preamble.
+    preamble = 150
+
+    # Set the modem TX tail.
+    txtail = 10
+
+    # Configure CDMA parameters. These
+    # settings are reasonable defaults.
+    persistence = 200
+    slottime = 20
+
+    # You can configure the interface to send
+    # out identification on the channel with
+    # a set interval by configuring the
+    # following two parameters. The KISS
+    # interface will only ID if the set
+    # interval has elapsed since it's last
+    # actual transmission. The interval is
+    # configured in seconds.
+    # This option is commented out and not
+    # used by default.
+    # id_callsign = MYCALL-0
+    # id_interval = 600
+
+    # Whether to use KISS flow-control.
+    # This is useful for modems that have
+    # a small internal packet buffer, but
+    # support packet flow control instead.
+    flow_control = false
+
+.. _interfaces-ax25:
+
+AX.25 KISS Interface
+====================
+
+If you're using Reticulum on amateur radio spectrum, you might want to
+use the AX.25 KISS interface. This way, Reticulum will automatically
+encapsulate it's traffic in AX.25 and also identify your stations
+transmissions with your callsign and SSID. 
+
+Only do this if you really need to! Reticulum doesn't need the AX.25
+layer for anything, and it incurs extra overhead on every packet to
+encapsulate in AX.25.
+
+A more efficient way is to use the plain KISS interface with the
+beaconing functionality described above.
+
+.. code::
+
+  [[Packet Radio AX.25 KISS Interface]]
+    type = AX25KISSInterface
+
+    # Set the station callsign and SSID
+    callsign = NO1CLL
+    ssid = 0
+
+    # Enable interface if you want use it!
+    interface_enabled = True
+
+    # Allow transmit on interface.
+    outgoing = True
+
+    # Serial port for the device
+    port = /dev/ttyUSB2
+
+    # Set the serial baud-rate and other
+    # configuration parameters.
+    speed = 115200    
+    databits = 8
+    parity = none
+    stopbits = 1
+
+    # Set the modem preamble. A 150ms
+    # preamble should be a reasonable
+    # default, but may need to be
+    # increased for radios with slow-
+    # opening squelch and long TX/RX
+    # turnaround
+    preamble = 150
+
+    # Set the modem TX tail. In most
+    # cases this should be kept as low
+    # as possible to not waste airtime.
+    txtail = 10
+
+    # Configure CDMA parameters. These
+    # settings are reasonable defaults.
+    persistence = 200
+    slottime = 20
+
+    # Whether to use KISS flow-control.
+    # This is useful for modems with a
+    # small internal packet buffer.
+    flow_control = false

docs/source/networks.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+.. _networks-main:
+
+*****************
+Building Networks
+*****************
+
+This chapter will provide you with the knowledge needed to build networks with
+Reticulum, which can often be easier than using traditional stacks, since you
+don't have to worry about coordinating addresses, subnets and routing for an
+entire network that you might not know how will evolve in the future. With
+Reticulum, you can simply add more segments to your network when it becomes
+necesarry, and Reticulum will handle the convergence of the entire network
+automatically.
+
+Concepts & Overview
+--------------------
+
+There are important points that need to be kept in mind when building networks
+with Reticulum:
+
+ * | In a Reticulum network, any node can autonomously generate as many adresses
+     (called *destinations* in Reticulum terminology) as it needs, which become
+     globally reachable to the rest of the network. There is no central point of
+     control over the adress space.
+
+ * | Reticulum was designed to handle both very small, and very large networks.
+     While the adress space can support billions of endpoints, Reticulum is
+     also very useful when just a few devices needs to communicate.
+
+ * | Reticulum provides sender/initiator anonymity by default. There is no way
+     to filter traffic or discriminate it based on the source of the traffic.
+
+ * | All traffic is encrypted using ephemeral keys generated by an Elliptic Curve
+     Diffie-Hellman key exchange on Curve25519. There is no way to inspect traffic
+     contents, and no way to prioritise or throttle certain kinds of traffic.
+     All transport and routing layers are thus completely agnostic to traffic type,
+     and will pass all traffic equally.
+
+ * | Reticulum can function both with and without infrastructure. When *transport
+     nodes* are available, they can route traffic over multiple hops for other
+     nodes, and will function as a distributed cryptographic keystore. When there
+     is no transport nodes available, all nodes that are within communication range
+     can still communicate.
+
+ * | Every node can become a transport node, simply by enabling it in it's
+     configuration, but there is no need for every node on the network to be a
+     transport node. Letting every node be a transport node will in most cases
+     degrade the performance and reliability of the network.
+
+     In general terms, if a node is stationary, well-connected and kept running
+     most of the time, it is a good candidate to be a transport node. For optimal
+     performance, a network should contain the amount of transport nodes that
+     provides connectivity to the intended area / topography, and not many more
+     than that. 
+
+
+Reticulum allows you to mix very different kinds of networking mediums into a
+unified mesh, or to keep everything within one medium. You could build a "virtual
+network" running entirely over the Internet, where all nodes communicate over TCP
+and UDP "channels". You could also build such a network using MQTT or ZeroMQ as
+the underlying carrier for Reticulum.
+
+However, most real-world networks will probably involve either some form of
+wireless or direct hardline communications. To allow Reticulum to communicate
+over any type of medium, you must specify it in the configuration file, by default
+located at ``~/.reticulum/config``. See the :ref:`Supported Interfaces<interfaces-main>`
+chapter of this manual for interface configuration examples.
+
+Any number of interfaces can be configured, and Reticulum will automatically
+decide which are suitable to use in any given situation, depending on where
+traffic needs to flow.
+
+Example Scenarios
+-----------------
+
+This section illustrates a few example scenarios, and how they would, in general
+terms, be planned, implemented and configured.
+
+Interconnected LoRa Sites
+=========================
+
+An organisation wants to provide communication and information services to it's
+members, which are located mainly in three separate areas. Three suitable hill-top
+locations are found, where the organisation can install equipment: Site A, B and C.
+
+Since the amount of data that needs to be exchanged between users is mainly text-
+based, the bandwidth requirements are low, and LoRa radios are chosen to connect
+users to the network.
+
+Due to the hill-top locations found, there is radio line-of-sight between site A
+and B, and also between site B and C. Because of this, the organisation does not
+need to use the Internet to interconnect the sites, but purchases four Point-to-Point
+WiFi based radios for interconnecting the sites.
+
+At each site, a Raspberry Pi is installed to function as a gateway. A LoRa radio
+is connected to the Pi with a USB cable, and the WiFi radio is connected to the
+ethernet port of the Pi. At site B, two WiFi radios are needed to be able to reach
+both site A and site C, so an extra ethernet adapter is connected to the Pi in
+this location.
+
+Once the hardware has been installed, Reticulum is installed on all the Pis, and at
+site A and C, one interface is added for the LoRa radio, as well as one for the WiFi
+radio. At site B, an interface for the LoRa radio, and one interface for each WiFi
+radio is added to the Reticulum configuration file. The transport node option is
+enabled in the configuration of all three gateways.
+
+The network is now operational, and ready to serve users across all three areas.
+The organisation prepares a LoRa radio that is supplied to the end users, along
+with a Reticulum configuration file, that contains the right parameters for
+communicating with the LoRa radios installed at the gateway sites.
+
+Once users connect to the network, anyone will be able to communicate with anyone
+else across all three sites.
+
+Bridging Over the Internet
+==========================
+
+As the organisation grows, several new communities form in places too far away
+from the core network to be reachable over WiFi links. New gateways similar to those
+previously installed are set up for the new communities at the new sites D and E, but
+they are islanded from the core network, and only serve the local users.
+
+After investigating the options, it is found that it is possible to install an
+Internet connection at site A, and an interface on the Internet connection is
+configured for Reticulum on the Raspberry Pi at site A.
+
+A member of the organisation at site D, named Dori, is willing to help by sharing
+the Internet connection she already has in her home, and is able to leave a Raspberry
+Pi running. A new Reticulum interface is configured on her Pi, connecting to the newly
+enabled Internet interface on the gateway at site A. Dori is now connected to both
+all the nodes at her own local site (through the hill-top LoRa gateway), and all the
+combined users of sites A, B and C. She then enables transport on her node, and
+traffic from site D can now reach everyone at site A, B and C, and vice versa.
+
+Growth and Convergence
+======================
+
+As the organisation grows, more gateways are added to keep up with the growing user
+base. Some local gateways even add VHF radios and packet modems to reach outlying users
+and communities that are out of reach for the LoRa radios and WiFi backhauls.
+
+As more sites, gateways and users are connected, the amount of coordination required
+is kept to a minimum. If one community wants to add connectivity to the next one
+over, it can simply be done without having to involve everyone or coordinate address
+space or routing tables.
+
+With the added geographical coverage, the operators at site A one day find that
+the original internet bridged interfaces are no longer utilised. The network has
+converged to be completely self-connected, and the sites that were once poorly
+connected outliers are now an integral part of the network.

docs/source/reference.rst

@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+.. _api-main:
+
+*************
+API Reference
+*************
+This reference guide lists and explains all classes exposed by the RNS API.
+
+Classes
+=========================
+Communication over a Reticulum network is achieved using a set of classes exposed by RNS.
+
+.. _api-reticulum:
+
+Reticulum
+---------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Reticulum
+   :members:
+
+
+.. _api-identity:
+
+Identity
+--------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Identity
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-destination:
+
+Destination
+-----------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Destination
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-packet:
+
+Packet
+------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Packet(destination, data, create_receipt = True)
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-packetreceipt:
+
+Packet Receipt
+--------------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.PacketReceipt()
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-link:
+
+Link
+----
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Link(destination, established_callback=None, closed_callback = None)
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-requestreceipt:
+
+Request Receipt
+---------------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.RequestReceipt()
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-resource:
+
+Resource
+--------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Resource(data, link, advertise=True, auto_compress=True, callback=None, progress_callback=None, timeout=None)
+   :members:
+
+.. _api-transport:
+
+Transport
+---------
+
+.. autoclass:: RNS.Transport
+   :members: